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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Indonesia sebagai negara maritim memerlukan sistem pertahanan laut yang handal. Keterbatasan armada maupun luas laut yang rawan terjadi tindak kejahatan menjadi konsen masalah maritim di Indonesia. Laut-Laut terluar di Indonesia tidak luput dari berbagai kejahatan seperti illegal fishing maupun penyelundupan. Pangkalan laut kini menjadi hal yang menarik bagi sistem maritim dalam menyokong pertahanan laut. Mooring buoy dapat didesain untuk keperluan khusus seperti pangkalan laut sederhana sehingga memudahkan kapal-kapal patrol untuk tambat di daerah sekitar operasi. Dalam merancang mooring buoy system ini menggunakan persamaan catenary sebagai perhitungan rantai. Ketentuan desain menggunakan quasy-static sebagai model perhitungan beban pada buoy dan kapal. Lokasi penambatan mooring buoy yang dipilih yaitu laut Natuna. Hasil perancangan yaitu konfigurasi mooring line yang digunakan yaitu konfigurasi 4-4 dan beban maksimum lingkungan pada sistem yaitu sebesar 409,936 N.

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ABSTRACT Indonesia as maritime country should have reliable marine defense system. The limitations of the fleet and the vastness of the sea are prone to crime to be the problem of maritime issues in Indonesia. The outer seas in Indonesia do not escape from various crimes such as illegal fishing and smuggling. Sea bases are now an interesting thing for the maritime system in supporting sea defense. Mooring buoys can be designed for special purposes such as simple sea bases that make it easier for patrol boats to moor in the area around the operation. In designing the mooring buoy system, catenary equations are used as chain calculations. The design requirement uses quasy static as a model of load calculation on buoy and ship and mooring buoy mooring located at Natuna seas. The design result is the configuration of mooring line that is used is configuration 4 4 and maximum load of environment at system that is equal to 409,936 N.

Abstrak :
This book covers the basic scientific theory and related application technologies of the pantograph-catenary system, including research findings on pantograph/catenary contact resistance, pantograph interface thermal effect, laws and characteristics of current-carrying friction and wear, the main research methods for pantograph arcs, the effects of arcs on pantograph systems and onboard equipment, and the materials used for pantographs and contact wires. Given its scope, it offers a valuable resource for students, scholars, and development engineers alike. The relationship between pantograph and catenary is one of the three core aspects of the safe operation of high-speed electrified railways. The pantograph system provides electric power for the high-speed train through the sliding electric contact. As the trains operating speed increases, the pantograph system enters a state of prolonged sliding/vibration, resulting in frequent arcs, electrode erosion, and increased wear.