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Abstrak :
Dinoflagellata bentik yang ditemukan menempel pada makroalga dapat menghasilkan ciguatoksin penyebab penyakit Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP). Penelitian tentang Dinoflagellata bentik penyebab CFP pada makroalga dan kaitannya dengan faktor lingkungan telah dilakukan di Gili Matra, Lombok Utara pada tanggal 24–27 Mei 2022. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis Dinoflagellata bentik pada substrat makroalga di perairan Gili Matra berdasarkan kelimpahan sel dan faktor lingkungan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan makroalga Padina di ketiga gili, kemudian dimasukkan ke botol plastik dan dikocok kuat selama 1 menit. Sampel air dipisahkan dari makroalga, makroalga ditimbang berat basahnya, disaring dengan saringan bertingkat, kemudian diamati di bawah mikroskop cahaya. Dinoflagellata bentik yang ditemukan berpotensi toksik adalah Prorocentrum dan Ostreopsis. Faktor lingkungan dianalisis dengan Analisis Komponen Utama (AKU). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kelimpahan Prorocentrum yang paling tinggi ditemukan di Gili Meno, yaitu dengan total 84,89 sel/gr berat basah makroalga dan Ostreopsis yang hanya ditemukan di Gili Meno dengan 37 sel/gr berat basah makroalga. Berdasarkan AKU, Stasiun Gili Meno dicirikan oleh nitrat, fosfat, salinitas, dan intensitas cahaya yang lebih tinggi dari stasiun lainnya. Faktor-faktor lingkungan ini mempengaruhi kelimpahan sel Prorocentrum dan Ostreopsis yang lebih tinggi di stasiun tersebut. ......Benthic dinoflagellates found attached to macroalgae can produce ciguatoxin that causes Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) disease. Research on benthic dinoflagellates causing CFP on macroalgae and their relation to environmental factors was carried out in Gili Matra, North Lombok on 24–27 May 2022. This study aimed to analyze benthic dinoflagellates on macroalgae substrates in Gili Matra waters based on cell abundance and environmental factors. The research was conducted by collecting Padina macroalgae in the three islands, then putting them in a plastic bottle and shaking vigorously for 1 minute. The water sample was separated from the macroalgae, the wet weight of the macroalgae was measured, filtered through a multiseries sieve, and then observed under a light microscope. The potentially toxic benthic dinoflagellates found were Prorocentrum and Ostreopsis. Environmental factors were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that the highest abundance of Prorocentrum was found in Gili Meno, with a total of 84.89 cells/gr wet weight macroalgae, and Ostreopsis, which was only found in Gili Meno with 37 cells/gr wet weight macroalgae. Based on PCA analysis, Gili Meno Station is characterized by higher nitrate, phosphate, salinity, and light intensity than other stations. These environmental factors influenced the higher abundance of Prorocentrum and Ostreopsis cells in the station.

Abstrak :
Dilakukan penelitian mengenai Dinoflagellata bentik penyebab Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) di Taman Wisata Perairan (TWP) Gili Matra, Lombok Utara, dari tanggal 10 sampai 15 Oktober 2022. Penelitian bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara kelimpahan Dinoflagellata di antara substrat hidup yaitu lamun dan substrat mati yaitu karang mati serta melihat hubungannya dengan parameter lingkungan dan lokasi. Substrat Dinoflagellata yaitu lamun dan karang mati dikumpulkan berdasarkan 6 stasiun yang berbeda. Sampel kemudian dikocok dengan konsisten selama 1 menit sehingga Dinoflagellata bentik yang tertempel dapat lepas. Kemudian dilakukan penyaringan bertingkat sehingga hanya tersisa Dinoflagellata saja dan substrat diukur luas permukaannya. Pencacahan dilakukan menggunakan mikroskop dan perhitungan dilakukan menggunakan Sedgewick Rafter. Setelah itu, hasil penemuan diidentifikasi dan dihitung kelimpahannya menggunakan rumus kelimpahan. Faktor lingkungan di analisis dengan menggunakan metode Analisis Komponen Utama (AKU). