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Abstrak :
The primary aim of this research is to synthesis composite anthill-chicken eggshell catalyst, which is characterized and employed for the synthesis of biodiesel from waste frying oil. The as-synthesized catalyst was characterized using various characterization techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Basicity. The influence of different reaction parameters on the catalytic reaction, reaction time, catalyst loading and reaction temperature in the range of 50–75°C were studied at fixed methanol/oil ratio of 6:1. The experimental data obtained showed that at reaction time of 2 h, catalyst loading of 5 wt% and reaction temperature of 60°C, the biodiesel yield was 70%. The synthesized catalyst was found to convert low-grade oil into biodiesel via a single-step transesterification process, and its activity has the potential for improvement.

Abstrak :
Kolagen merupakan protein yang berbentuk triple helix. Kolagen pada membran cangkang telur memiliki stabilitas suhu yang cukup rendah, yaitu sekitar 55^oC, sehingga dalam pengeringannya lebih umum digunakan metode liofilisasi. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan optimalisasi proses pengeringan kolagen dengan metode pengeringan lain yaitu dengan menggunakan oven vakum skala laboratorium dengan tujuan untuk mengurangi biaya produksi. Ekstraksi kolagen dari membran cangkang telur ayam dilakukan dengan menggunakan NaOH 0,1 N pada tahap pre-treatment dan asam asetat 0,5 M pada tahap ekstraksi. Ekstrak kolagen akan melalui tahap pemisahan dengan sentrifugasi, pengendapan dengan NaCl; dan dimurnikan dengan membran dialisis. Ekstrak kolagen dikeringkan dengan oven vakum pada suhu 45^oC; 40^oC; dan 35^oC. Parameter yang digunakan untuk menentukan proses pengeringan yang optimal adalah waktu pengeringan, laju pengeringan, dan kadar total kolagen. Suhu 45^oC memberikan hasil waktu pengeringan paling cepat, yaitu 11-12 jam. Kadar kolagen dianalisis dengan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi menggunakan kolom Purospher® C18 dan detektor fluoresensi. Kondisi analisis dilakukan pada panjang gelombang eksitasi 255 nm dan emisi 320 nm. Komposisi fase gerak dapar asetat (pH 4,2) dan asetonitril (60:40) dengan laju alir 0,8 ml/menit. Kadar rata-rata total kolagen yang diperoleh pada sampel dengan suhu pengeringan 45^oC; 40^oC; dan 35^oC adalah 2,3517%; 2,2427%; dan 1,9209%.

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Collagen is a triple helix shaped protein. Collagen from chicken eggshell membrane has a low thermal stability compared to other collagen source, around 55^oC, hence the drying method to obtain collagen is usually by lyophilization. In this study, collagen is dried using vacuum oven laboratory scale to reduce the production cost. Extraction of collagen from chicken eggshell membrane is done using NaOH 0.1 N in pretreatment stage and acetate acid 0.5 M for extraction. Collagen extract is then centrifugated to separate the collagen molecule, precipitated using NaCl, and purificated using the dialysis membrane. Collagen extract dried using vacuum oven at three different temperature, 45^oC; 40^oC; and 35^oC. Optimalization of the drying process is analyzed by observing the drying time, drying rate, and total collagen content obtained. The shortest drying time is 11-12 hours on 45^oC. Collagen analyzed using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography with fluoresence detector using Purospher® C18 column, exitation and emission wavelength at 255 nm and 320 nm, mobile phase composition of acetate buffer (pH 4.2) and acetonitrile (60:40), and flow rate 0.8 ml/min. Average total collagen content obtained from sample of drying temperature of 45^oC; 40^oC; and 35^oC are 2.3517%; 2.2427%; and 1.9209%.