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"Latar Belakang: Disfungsi kognitif pascabedah adalah salah satu komplikasi pembedahan jantung yang telah diketahui. Hipoperfusi jaringan otak diduga sebagai penyebabnya, terutama dihubungkan dengan penggunaan mesin pintas jantung-paru. Near-infrared spectroscopy muncul sebagai alat pemantauan saturasi oksigen otak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara nilai NIRS dan kandungan oksigen intrabedah dengan kejadian disfungsi kognitif pascabedah jantung terbuka.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan kohort prospektif yang dilakukan di Rumah sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, Indonesia. Sebanyak 60 pasien elektif yang akan menjalani bedah jantung terbuka dilakukan uji neurokognisi pada 1 hari sebelum pembedahan dan hari ke 5 pascabedah. Disfungsi kognitif pascabedah dinyatakan jika terdapat penurunan >20% dari nilai uji prabedah, pada 2 dari 3 ranah kognisi. Pemantauan saturasi oksigen regional (rSO2¬) menggunakan probe NIRS yang ditempel pada dahi subjek penelitian. Nilai rSO2¬ secara kontinu direkam sepanjang pembedahan. Desaturasi rSO2 adalah penurunan rSO2>20% nilai baseline, nilai terendah, durasi desaturasi rSO2, luas area under the curve rSO2 yang dihitung oleh INVOS 5100 dalam satuan min% dicatat pada berbagai fase pembedahan. Analisis bivariat variabel numerik menggunakan Independent T-test atau Mann-Whitney dengan SPSS 20.0. Variabel-variabel dengan nilai p<0.25 pada analisis bivariat selanjutnya dimasukkan dalam regresi logistik.Hasil: Sebanyak 31 dari 60 pasien (51,6%) mengalami POCD. Durasi desaturasi rSO2>20% secara signifikan lebih lama pada kelompok POCD dibandingkan non-POCD, terutama pada fase intraCPB dan pascaCPB. Didapatkan desaturasi total rSO2 dan nilai AUC rSO2 yang lebih panjang pada kelompok POCD dibandingkan kelompok non-POCD (median 55 [0-245] vs 0 (0-140) menit, p= 0.007) dan (412 [0-4875] vs 0 [0-472], p= 0,003). Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan AUC rSO2 sebagai variabel yang paling berpengaruh terhadap POCD. Kualitas persamaan regresi logistik baik dengan AUC 83,5% (CI 95%; 72,8%-94,2%).

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Introduction. Cardiac surgery has been known to cause postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Cerebral hypoperfusion is suspected as the cause, mainly related to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) machine. Near infrared spectroscopy had been introduced as a method to monitor cerebral oxygen saturation. This study aims to investigate the role of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring in preventing POCD after cardiac surgery.Purpose: To evaluate association between intraoperative Near-Infrared Spectroscopy value and arterial oxygen content with POCD in open heart surgeryMethods. This prospective cohort study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia. We included sixty adult patients scheduled for elective open-heart surgery and assessed their cognitive function 1 day before surgery and postoperative day 5. To measure regional oxygen saturation (rSO¬¬2), NIRS probe was placed on the subjects forehead, the values were recorded until the end of surgery. A decrease in rSO2 >20% of baseline value was considered as rSO2 desaturation. The lowest rSO2 value and duration of desaturation were recorded before, during, after CPB. Another variable of NIRS value was Area under the curve of rSO2; an output measured by INVOS 5100 labelled as AUC rSO2 in min%. Data were compared using Students t test or the Mann-Whitney U test with SPSS 20.0 software. Logistic regression was applied to variables with p-value above 0.25 on bivariate analysis.Results: In this study 31 out of 60 patients (51.6%) developed POCD. Duration of rSO2 desaturation 20% baseline was significantly higher in POCD group, espescially during and after CPB phase. We observed a median of 55 (0-245) minutes of total desaturation time in POCD group, compared to the non-POCD group, who experienced a median desaturation time of 0 (0-140) minutes (p = 0.007). Quality of regression equity based on good discrimination with AUC was 83.5% (CI 95%; 72.8%-94.2%). From multivariate analysis, it was found that variables of NIRS AUC could affect logistic regression equity."