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keberadaan 3 genus Dinoflagellata penyebab CFP yaitu Coolia, Ostreopsis dan Prorocentrum. Kelimpahan terbanyak dapat ditemukan di Gili Air dengan jumlah total 124 sel/cm2. Selain dari itu, Prorocentrum memiliki kelimpahan terbanyak di antara semua stasiun dengan jumlah total 105 sel/cm2 dan substrat lamun memiliki kelimpahan terbanyak dengan 137 sel/cm2. Berdasarkan AKU dan analisis kelimpahan, ditemukan jika Prorocentrum dan Coolia paling melimpah di stasiun Gili Air Lamun yang dikelompokkan dengan Gili Air Karang dan variabel nitrit, DO, suhu dan TSS. Sementara, Ostreopsis ditemukan paling melimpah di Gili Trawangan Karang yang dikelompokkan dengan Gili Trawangan Lamun dan variabel fosfat. Namun, pengelompokkan tersebut tidak menjelaskan rendahnya kelimpahan pada Gili Meno dimana parameter linngkungannya dalam batas normal dan bahkan mendukung pertumbuhan Dinoflagellata. Sehingga kelimpahan Dinoflagellata bentik penyebab CFP tidak begitu dipengaruhi parameter lingkungan, melainkan lebih dipengaruhi oleh substrat dan lokasi. ......Research was done on Benthic Dinoflagellates causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) in Gili Matra, North Lombok, on the 10th-15th of October 2022. The main goal of the research was to see the relationship between Dinoflagellate abundance, seagrass as a natural substrate, dead coral as a non-natural substrate, environmental parameters, and location. The substrates used in this research were collected based on 6 different stations. The obtained substrate is then shaken inside a bottle so that the Dinoflagellates can detach. Then, a filter is used to capture the Dinoflagellates and remove any unwanted debris. The substrate is also kept so that surface area can be measured. Further inspection is done under the microscope using a Sedgewick Rafter while counting and identifying the Dinoflagellates seen. The result is then converted into abundance using data from the corresponding substrate’s surface area. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is then done to find the relationship between environmental parameters and substrate. 3 genus of CFP causing Dinoflagellates were found (Coolia, Ostreopsis, and Prorocentrum). The most abundant station can be found in Gili Air with a total of 124 cells/cm2. The genus Prorocentrum is the most abundant in all stations with a total of 105 cells/cm2 and seagrass has more abundance than dead coral with a total of 137 cells/cm2. Based on the PCA analysis and the abundance data, Prorocentrum and Coolia were found most abundant in the station Gili Air Lamun which is grouped with Gili Air Karang and the variables nitrate, DO, temperature, and TSS. Ostreopsis was found to be the most abundant in Gili Trawangan Karang which is grouped with Gili Trawangan Lamun and the variable phosphate. However, the groupings do not explain the low abundance found in Gili Meno even though the grouped environmental factors were normal and even advantageous on promoting Dinoflagellate growth. Therefore, based on analysis, the abundance of benthic Dinoflagellates causing CFP is more based on location and substrate instead of environmental parameters.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian Asosiasi Dinoflagellata Bentik dengan Diatom Bentik pada Substrat Lamun di Perairan Gili Matra, Lombok Utara pada Bulan Mei 2022. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengambil 3 helai daun lamun Cymodocea rotundata pada setiap titik sampel, kemudian dilakukan pengocokan selama 1 menit dan penyaringan dengan saringan bertingkat (125 µm dan 20 µm). Dinoflagellata bentik yang ditemukan berjumlah 2 genera. Dua genera yang ditemukan tersebut berasosiasi sekunder dan dapat berpotensi menyebabkan ciguatera. Kelimpahan tertinggi terletak pada bagian barat Gili Meno (2200 sel/cm2), dan kelimpahan terendah terletak pada bagian selatan Gili Trawangan (1801 sel/cm2). Sedangkan Diatom bentik yang ditemukan berjumlah 14 genus. Kelimpahan tertinggi Diatom bentik terdapat di Gili Meno (91100 sel/cm2) dan terendah di Gili Trawangan (49128 sel/cm2). Correspondence Analysis (CA) menggunakan PAST versi 4.10 menunjukkan hubungan asosiasi Dinoflagellata bentik dengan Diatom bentik pada Grafik sumbu 1-2 yaitu genus Prorocentrum dengan Navicula, Prorocentrum dengan Nitzschia, Prorocentrum dengan Licmophora, dan Prorocentrum dengan Cocconeis di stasiun GT1, GM1, dan GM3. Sedangkan pada Grafik sumbu 1-3 terdapat asosiasi antara Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, Thallasiothrix, Cocconeis, Striatella, Coscinodiscus, dan Rhizosolenia. Korelasi Spearman menunjukkan korelasi positif terjadi antara Ostreopsis dengan Thallassiothrix pada Gili Meno stasiun 2. Selain itu, Prorocentrum dengan Nitzschia, Prorocentrum dengan Licmophora, Prorocentrum dengan Grammatophora, Prorocentrum dengan Raphoneis, Prorocentrum dengan Thallasiosira pada Gili Meno stasiun 1,3 dan Gili Trawangan stasiun 1. Sedangkan korelasi negatif terjadi antara Ostreopsis dengan Nitzschia, Ostreopsis dengan Licmophora, dan Prorocentrum dengan Rhizosolenia. ......The association of benthic dinoflagellates with benthic Diatoms on seagrass substrates in Gili Matra waters study was conducted in May 2022. The study is carried out by taking 3 leaf samples of Cymodocea