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"Proses transisi perekonomian negara berkembang menuju tingkat pendapatan negara maju tidak lepas dari transformasi struktural. Perpindahan tenaga kerja dari sektor pertanian menuju sektor industri dan kemudian beralih ke sektor jasa dianggap menjadi pola umum yang telah dialami negara-negara maju Chenery 1960 . Meski demikian, beragam penelitian terkini telah menunjukkan bahwa banyak negara-negara berkembang tidak mengikuti pola yang sama. Negara-negara tersebut mulai beralih dari sektor industri ke sektor jasa sebelum sektor industrinya matang. Penelitian ini mencoba melihat apakah proses transformasi struktural di indonesia telah berdampak baik pada produktivitas dan pertumbuhan.Menggunakan metode productivity decomposition pada tahun 1998 hingga 2014, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa transformasi struktural di Indonesia belum mampu memberikan dampak yang positif perekonomian secara menyeluruh. Setelah Krisis Keuangan Global, sektor-sektor produktif di indonesia mengalami penurunan produktifitas. Tak hanya itu, banyak di antara sektor-sektor tersebut juga mengalami kontraksi dilihat dari pertumbuhan jumlah pekerjanya. Di sisi lain, mayoritas sektor dengan produktivitas rendah yang menyerap banyak lapangan kerja juga merupakan sektor-sektor yang mengalami ekspansi yang relatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan sektor lain jika dilihat dari jumlah lapangan kerja yang terbuat.Penelitian ini juga mencoba melihat faktor-faktor yang mampu menjelaskan fenomena tersebut. Dengan menggunakan data provinsi-provinsi di indonesia dari tahun 2000 hingga 2014, penelitian ini mencoba mencari variable-variabel yang mungkin mempengaruhi arah transformasi struktural. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ketergantungan akan sumber daya mineral dan human capital ndash; dua variable yang sering dianggap berpengaruh pada arah transformasi struktural ndash; tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap rendahnya komponen produktivitas yang disebabkan oleh transformasi struktural di Indonesia.

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Structural change ndash the process of reallocation of labor to more productive sectors ndash has been one of the key roles in the process of economic development. The pattern of transition from agriculture heavy economies to industry and services has been analyzed in many growth literatures as early as Chenery 1960. But recent empirical works have casted doubts on whether developing countries have been able to continue the same pattern, as many of them have started to reallocate labor away from industry to services before their industry matures. This paper analyzes whether the sectoral structural change in Indonesia has been productivity enhancing.

Using productivity decomposition method from 1998 to 2014, this paper finds that structural change has not been able to generate impact on economy wide productivity. After the global financial crisis, the productivity in high productive sectors declines and many of these productive sectors shrink in terms of employment. At the same time, most of the unproductive sectors that generate large shares of employment are also the ones to expand in terms of employment after the crisis.

This paper also explores possible determinants of the direction of structural change. Using Indonesian provincial data from 2000 to 2014, this paper does not find commodity dependence and human capital ndash two commonly used variables to explain structural change ndash to have significant association with the low structural productivity that is observed in the paper."

"Genetically modified (GM) or transgenic crops transformed global agriculture since their commercial release in the mid-1990s. GM crops are the product of genetically engineered seeds that are resistant to herbicides and insects. The United States, Canada, Brazil, and Argentina account for 80% of the global area planted with GM crops. Based on a decade of research (2003-2013), this book investigates the ways in which peasants and rural populations resist but also negotiate the socioenvironmental consequences of GM soybeans in Argentina. The Argentine government authorized the use of GM, herbicide-resistant soybean seeds in 1996 in the midst of a profound process of neoliberalization. By the mid-2000s, GM soybeans were cultivated on half of the arable land in Argentina. While this agricultural boom has benefitted agribusiness companies, it also has accelerated the deforestation of native forests, prompted the eviction of indigenous and peasant families, and spurred episodes of agrochemical exposure. Soybeans and Power offers three insights. First, it inspects the consequences of GM crops in concrete rural spaces. Through ethnographic research, the book grounds abstract debates about GM crops in concrete experiences of peasants and rural populations, those bearing witness to their expansion. Second, it scrutinizes processes of demobilization and the decline of contention, which are much less understood than the mobilization and the emergence of social movements. Third, it draws on the case of Argentina, a major global player in transgenic agriculture, shedding light on the social and environmental impacts of the recent commodity boom in Latin America."