"Background: Cognitive dysfunction was found in 55-80% Neuropsychiatry Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (NPSLE) patients. Serious concern from clinicans was needed as its impact to patient’s quality of life. Disease activity is expected to be affecting patient’s cognitive function. Previous studies regarding correlation between disease activity and cognitive dysfunction showed various results. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between disease activity and cognitive function in SLE patients. Methods: This study is an analytical cross-sectional study. Subjects were SLE patients at the rheumatology clinic of Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung during June-August 2017. Subject’s evaluations included disease activity assessment using SLE disease activity index-2K (SLEDAI-2K) and cognitive function assessment using MoCA-Ina test. Data were analyzed by using Spearman Rank correlation test. Results: Mean age of the subjects was 31 ± 8 years old, most of them were senior high school graduates (65.8 %) and median length of study was 12 years. Subject’s median duration of illness was 44 months. Their MoCA-Ina median score was 25, while SLEDAI-2K median score was 6. Cognitive dysfunctions were found in more than half of subjects (52.63%), which memory domain (78.95%) was most frequently impaired. Most of subjects were patients with active SLE (63.2%). Correlation test showed there was no correlation between SLEDAI-2K score and MoCA-Ina score (rs=0.023, p=0.445). Conclusion: There was no correlation between disease activity (SLEDAI-2K score) and cognitive function (MoCA-Ina score)."

"Stroke penyebab utama kecacatan jangka panjang yang menyebabkan ketidakmampuan memenuhi aktivitas sehari-hari. Kondisi ini dapat menimbulkan dampak psikologis termasuk keputusasaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan ketidakmampuan fisik dan kognitif dengan keputusasaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan design analitik korelasi pendekatan cross-sectional. Jumlah sampel 100 orang dilakukan di RSUP. Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar dan Rumah Sakit Daerah di Kota Makassar. Analisis korelasi Pearson menunjukkan ada hubungan ketidakmampuan fisik dengan keputusasaan (p=0.007) dan ada hubungan ketidakmampuan kognitif dengan keputusasaan (p=0.0005). Usia, tingkat pendidikan dan pekerjaan merupakan variabel confounding. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, perawat perlu melakukan pengkajian ketidakmampuan fisik, kognitif dan keputusasaan untuk mendeteksi lebih dini keputusasaan.

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Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability which causes inability to do activities of daily living. This condition cause psychological effects, including hopelessness. The study aimed to determine the correlation of physical disability and cognitive disfunction with hopelessness. The study uses the analytic correlation with cross-sectional study. One hundred samples participate in this study which were done in the Regional Hospital Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar and the District Hospitals in Makassar.

The results of analysis using Pearson's correlation showed that there were a correlation between physical disability and hopelessness (p=0.007) and a correlation between cognitive dysfunction and hopelessness (p=0.0005). Age, educational level and occupation are confounding variables. Therefore, nurses should conduct assessments of physical disability, cognitive and hopelessness to detect earlier nursing problem in stroke specially hopelessness."

