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"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan studi pemanfaatan gliseril di-asetil monorisinoleat sebagai aditif penurun titik awan biodiesel. Pembuatan gliseril di-asetil monorisinoleat dilakukan dengan memodifikasi minyak castor yang asam lemaknya berupa asam risinoleat dengan gliserol untuk memperpendek rantai karbon dan asetat sebagai pemodifikasi rantai bercabang. Penelitian dilakukan dalam dua tahap, tahap pertama yaitu pembuatan aditif yang dibagi menjadi dua proses yaitu transesterifikasi minyak castor dengan gliserol menghasilkan gliseril monorisinoleat dan asetilasi gliseril monorisinoleat menghasilkan gliseril di-asetil monorisinoleat. Proses transesterifikasi dilakukan pada suhu 80°C selama 3 jam, dengan variasi rasio komposisi reaktan minyak:gliserol pada 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 dan 1:4. Pemakaian katalis NaOH adalah 0,1 berat serta isopropanol sejumlah 2:1 v/b minyak castor yang direaksikan. Proses asetilasi dilakukan pada suhu 140°C selama 1 jam dengan rasio komposisi reaktan gliseril monorisinoleat : asam asetat anhidrat 1:2. Produk aditif penurun titik awan merupakan gliserol asetil risinoleat 1:2 mengandung 93 gliseril di-asetil monorisinoleat dengan karakteristik titik awan -27°C, titik tuang -27°C, densitas 0,9261 g/cm3, dan viskositas 19,23 cSt. Tahap kedua adalah pencampuran aditif penurun titik awan biodiesel yaitu gliseril di-asetil monorisinoleat dengan biodiesel sawit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gliseril di-asetil monorisinoleat dapat digunakan sebagai aditif penurun titik awan biodiesel dengan viskositas, densitas dan sisa karbon CCR biodiesel tetap memenuhi SNI 7182:2015 sampai dengan penambahan 20 berat aditif ke dalam biodiesel sawit dapat menurunkan titik awan sebesar 2,3°C dan menurunkan titik tuang sebesar 3°C. Sedangkan aditif penurun titik awan komersil dapat menurunkan titik awan sebesar 2°C hanya dengan penambahan 5 berat aditif ke dalam biodiesel, akan tetapi karakteristik viskositas tidak memenuhi SNI 7182:2015.

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A research on the utilization of glyceril di acetyl monoricinoleat as cloud point depressant additivefor biodiesel has been carried out. Glyceril di acetyl monoricinoleat was prepared by modifying castor oil using glycerol, which function was to shorten the length of carbon chains and acetate, which function was to modify the branched chains. This research was conducted in two stages, the first stage was the lab scale production of cloud point depressant additive that consisted of two main processes namely, trans esterification of castor oil with glycerol to produce glyceril mono ricinoleic and acetylation of glyceril mono ricinoleic to produce glyceryl di acetyl monoricinoleic. Trans esterification was performed at 80 C for 3 hours, with a variation in the reactant composition at 1 1, 1 2, 1 3 and 1 4 on the ratio of castor oil glycerol. A mixture of sodium hydroxide 0.1 and isopropanol at 2 1 v b of castor oil reacted, was used as catalyst for this reaction. Furthermore, acetylation was performed at 140°C for 1 hour, using acetic acid as the reactant with composition ratio of glyceryl mono ricinoleate anhydrous acetic acid at 1 2. Cloud point depressant additive that was produced was glyceryl acetyl ricinoleic 1 2 which was formed of 93 glyceryl di acetyl mono ricinoleic having characteristics of cloud point at 27°C, pour point at 27°C, density at 0,9261 gr cm3, and viscosity at 19,23 cSt. The second stage of this research was the blending trials by mixing this additive with B20 and B100 biodiesel. The results showed that glyceryl acetyl ricinoleic can be used as a biodiesel cloud point depressant additive with the viscosity, density and carbon residu CCR of biodiesel meet the requirements of SNI 7182 2015, however it was not working effectively because the cloud point was not decreased significantly. An addition of 20 weight synthetic additive into palm oil biodiesel could only decreases its cloud point by 2,3°C and its pour point by 3°C, while the commercial cloud point depressant additive decrease the cloud point by 2°C with an addition of 5 weight commercial additive into palm biodiesel, however the viscosity characteristic of later mixture did not meet the requirements of SNI 7182 2015."