rotundata seagrass at each sampling point, then followed by shaking for a minute and filtering with a stratified sieve (125 µm dan 20 µm). Benthic dinoflagellates were found in 2 genera. The benthic species found are in secondary association and have a potential to cause ciguatera. The highest abundance is located in the western part of Gili Meno (2200 cells/cm2), and the lowest abundance is located in the southern part of Gili Trawangan (1801 cells/cm2). On the other side, the benthic Diatoms were found in 14 genera. The highest abundance of benthic Diatoms is found in Gili Meno (91100 cells/cm2) and the lowest in Gili Trawangan (49128 cells/cm2). Correspondence Analysis (CA) using PAST version 4.10 shows the association relationship of benthic Dinoflagellates with Benthic Diatoms on the 1-2 axis graph, namely the genus Prorocentrum with Navicula, Prorocentrum with Nitzschia, Prorocentrum with Licmophora, and Prorocentrum with Cocconeis at GT1, GM1, and GM3 stations. While in the 1-3 axis graph there is an association between Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, Thallasiothrix, Cocconeis, Striatella, Coscinodiscus, and Rhizosolenia. The Spearman correlation suggests a positive correlation occurred between Ostreopsis and Thallassiothrix at Gili Meno station 2. In addition, Prorocentrum with Nitzschia, Prorocentrum with Licmophora, Prorocentrum with Grammatophora, Prorocentrum with Raphoneis, Prorocentrum with Thallasiosira on Gili Meno station 1.3 and Gili Trawangan station 1. Meanwhile, a negative correlation occurred between Ostreopsis with Nitzschia, Ostreopsis with Licmophora, and Prorocentrum with Rhizosolenia.

Abstrak :
Dinoflagellates were found and seven of them are potentially toxic species Based on the CA and PCA the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae Amphidiniopsis hirsutum Coolia sp and Amphidinium sp are sand Ostreopsis ovata Ostreopsis lenticularis and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass sand and coral rubble Prorocentrum lima Prorocentrum emarginatum Ostreopsis siamensis and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass seaweed and coral rubble and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate Dinoflagellates were found and seven of them are potentially toxic species Based on the CA and PCA the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae Amphidiniopsis hirsutum Coolia sp and Amphidinium sp are sand Ostreopsis ovata Ostreopsis lenticularis and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass sand and coral rubble Prorocentrum lima Prorocentrum emarginatum Ostreopsis siamensis and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass seaweed and coral rubble and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate Dinoflagellates were found and seven of them are potentially toxic species Based on the CA and PCA the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae Amphidiniopsis hirsutum Coolia sp and Amphidinium sp are sand Ostreopsis ovata Ostreopsis lenticularis and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass sand and coral rubble Prorocentrum lima Prorocentrum emarginatum Ostreopsis siamensis and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass seaweed and coral rubble and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate. Research on epibenthic Dinoflagellate causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning had been conducted in Harapan Island, Kepulauan Seribu during 4th--6th March 2013. This study was carried out by collecting seagrass, seaweed, sand, and coral rubble on the reef flats, where they were shaken vigorously to separate the epibenthic Dinoflagellates. Samples were filtered and observed under a light microscope. The data were analyzed using Correspondence Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). From the samples collected, twelve species of benthic Dinoflagellates were found, and seven of them are potentially toxic species. Based on the CA and PCA, the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae; Amphidiniopsis hirsutum, Coolia sp., and Amphidinium sp. are sand; Ostreopsis ovata, Ostreopsis lenticularis, and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass, sand, and coral rubble; Prorocentrum lima, Prorocentrum emarginatum, Ostreopsis siamensis, and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass, seaweed, and coral rubble; and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate.

Abstrak :
The Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) causing microorganisms were observed at the reef flat of Panjaliran Barat Islands and Pramuka Islands District,Seribu Island national Park,North Jakarta , Indonesia....