"Latar Belakang: Disfungsi kognitif pascabedah merupakan komplikasi yang cukup sering pascabedah jantung terbuka. Salah satu faktor yang dikaitkan dengan kerusakan jaringan otak adalah faktor oksigenasi jaringan yang terganggu. Selama periode pascabedah gangguan oksigenasi jaringan masih tidak dapat disingkirkan sebagai penyebab POCD. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan nilai Hb, PaO2, SaO2 dan ScvO2 pascabedah terhadap kejadian POCD pada bedah jantung terbuka di RSCM.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah kohort prospektif dilakukan di Rumah sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo, Indonesia. Sebanyak 44 pasien bedah jantung terbuka elektif dilakukan uji neurokognisi pada 1 hari sebelum pembedahan dan hari ke 5 pascabedah. Subjek dinyatakan mengalami disfungsi kognitif pascabedah jika terjadi penurunan >20% dibandingkan dengan nilai uji prabedah, pada 2 dari 3 area kognisi. Nilai Hb, PaO2, SaO2 dan ScvO2 diambil dari kateter arteri dan kateter vena sentral pada 6 jam dan 24 jam pascabedah. Analisis data bivariat variabel numerik menggunakan Independent T-test atau Mann-Whitney dengan SPSS 20.0. Variabel dengan nilai p<0.25 pada analisis bivariat selanjutnya dimasukkan kedalam regresi logistik.Hasil: Terdapat 23 dari 44 subjek (52,3%) mengalami POCD. Nilai Hb 6 jam pascabedah lebih rendah secara signifikan pada kelompok subjek dengan POCD (9,13±1,15 vs 10,61±1,10 mg/dL, nilai p<0,001). Sama halnya dengan nilai Hb 24 jam pascabedah juga lebih rendah secara signifikan pada kelompok subjek dengan POCD (9,13±0,68 vs 10,45±0,75 mg/dL, nilai p<0,001). Nilai PaO2, SaO2, dan ScvO2 tidak berbeda bermakna pada kedua kelompok. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan nilai Hb 6 jam dan 24 jam pascabedah sebagai variabel yang paling berpengaruh dengan kejadian POCD.Simpulan: Nilai Hb 6 jam dan 24 jam pascabedah memiliki hubungan dengan angka kejadian POCD pascabedah jantung terbuka.

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Introduction. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is a compilaction in open heart surgery. Factor that may involve is associated with impaired brain tissue oxygenation. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between postoperative value of Hb, PaO2, SaO2, and ScvO2 with POCD in open heart surgery in RSCM.

Purpose: To evaluate association between postoperative value of Hb, PaO2,and ScvO2 with POCD in open heart surgery in RSCM.

Methods. This study was prospective cohort held in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia. We included 44 elective open heart surgery patients tested forcognitive function on 1 day before surgery and postoperative day 5. Bloods were taken in 6 hours and 24 hours after surgery to measure postoperative value of Hb,PaO2, SaO2 and ScvO2. Subjects were categorized as POCD if there was decline >20% in postoperative neurocognitive test than preoperative. Data were comparedusing SPSS 20.0 software. Bivariate analysis with p-value above 0.25 were includedin logistic regression.

Results: There was 23 of 44 subjects (52.3%) became POCD. Hemoglobin value in 6 hours and 24 hours were significantly lower in POCD group [(9,13±1,15 vs10,61±1,10 mg/dL, p value<0,001) and (9,13±0,68 vs 10,45±0,75 mg/dL, p value<0,001)]. PaO2, SaO2, and ScvO2 were not significantly different between twogroups. From multivariate analysis, it was found that hemoglobin value in 6 hours and 24 hours after surgery affect POCD in open heart surgery.

Conclusion: There is an association between hemoglobin values in 6 hours and 24 hours after surgery with POCD in open heart surgery."