"ABSTRAKPemakaian campuran 20% biodiesel dengan minyak solar (B-20) dilaporkan menyebabkan tersumbatnya filter bahan bakar kendaraan diesel terutama pada suhu dingin dingin. Penyumbatan tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya endapan dari aglomerasi Monogliserida (MG). Adanya endapan tersebut mempengaruhi karakteristik biodiesel yaitu flow properties yang dapat diukur dengan 5 parameter : viskositas, densitas, Cloud Point (CP), Pour Point (PP), dan Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP). Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, penambahan surfaktan Sorbitan Monooleat (SMO) pada biodiesel dapat menurunkan CP dan PP berturut-turut sampai 3°C. Dilaporkan bahwa, penambahan alkohol sebagai co-surfaktan dapat meningkatkan kinerja SMO. Pada penelitian ini, digunakan surfaktan SMO dengan co-surfaktan octanol. Octanol yang merupakan jenis alkohol dengan rantai panjang dan dapat berinteraksi lebih baik dengan SMO. Pada setiap biodiesel dengan kandungan MG yang berbeda, penambahan SMO divariasikan sebesar 0,1-1% volume biodiesel. Perbandingan fraksi mol SMO/octanol yang digunakan adalah 1:1. Penyimpanan sampel biodiesel dikondisikan pada suhu ruang (±27°C) dan suhu dingin (±16°C). Pengaruh SMO dan octanol terhadap suhu awal pembentukan kristal MG pada biodiesel dianalisa dengan metode Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Karakterisasi awal biodiesel juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui kadar MG, flash point, dan acid number. Pengaruh terhadap flow properties diukur berdasarkan 5 parameter yaitu : viskositas, densitas, CP, PP, dan CFPP. Sedangkan perubahan diameter partikel MG dianalisa dengan Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), dan interaksi antara MG dan SMO dengan Octanol dianalisa dengan Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). Penggunaan SMO dan octanol dapat menurunkan CP, PP, dan CFPP secara berturut-turut sebesar ±4,6°C, ±4°C, dan ±3°C yang menyebabkan perubahan suhu melting MG dari 9,79°C menjadi 4,97°C untuk biodiesel dengan kadar MG sebesar 0,4% (B-100A) dan 22,21°C menjadi 21,54°C untuk biodiesel dengan kadar MG sebesar 0,6% (B-100C). Perubahan diameter partikel MG sebelum dan setelah penambahan SMO dan octanol berturut-turut sebagai berikut, 8,18 menjadi 0,30 μm, 38,17 menjadi 3,63 μm, dan 68,28 menjadi 8,90 μm. Analisa FTIR mengindikasikan adanya pergeseran bilangan gelombang pada MG sebelum dan sesudah penambahan SMO dan octanol yang mengindikasikan terjadinya ikatan hidrogen intermolekular yang dapat mengurangi tegangan permukaan biodiesel dan menyebabkan perbaikan flow properties biodiesel.

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ABSTRACTThe use of mixture of 20% biodiesel with diesel oil (B-20) is reported to cause blockage of diesel vehicle fuel filters, especially at cold temperatures. The blockage is caused by the agglomeration of Monoglycerides (MG). The presence of these deposits affects the characteristics of biodiesel's flow properties which can be measured by 5 parameters: viscosity, density, Cloud Point (CP), Pour Point (PP), and Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP). Based on the previous research, the addition of Sorbitan Monooleate (SMO) to biodiesel can reduce CP and PP, respectively, up to 3°C. It was reported that the addition of alcohol as co-surfactant can improve the SMO's performance. In this study, the SMO surfactant were used with the octanol co-surfactants. Octanol is a type of alcohol with a long chain and can interact better with the SMO. For each biodiesel with different MG's level, the addition of SMO was varied by 0,1-1% by volume biodiesel. The molar ratio of SMO/octanol used is 1:1. Biodiesel samples were storaged at room temperatures (±27°C) and cold temperatures (±16°C). The effect of SMO and octanol on the initial temperature of MG's crystal formation on biodiesel was analyzed by the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) method. The initial characterization of biodiesel was also analyzed to determine the MG's level, flash point, and acid number. The effect on flow properties was measured based on 5 parameters: viscosity, density, CP, PP, and CFPP. Whereas changes in MG's particle diameter were analyzed by Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and the interaction between MG and SMO with octanol were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). The use of SMO and octanol could reduce CP, PP, and CFPP respectively by ±4,6°C, ±4°C, and ±3°C which caused changes in MG melting temperature from 9,79 to 4,97°C for biodiesel with MG's level of 0,4% (B-100A) and 22,21°C to 21,54°C for biodiesel with MG's level of 0.6% (B-100C). Changes in the diameter of MG's particle before and after the addition of SMO and octanol are respectively, 8,18 to 0,30 μm, 38,17 to 3,63 μm, and 68,28 to 8,90 μm. FTIR analysis indicated wavenumber's shifts in MG before and after the addition of SMO and octanol which indicates the intermolecular hydrogen bonds that can reduce the surface tension of biodiesel and cause improvements in biodiesel's flow properties."