Abstrak :
Dinoflagellata epifitik yang hidup pada lamun Thalassia hemprichii berpotensi menyebabkan Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) melalui produksi ciguatoxin atau asosiasi dengan dinoflagellata penghasilnya. Lamun Thalassia hemprichii memiliki kelimpahan tinggi di perairan Pulau Pramuka. Penelitian mengenai kelimpahan dinoflagellata epifitik pada lamun Thalassia hemprichii beserta hubungannya dengan parameter lingkungan dilakukan di empat sisi perairan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu. Sampel lamun Thalassia hemprichii dari keempat sisi pulau diambil secara purposive random sampling ke dalam botol, dikocok kuat selama beberapa menit, dan biofilm pada daun dikerik. Daun lamun dipisahkan dan diukur luas permukaannya. Sampel air hasil kocokan kemudian disaring menggunakan saringan bertingkat 125 dan 25 μm, dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Ditemukan empat genus dinoflagellata epifitik toksik, yaitu Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, dan Prorocentrum. Genus Coolia memiliki rata-rata kelimpahan tertinggi, yaitu 8 sel/cm2, yang menunjukkan kemampuan adaptasi Coolia di setiap stasiun dengan faktor lingkungan yang berbeda. Faktor lingkungan yang mencirikan di tiap stasiun dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Komponen Utama (AKU) dan kemudian dihubungkan secara deskriptif dengan kelimpahan dinoflagellata. Bagian selatan dan barat pulau dicirikan oleh salinitas dan kecepatan arus, bagian utara oleh intensitas cahaya, dan bagian timur oleh nitrat, oksigen terlarut, dan pH. ......Epiphytic dinoflagellates living on Thalassia hemprichii seagrass have the potential to cause Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) through ciguatoxin production or association with dinoflagellate producers. Thalassia hemprichii seagrass has a high abundance in the waters of Pramuka Island. Research on the abundance of epiphytic dinoflagellates in seagrass Thalassia hemprichii and its relationship with environmental parameters was conducted on four sides of the waters of Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu. Seagrass Thalassia hemprichii samples from the four sides of the island were taken by purposive random sampling into bottles, shaken vigorously for several minutes, and the biofilm on the leaves was scraped off. Seagrass leaves were separated and their surface area measured. The shaken water samples were then filtered using 125 and 25 μm graduated sieves, and observed using a light microscope. Four genera of toxic epiphytic dinoflagellates were found, namely Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, and Prorocentrum. The genus Coolia had the highest average abundance, 8 cells/cm2, which indicates the adaptability of Coolia at each station with different environmental factors. Characteristic environmental factors at each station were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and then descriptively correlated with dinoflagellate abundance. The southern and western parts of the island were characterized by salinity and current velocity, the northern part by light intensity, and the eastern part by nitrate, dissolved oxygen, and pH.

Abstrak :
Dinoflagellata epifitik yang hidup pada lamun Thalassia hemprichii berpotensi menyebabkan Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) melalui produksi ciguatoxin atau asosiasi dengan dinoflagellata penghasilnya. Lamun Thalassia hemprichii memiliki kelimpahan tinggi di perairan Pulau Pramuka. Penelitian mengenai kelimpahan dinoflagellata epifitik pada lamun Thalassia hemprichii beserta hubungannya dengan parameter lingkungan dilakukan di empat sisi perairan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu. Sampel lamun Thalassia hemprichii dari keempat sisi pulau diambil secara purposive random sampling ke dalam botol, dikocok kuat selama beberapa menit, dan biofilm pada daun dikerik. Daun lamun dipisahkan dan diukur luas permukaannya. Sampel air hasil kocokan kemudian disaring menggunakan saringan bertingkat 125 dan 25 μm, dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Ditemukan empat genus dinoflagellata epifitik toksik, yaitu Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, dan Prorocentrum. Genus Coolia memiliki rata-rata kelimpahan tertinggi, yaitu 8 sel/cm2, yang menunjukkan kemampuan adaptasi Coolia di setiap stasiun dengan faktor lingkungan yang berbeda. Faktor lingkungan yang mencirikan di tiap stasiun dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Komponen Utama (AKU) dan kemudian dihubungkan secara deskriptif dengan kelimpahan dinoflagellata. Bagian selatan dan barat pulau dicirikan oleh salinitas dan kecepatan arus, bagian utara oleh intensitas cahaya, dan bagian timur oleh nitrat, oksigen terlarut, dan pH. ......Epiphytic dinoflagellates living on Thalassia hemprichii seagrass have the potential to cause Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) through ciguatoxin production or association with dinoflagellate producers. Thalassia hemprichii seagrass has a high abundance in the waters of Pramuka Island. Research on the abundance of epiphytic dinoflagellates in seagrass Thalassia hemprichii and its relationship with environmental parameters was conducted on four sides of the waters of Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu. Seagrass Thalassia hemprichii samples from the four sides of the island were taken by purposive random sampling into bottles, shaken vigorously for several minutes, and the biofilm on the leaves was scraped off. Seagrass leaves were separated and their surface area measured. The shaken water samples were then filtered using 125 and 25 μm graduated sieves, and observed using a light microscope. Four genera of toxic epiphytic dinoflagellates were found, namely Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, and Prorocentrum. The genus Coolia had the highest average abundance, 8 cells/cm2, which indicates the adaptability of Coolia at each station with different environmental factors. Characteristic environmental factors at each station were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and then descriptively correlated with dinoflagellate abundance. The southern and western parts of the island were characterized by salinity and current velocity, the northern part by light intensity, and the eastern part by nitrate, dissolved oxygen, and pH.