"Latar Belakang: Disfungsi kognitif pascabedah (postoperative cognitivedysfunction/POCD) merupakan komplikasi pascabedah yang sering ditemui padapasien yang menjalani bedah jantung terbuka yang mengganggu fungsi sosial danekonomi serta berkaitan dengan peningkatan mortalitas. Patofisiologi POCD belumdiketahui secara jelas, namun diperkirakan melibatkan hipoksia serebral.Penurunan kandungan oksigen dan penurunan ekstraksi oksigen perioperatifdiperkirakan berkontribusi terhadap POCD. Penggunaan pemantauan nearinfraredspectroscopy (NIRS) memungkinkan pengukuran status oksigenasi padajaringan otak. Protein S100B adalah penanda biologis kerusakan jaringan otak.Penelitian ini bertujuan meneliti pengaruh kandungan oksigen dan ekstraksioksigen intra dan pascabedah, desaturasi serebral dan peningkatan kadar proteinS100B terhadap kejadian POCD.Metode: Rancangan penelitian ini adalah kohort prospektif di unit Pelayanan JantungTerpadu RS dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Penelitian dimulai setelah mendapatkan persetujuankomite etik dan ijin lokasi. Kriteria penerimaan adalah pasien berusia ≥18 tahun yangdijadwalkan menjalani bedah jantung terbuka dengan menggunakan mesincardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), sehat secara mental, dapat membaca dan berbahasaIndonesia. Pasien akan menjalani evaluasi kognitif menggunakan 6 tes psikometrik pada 1hari prabedah dan diulang pada 5 hari pascabedah. POCD didefinisikan sebagai penurunan>20% skor kognitif pascabedah dibandingkan prabedah pada 2 atau lebih tes. Sampel daraharteri dan vena diambil untuk menilai kandungan dan ekstraksi oksigen pada 5 waktu: (1)sebelum induksi, (2) intra-CPB, (3) pasca-CPB, (4) enam jam pascabedah, dan (5) 24 jampascabedah. Pemantauan saturasi serebral menggunakan NIRS dilakukan sepanjang pembedahan. Kadar protein S100B diukur pada 2 waktu: sebelum induksi dan 6 jampascabedah. Data dianalisis dengan uji statistik yang sesuai menggunakan piranti lunak SPSSversi 20.Hasil:Lima puluh lima subyek mengikuti penelitian ini. POCDditemukan pada 31 (56,4%)subyek. Kandungan oksigen dan ekstraksi oksigen ditemukan tidak berbeda bermakna diantara kedua kelompok pada seluruh waktu. Desaturasi serebral ditemukan lebih lama (55[0-324] vs. 6 [0-210], p=0,03) dan nilai AUC rScO2 lebih tinggi (228 [0-4875] vs. 33 [0-1100], p <0,01) pada pasien yang mengalami POCD dibandingkan yang tidak. Dengananalisis ROC ditemukan nilai AUC rScO2 >80 menit% berpengaruh terhadap kejadianPOCD (RR 3,38, IK 95%: 1,68-6,79, p <0,01). Kadar protein S100Bmeningkat 1,5x lebihtinggi pada pasien POCD, namun tidak mencapai kemaknaan statistik.Simpulan:Desaturasi serebral yang diukur menggunakan NIRS berpengaruh pada kejadianPOCD.

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Background: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction/POCD is commonly found

postoperative complication after cardiac surgery with profound social and

economic effect and also known correlated with mortality. The pathophysiology

remains unclear and multifactorial, but hipoxia have been postulated as one of the

mechanisms. Reduced arterial oxygen content (CaO2) and reduced oxygen

extraction perioperatively may contribute to POCD. Use of near-infrared

spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring may provide oxygenation status on brain tissue.

S100B protein is known brain injury biological marker. This trial aims to

investigate effects of perioperative oxygen content and extraction, cerebral

oxygenation status and S100B protein level changes to POCD.

Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at Integrated Heart Service unit of

RS dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, a tertiary teaching hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia. This study

was started after ethical approval obtained. Inclusion criteria was 18 years old or above

patients scheduled for open-heart surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass machine, healthy

mental status, and can speak/read Indonesian language. Subjects were undergone 6

psychometric evaluation on day prior to surgery and 5 days after surgery. POCDdefined as

decrease of >20% score from baseline on 2 or more tests. Arterial and venous blood samples

were taken on 5 moments: (1) before induction of anesthesia, (2) during CPB, (3) After

separation of CPB, (4) six hours after surgery, and (5) 24 hours after surgery. NIRS

monitoring was applied continously during surgery. S100B protein level was measured on

before induction of anesthesia and 6 hours after surgery.Data was analyzed with appropriate

statistical tests using SPSS 20 software.

Results: Fifty-five subjects were included in this study. POCD was found in 31 (56.4%)

subjects. Oxygen contents and extractions were found not differ in both groups at all times.

Cerebral desaturation was found more longer (55 [0-324] vs. 6 [0-210]mins, p = 0.03) and

severe (AUC rScO2 228 [0-4875] vs. 33 [0-1100] min%, p <0,01) in subjects with POCD

compared to non-POCD. Using ROC analysis, it is determined subjects with AUC rScO2

>80 min% were exposed with higher risk of POCD(RR3.38x, 95%CI: 1.68-6.79, p <0.01).

S100B protein level increased higher in subjects with POCDbut no statistical significant was

found.

Conclusion: Cerebral desaturation measured by NIRSmonitoring contributes to POCD."