"ABSTRAKCr(III) merupakan spesi ion logam kromium (Cr) yang esensial bagi tubuh manusia karena memiliki peran penting dalam metabolisme glukosa, lemak dan protein. Untuk menetapkan konsentrasi spesi Cr(III), sistem ekstraksi titik awan digunakan sebagai metode pemisahan dan prakonsentrasi yang murah, cepat dan ramah lingkungan. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan pengembangan metode analisis Cr(III) dalam matriks susu menggunakan ligan 1-(2-piridilazo)-2-naftol (PAN) dan surfaktan nonionik Triton X-114 yang dideteksi dengan Spektroskopi Serapan Atom Tungku Karbon. Faktor yang mempengaruhi efisiensi ekstraksi seperti pH larutan, konsentrasi ligan, konsentrasi surfaktan, suhu ekstraksi dan waktu ekstraksi dioptimasi hingga mendapatkan efisiensi ekstraksi yang optimum. Penambahan Na₂SO₄ juga dilakukan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi ekstraksi. Analisis Cr(III) dalam produk susu yang telah diberi perlakuan dengan asam trikloro asetat menghasilkan presisi dengan RSD 4.1 % dan rentang perolehan kembali Cr(III) 80.0 sampai 100.8 %. Batas deteksi dalam produk susu yang diperoleh adalah 45 ng/g dan batas kuantisasi 150 ng/g. Faktor pengayaan setelah pengenceran fase kaya surfaktan 125 kali adalah 2.1 dan faktor prakonsentrasi yang diperoleh adalah 310.3. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa metode analisis dengan ekstraksi titik awan ini dapat digunakan untuk penetapan konsentrasi Cr(III) dalam produk susu.

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Cr(III) is one of chromium (Cr) metal ion species which is essential for human body because it has important role in glucose, fat and protein metabolism. To determine the concentration of Cr(III), cloud point extraction was used as a method of separation and preconcentration which is low cost, fast and environmentally friendly. In this study, analytical method development of Cr(III) in dairy products was performed using 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) ligand and nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 which was detected by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Factors affecting extraction efficiency such as pH of solution, concentration of ligand, concentration of surfactant, equilibration temperature and time were optimized to obtain optimum extraction efficiency. Addition of Na₂SO₄ was also carried out to improve extraction efficiency. The analysis of Cr(III) in dairy products which was previously treated with trichloro acetic acid produces precision with 4.1% RSD and the recovery range of Cr(III) is of 80.0 to 100.8%. The detection limit in dairy products obtained is 45 ng/g and the quantization limit is 150 ng/g. The enrichment factor after 125 times surfactant-rich phase dilution is of 2.1 and the preconcentration factor obtained is of 310.3.  It is proved that the analytical method using cloud point extraction can be employed to determine the concentration of Cr(III) in dairy products."

"Aplikasi cloud Point of Sale (POS) merupakan teknologi yang terlibat dalam melakukan pencatatan penjualan, pembayaran, serta proses yang berkaitan di dalamnya dengan memanfaatkan penyimpanan data di internet. Kegunaan dari aplikasi cloud POS memberikan manfaat yang cukup besar bagi Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM) dalam menjalankan usahanya. Dengan mengintegrasikan teori technology affordance dan teori Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of The Technology 2 (UTAUT2), penelitian ini mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor technology affordance dari aplikasi cloud POS dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi intensi penggunaan aplikasi cloud POS pada pelaku UMKM. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mixed-method. Penelitian kualitatif dilakukan dengan melakukan wawancara bersama 10 narasumber pelaku UMKM yang telah menggunakan aplikasi cloud POS. Pengolahan data kualitatif dilakukan dengan menggunakan grounded theory. Kemudian, dilanjutkan dengan penelitian kuantitatif dilakukan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner online dengan 243 responden pelaku UMKM yang telah menggunakan aplikasi cloud POS dan diolah dengan metode Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM). Penelitian ini berhasil mengidentifikasi technology affordance aplikasi cloud POS berupa monitorability, recordability, transactionability, decision supportability, dan accessibility. Melalui uji PLS-SEM, penelitian ini menunjukkan jika performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating condition, social influence, dan price value memengaruhi intention to adopt. Selain itu, ditemukan juga bahwa pelaku UMKM di Indonesia masih kurang sadar terkait adanya risiko dari penggunaan teknologi cloud.

