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Abstrak :
Analisis fisika batuan adalah salah satu komponen kunci dalam eksplorasi, pengembangan, dan produksi hidrokarbon yang menyediakan hubungan antara parameter reservoar geologi dan sifat seismik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis bagaimana pengaruh kandungan mineral lempung terhadap respon seismik AVO pada reservoar batupasir berdasarkan persamaan Gassmann di pemodelan fisika batuan. Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah pemodelan fisika batuan dari dua data sumur X-19 dan X-15 di Lapangan 'D', Formasi Balikpapan, Cekungan Kutai. Pemodelan yang dilakukan baik pada sumur X-15 dan X-19, hanya dilakukan pada dua zona perwakilan. Zona A dan C untuk sumur X-15 serta zona K dan Q untuk sumur X-19. Proses pemodelan fisika batuan terdiri dari pemodelan mineral, fluida, serta kerangka batuan. Ketiganya dengan persamaan Gassmann akan digunakan untuk menghitung nilai pemodelan Vp, Vs, dan rb. Impedansi akustik dan impedansi elastik kemudian dihitung untuk mendapatkan nilai R q dari pendekatan Zoeppritz, dengan menggunakan persamaan Shuey. Sebagai kesimpulan, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh yang paling terlihat dalam pemodelan adalah pada sumur X-19 di zona Q unsur mineral lempung adalah Smectite dan sumur X-15 di zona C unsur mineral lempung adalah Illite. Baik zona Q dan C terindikasi tersaturasi oleh gas. Smectite yang memiliki nilai modulus onggok dan rigiditas paling rendah diantara tipe lempung lainnya, mampu memperlambat kecepatan yang menjalar pada zona Q. Illlite yang memiliki nilai modulus onggok dan rigiditas yang lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan Kuarsa, mampu mempercepat kecepatan yang menjalar pada zona A. Dan untuk nilai rb pemodelan di kedua zona Q dan C, menjadi lebih kecil bila dibandingkan dengan data riil.

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Rock physics analysis is one of the key components in the exploration, development, and production of hydrocarbons that provide a link between geological reservoir parameters and seismic properties. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of clay mineral content on AVO seismic response on sandstone reservoir based on Gassmann equation in rock physics modeling. The method used in this research was rock physics modeling of two well data X 19 and X 15 in D Field, Balikpapan Formation, Kutai Basin. Modeling performed both on wells X 15 and X 19, was done on two representative zones. Zone A and C for well X 15 and zone K and Q for well X 19. The process of rock physics modeling consists of mineral, fluid, and modeling. All those three will be assembled with Gassmann equation to calculate the modeling of Vp, Vs, and rb. The acoustic impedance and shear impedance were then calculated to obtain the value of R q from Zoeppritz approximation, using the Shuey equation. The most visible influence showed in modeling on well X 19, zone Q clay mineral element is Smectite and well X 15 in zone C clay mineral element is Illite. Both zone Q and C were indicated saturated by gas. Smectite which has the lowest bulk modulus and rigidity value of the other clay type, capable of slowing the velocity on zone Q. Illlite which has bulk modulus and rigidity value compared by Quartz, able to accelerate the velocity that propagates in zone A. And the value of rb modeling in both zones Q and C, becomes smaller when compared with real data.

Abstrak :
Mineral lempung merupakan filosilikat aluminium hidrat yang berdasarkan struktur kristalnya dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok utama, yaitu kaolinit, smektit, illit, dan klorit. Masing-masing kelompok mineral ini memiliki properti fisika & kimia tertentu yang berpotensi mempengaruhi kegiatan eksplorasi & eksploitasi minyak & gas bumi, seperti potensi penyempitan lubang bor, pelebaran lubang bor, dan lainnya. Untuk menghindari potensi-potensi tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan pada Lapangan X di Cekungan Kutai dengan memetakan distribusi dari mineral lempung. Metode yang digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut adalah analisis petrofisika dan pemodelan 2D. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa mineral lempung yang ditemukan pada daerah penelitian adalah kaolinit, illit, klorit, & smektit. Dengan mineral kaolinit dan illit ditemukan mendominasi. Kaolinit mendominasi pada kedalaman relatif dangkal (741.5-4032 feet kedalaman vertikal sesungguhnya), sementara illit mendominasi pada kedalaman relatif lebih dalam (4032-6626.3 feet kedalaman vertikal sesungguhnya). Selain itu, ditemukan juga terjadi pengurangan volume kaolinit dan penambahan volume illit seiring bertambahnya kedalaman. Diinterpretasi bahwa keberadaan mineral lempung ini dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan mineral induk, temperatur, air pori, & lingkungan pengendapan. Dan, distribusinya dipengaruhi oleh batas sekuen & sesar-sesar. ......Clay minerals are hydrous alumina phyllosilicates which based on their crystal structure divided into 4 major groups, that is kaolinite, smectite, illite, and chlorite. Each of these mineral groups has certain physical & chemical properties that have the potential to affect oil & gas exploration & exploitation activities, such as the potential of hole closure, hole enlargement, etc. To avoid this potentials, this research was conducted at Field X in the Kutai Basin by mapping the distribution of clay minerals. The methods used to achieve these goals are petrophysical analysis and 2D modeling. From this research it is known that the clay minerals found in the study area are kaolinite, illite, chlorite, and smectite. With the minerals kaolinite and illite found to dominate. Kaolinite dominates at relatively shallow depths (741.5-4032 feet true vertical depth), while illite dominates at relatively deeper depths (4032-6626.3 feet true vertical depth). In addition, it was also found that there was a decrease in the volume of kaolinite and an increase in the volume of illite with increasing depth. It is interpreted that the presence of this clay mineral is influenced by the availability of parent minerals, temperature, pore water, and the depositional environment. And, the distribution of these minerals is influenced by sequence boundary and faults.

Abstrak :
Problems of soil limiting factors affecting crop growth were not fully understood owing to little attention has been given to soil mineralogy and its association to soil chemical properties. The objective of the study was to assess soil mineralogical and chemical properties of seven soils derived from different parent materials as an integrated strategic consideration to establish soil management. Field study was carried out in 2009. Soils were sampled from each horizon of profiles. Results showed that primary and secondary minerals had a strong effect on soil chemical properties. The sand fraction of soils derived from basalt, gabbro, mica schist and serpentinite was dominated by resistant minerals (quartz or opaques), leading to very limited, if any, nutrients released from parent materials. The clay fraction was dominated by kaolinite for soils derived from basalt, mica schist and gabbaro, and by amorphous materials for the soil derived from serpentinite resulting in low soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). For other three soils derived from volcanic tuff, volcanic basaltic andesite and volcanic ash, the easily weatherable minerals (feldspar and ferromagnesian) were dominant, suggesting the high reserved nutrients. The presence of halloysite and smectite minerals in the soil derived from volcanic tuff resulted in high soil CEC, while the dominance of amorphous materials in soils derived from volcanic basaltic andesite and volcanic ash was responsible for the low CEC. For soils derived from basalt, serpentinite, mica schist and gabbro, therefore, the strategic management should be directed to restore soil CEC, pH, exchangeable cations and P content. For soils derived from volcanic tuff, volcanic basaltic andesite and volcanic ash, the presence of easily weatherable minerals indicated many reserved nutrients; hence the soil management is directed for replenishment of nutrients removed by crops.