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Abstrak :
Buku yang berjudul A history of the USSR ini ditulis oleh Andrew Rothstein. Buku ini membahas tentang sejarah Uni Soviet. Selain itu buku ini juga membahas tentang invasi dan perang sipil, Bolshevik dan Menshevik.

Abstrak :
African literature has strong relation with colonialism, not only because they had ever been colonized but also because of civil war. Civil Peace (1971), a short story written by Chinua Achebe, tells about how Nigerian survive and have to struggle to live after Nigerian Civil War. It is about the effects of the war on the people, and the "civil peace" that followed. The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War, 6 July 1976-15 January 1970, was a political conflict caused by attempted annexation of the southeastern provinces of economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions among the various peoples of Nigeria. Knowing the relation between the story and the Nigerian Civil War, it is assured that there is a history depicted in Civil Peace. In this article, the writer portrays the history and the phenomenon of colonization in Nigeria by using new historical and postcolonial criticism approaches.

Abstrak :
With an estimated ninety-five percent of the world's armed conflicts occurring within individual states, resolution and prevention of internal conflicts represent a main driver of global peace. Peace negotiations stand outside the traditional formalism of lawmaking and represent a uniquely privileged moment to observe the rise or adjustment of the legal framework of a given state. Based in a socio-legal and pluralistic understanding of law, this book explores the normative dynamics of peace negotiations. It argues that the role of law in the peaceful resolution of internal armed conflicts has been greatly underestimated and that legal theory can and should contribute to a better comprehension of these processes. Including thematic case studies from Darfur, North-South Sudan, Uganda, Côte d'Ivoire, Colombia, Sri Lanka, Sierra Leone, Mozambique, Bosnia and Israel-Palestine, this volume will be of use to scholars, students and affiliates of international organizations and non-governmental organizations.

Abstrak :
Perang Saudara (1861-1865) dan masa Rekonstruksi (1865-1877) merupakan sebuah periode sejarah yang berulangkali mengalami reinterpretasi. Hingga saat ini peristiwa ini terus diingat bukan sekedar sebagai sebuah episode dalam sejarah Amerika melainkan telah menjadi sebuah legenda. Salah satu upaya untuk menghidupkan terus legenda seputar Perang Saudara dan masa Rekonstruksi yang menandai kelahiran kembali bangsa Amerika adalah diproduksinya film The Birth of a Nation yang disutradarai oleh DW Griffith pada tahun 1915. Masalah yang diteliti dalam tesis ini adalah reinterpretasi sejarah bangsa Amerika masa Perang Saudara dan masa Rekonstruksi seperti yang ditampilkan dalam film The Birth of a Nation. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk menunjukkan bahwa interpretasi kembali sejarah bangsa Amerika masa Perang Saudara dan masa Rekonstruksi dalam film tersebut merupakan upaya untuk melakukan rasionalisasi dan justifikasi atas kekalahan Selatan dalam Perang Saudara dan kegagalan program Rekonstruksi dengan menghidupkan kembali legenda The Lost Cause. Dengan demikian, film ini berharap dapat mengembalikan harga diri dan kehormatan Selatan yang harus menelan kekalahan pahit dalam Perang Saudara. Selain itu, Rekonstruksi pasca perang dianggap semakin mengacaukan kondisi masyarakat Amerika di Selatan sehingga film ini ingin mewujudkan tatanan ideal masyarakat sebagaimana sebelum pecahnya perang tersebut dengan membangkitkan kembali kejayaan `the Old South`.

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Reinterpreting the American History of the Civil War and Reconstruction Era: A Study of The Birth of a Nation. American Studies. Civil War (1861-1865) and Reconstruction (1865-1877) is a historical period that time and again has undergone so many reinterpretations. Hitherto, this event has been remembered not simply as an episode in the American history but more as a legend. One of the attempts to preserve the legend of Civil War and Reconstruction that marked the rebirth of America as a nation was the production of The Birth of a Nation, a film directed by DW Griffith in 1915. The research problem of this thesis is the reinterpretation of the American history of the Civil War and Reconstruction era as depicted in the film The Birth of a Nation. This thesis proposes that the reinterpretation of the American history in the Civil War and Reconstruction era as portrayed in this film is an attempt to rationalize and justify Southern defeat and the failure of Reconstruction by reviving the myth of The Lost Cause. By doing so, this film is expected to salvage Southern pride and honor from the all-encompassing defeat. Furthermore, as the post-war Reconstruction has long been considered to bring ruin and degradation to the Southern society, this film wished to realize the ideal image of the antebellum Southern life by revitalizing the glory of `the Old South.`

Abstrak :
Tesis ini membahas mengenai keterlibatan PMC dalam perang sipil di Angola. Angola merupakan salah satu negara Afrika yang mengalami perang sipil yang sepanjangan, yakni selama tiga dekade (1975 - 2 Penelitian ini Hasil menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif analitis. Untuk penelitian menunjukkanm bahwa keputusan menggunakan jasa PMC tidak lepas dari perkembangan situasi internal dan pemerintah Angola sternai.Kondisi internal Angola sebagai negara yang lemah (weak) di bidang kehidupan menjadikan pemerintah Angola juga tidak menyediakan keamanan bagi rakyatnya, terutama dalam menghadapi kelompok pemberontak UNITA. Selain itu, perkembangan situasi eksternal Angola dengan otoritas swasta dalam bidang keamanan salah satunya pasukan penjaga perdamaian PBB, UNAVEM, dalam menja sinya di Angola, menjadikan PMC sebagai alternatif penyelesaian pemerintah Angola. ......This thesis discusses the involvement of PMC in the civil war in Angola. Angola is one of the African countries that has experienced a civil war that has lasted for three decades. Angola's internal condition as a weak country in the field of life makes the Angolan government also does not provide security for its people, especially in dealing with the UNITA rebel group.In addition, the development of Angola's external situation with private authorities in the security sector, one of which is the UN peacekeeping force. , UNAVEM, in its operation in Angola, made PMC an alternative solution for the Angolan government.