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Cloud Point of Sale (POS) application is a technology that is involved in recording sales, payments, and processes related to it by utilizing data storage on the internet. The use of the cloud POS application provides considerable benefits for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in running their business. By integrating technology affordance and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of The Technology 2 (UTAUT2), this study identifies the technology affordance factors of the cloud POS application and the factors that influence the intention to use the cloud POS application among MSME actors. This research was conducted with mixed-methods. Qualitative research was conducted by interviewing 10 MSME actors who have used the cloud POS application. Qualitative data processing is done by using grounded theory. Then, it was followed by quantitative research conducted by distributing online questionnaires with 243 MSME respondents who had used the cloud POS application and processed it using the Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM) method. This research successfully identifies the technology affordance of the cloud POS application in the form of monitorability, recordability, transactionability, decision supportability, and accessibility. Through the PLS-SEM test, this research shows that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating condition, social influence, and price value affect the intention to adopt. In addition, it was also found that MSME actors in Indonesia are still not aware of the risks associated with using cloud technology."

"Aplikasi cloud Point of Sale (POS) merupakan teknologi yang terlibat dalam melakukan pencatatan penjualan, pembayaran, serta proses yang berkaitan di dalamnya dengan memanfaatkan penyimpanan data di internet. Kegunaan dari aplikasi cloud POS memberikan manfaat yang cukup besar bagi Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM) dalam menjalankan usahanya. Dengan mengintegrasikan teori technology affordance dan teori Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of The Technology 2 (UTAUT2), penelitian ini mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor technology affordance dari aplikasi cloud POS dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi intensi penggunaan aplikasi cloud POS pada pelaku UMKM. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mixed-method. Penelitian kualitatif dilakukan dengan melakukan wawancara bersama 10 narasumber pelaku UMKM yang telah menggunakan aplikasi cloud POS. Pengolahan data kualitatif dilakukan dengan menggunakan grounded theory. Kemudian, dilanjutkan dengan penelitian kuantitatif dilakukan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner online dengan 243 responden pelaku UMKM yang telah menggunakan aplikasi cloud POS dan diolah dengan metode Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM). Penelitian ini berhasil mengidentifikasi technology affordance aplikasi cloud POS berupa monitorability, recordability, transactionability, decision supportability, dan accessibility. Melalui uji PLS-SEM, penelitian ini menunjukkan jika performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating condition, social influence, dan price value memengaruhi intention to adopt. Selain itu, ditemukan juga bahwa pelaku UMKM di Indonesia masih kurang sadar terkait adanya risiko dari penggunaan teknologi cloud.

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Cloud Point of Sale (POS) application is a technology that is involved in recording sales, payments, and processes related to it by utilizing data storage on the internet. The use of the cloud POS application provides considerable benefits for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in running their business. By integrating technology affordance and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of The Technology 2 (UTAUT2), this study identifies the technology affordance factors of the cloud POS application and the factors that influence the intention to use the cloud POS application among MSME actors. This research was conducted with mixed-methods. Qualitative research was conducted by interviewing 10 MSME actors who have used the cloud POS application. Qualitative data processing is done by using grounded theory. Then, it was followed by quantitative research conducted by distributing online questionnaires with 243 MSME respondents who had used the cloud POS application and processed it using the Structural Equation Model Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM) method. This research successfully identifies the technology affordance of the cloud POS application in the form of monitorability, recordability, transactionability, decision supportability, and accessibility. Through the PLS-SEM test, this research shows that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating condition, social influence, and price value affect the intention to adopt. In addition, it was also found that MSME actors in Indonesia are still not aware of the risks associated with using cloud technology."

"ABSTRAKMinyak kelapa sawit merupakan bahan baku unggul pembuatan biodiesel di Indonesia. Meskipun Indonesia memiliki iklim tropis, Pemanfaatan biodiesel sawit diselidiki memiliki masalah dengan sifat aliran dingin terutama di daerah-daerah dataran tinggi. Masalah umum lainnya dari Biodiesel adalah kemudahan degradasi selama penyimpanan jangka panjang. Minyak kelapa sawit memiliki stabilitas oksidasi yang lebih baik, tetapi titik awannya tinggi karena tingginya kadar asam lemak jenuh. Di sisi lain, minyak mikroalga memiliki titik kabut dan titik tuang yang rendah, tetapi lebih mudah teroksidasi karena tingginya tingkat FAME tak jenuh. Oleh karena itu, kombinasi sifat tak jenuh tunggal dan jenuh antara Minyak Kelapa Sawit dan minyak Mikroalga membuatnya lebih disukai sebagai campuran bahan baku untuk meningkatkan kualitas Biodiesel. Model senyawa alga metil diformulasikan berdasarkan komposisi asam lemak Nannochloropsis sp. dari literatur. Dalam penelitian ini, skema pencampuran minyak dilakukan dengan variasi 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% penambahan Microalgae Oil ke Palm Oil. Transesterifikasi terjadi pada 60-700C dengan penambahan katalis basa 0,6%-wt dan metanol 40% -v/v selama 1-1,5 jam. FAME dianalisis berdasarkan SNI 7182:2015 dengan empat parameter utama diantaranya angka asam total (ASTM D 6644), titik kabut dan titik tuang (ASTM D 2500, dan ASTM D97), dan stabilitas oksidasi (EN 14112). Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah menentukan rasio campuran yang optimal antara minyak kelapa sawit dan minyak mikroalga untuk produksi biodiesel. Berdasarkan percobaan, rasio campuran biodiesel yang optimal ditemukan pada 5% dengan cloud dan titik tuang masing-masing adalah 15.30C dan 120C. Stabilitas oksidasi dan angka asam 5% yang diperoleh adalah 10,58 jam, dan 0,175 mg KOH /g. Oleh karena itu, campuran biodiesel mengkonfirmasi bahwa asam lemak tak jenuh dari minyak mikroalga dapat meningkatkan sifat aliran dingin dari bahan bakar biodiesel kelapa sawit.

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ABSTRACTPalm oil is reported as the superior feedstock of biodiesel producing in Indonesia. Although Indonesia has tropical climate, Utilization of palm biodiesel is investigated having problems with the cold flow properties particularly in the high-altitude areas. The other common issue of Biodiesel is the ease of degradation during long-term storage. Palm oil has better oxidation stability, but high cloud point due to the high levels of saturated fatty acids. On the other hand, microalgae oil has low cloud and pour point, but more easily oxidized due to the high levels of unsaturated FAME. Therefore, the combination of monounsaturated and saturated properties between Palm Oil and Microalgae oil makes it preferable as raw materials blending to upgrade the quality of Biodiesel. The model algal methyl compounds were formulated based on fatty acid compositions of Nannochloropsis sp. from the literature. In this research, the oil blending scheme was done by variations 5%,10%,20%,30% of addition Microalgae Oil to Palm Oil. The transesterification occurred at 60-700C with the addition of base catalyst 0.6%- wt and methanol 40%-v/v during 1-1.5 hours. The FAMEs were analysis according to SNI 7182:2015 with four main parameters including total acid number (ASTM D 6644), cloud point and pour point (ASTM D 2500, and ASTM D97 respectively), and oxidation stability (EN 14112). The purpose of this research was to determine the optimum blending ratio between palm oil and microalgae oil for biodiesel production. Based on the experiment, the optimum blending ratio of biodiesel was found on 5% with the cloud and pour point are 15.30C and 120C respectively. The oxidation stability and total acid number of 5% blends obtained were 10.58 hours, and 0.175 mg KOH/g biodiesel respectively. Hence, the biodiesel blends confirm that the unsaturated fatty acids of microalgae oil can enhance the cold flow property of palm biodiesel fuels."

"The extraction method is cloud point extraction technique by phase separation which gives a convenient, a simple procedure, with minimal solvent usage and only needs a very discrete amount of relatively non-flammable and non-volatile surfactant which is ecofriendly. It has acknowledged usage for the extraction and preconcentration of species of extensively digress character and features likewise metal ions, proteins and other biomaterials, or organic compounds of strongly differing polarity. Here, we address the review about cloud point extraction (CPE) method as well as applications with this methodology to our environmental samples. We also discussed about the advantages, disadvantages and future trends of CPE. This technique received great attention in extraction and preconcentration by application as an isolation and trace enrichment procedure earlier to the analysis of organic compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated compounds, pesticides, phenolic derivatives, aromatic amines, vitamins and polybrominated biphenyl ethers), inorganic compounds and metal (copper, chromium, zinc, cadmium, nickel, cobalt), phthalates and parabens. These techniques are coupled with gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and spectrophotometry."