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Abstrak :
A Concise Guide to Observational Studies in Healthcare provides busy healthcare professionals with an easy-to-read introduction and overview to conducting, analysing and assessing observational studies. -- It is a suitable introduction for anyone without prior knowledge of study design, analysis or conduct as the important concepts are presented throughout the text. It provides an overview to the features of design, analyses and conduct of observational studies, without using mathematical formulae, or complex statistics or terminology and is a useful guide for researchers conducting their own studies, those who participate in studies coordinated by others or who read or review a published report of an observational study. Examples are based on clinical features of people, biomarkers, lifestyle habits and environmental exposures, and evaluating quality of care. -- A Concise Guide to Observational Studies in Healthcare is a companion text to the popular A Concise Guide to Clinical Trials and is relevant for all healthcare professionals, clinical and health researchers, and medical students.

Abstrak :
Di era otonomi daerah dan desentralisasi saat ini, kegiatan perencanaan kabupaten menjadi sangat penting. Hal ini berkaitan dengan mekanisme dan kemampuan melakukan analisis masalah kesehatan daerah secara tepat menetapkan target program kesehatan secara realistis, menjabarkan target program tersebut dalam rencana kegiatan, menghitung biaya yang realistis untuk melaksanakan kegiatan tersebut, menyusun anggaran dari berbagai sumber, mengembangkan upaya mobilisasi dana masyarakat dan efektivitas advokasi Dinas Kesehatan kepada DPRD dan Pemda. Oleh karena itu agar dapat dihasilkan perencanaan obat yang optimal perlu didukung oleh suatu sistem perencanaan dan penganggaran yang baik, meliputi ketersediaan sumber daya yang memadai, tenaga perencana yang profesional, sarana penunjang kerja, dana dan tersediaanya informasi yang akurat serta penggunaan metode yang tepat. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis terhadap sistem perencanaan obat untuk pelayanan kesehatan dasar di Kabupaten Lampung Selatan Tahun 2003 dengan pendekatan sistem. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam kepada informan pejabat lintas program di Dinas Kesehatan, pejabat lintas sektor terkait, staf teknis maupun anggota panitia pengadaan obat Kabupaten Lampung Selatan. Untuk menjaga validitas data dilakukan triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi metoda. Pengolahan data dibuat dalam dibentuk matriks yang diperoleh dari hasil wawancara mendalam. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah analisis isi, yaitu analisis sesuai topik atau masalah . HasiI penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kendala utama dalam penyusunan perencanaan obat adalah data yang kurang akurat dan tidak valid yang disebabkan oleh kurangnya tenaga teknis profesional farmasi di puskesmas dan kurangnya sarana yang menunjang penyusunan perencanaan obat di kabupaten. Perencanaan obat telah dilakukan dengan melibatkan lintas program dan lintas sektor meskipun SK Tim Perencanaan Obat belum pernah diperbaharui. Disarankan agar pihak Pemda memberdayakan Tim Perencanaan Obat yang ada, SK Tim diperbaharui dan ditembuskan ke setiap anggota Tim. Dinas Kesehatan meningkatkan advokasi dan lobbying terhadap Pemda dan DPRD dalam upaya pengembangan SDM yang ada, pelaksana teknis diberikan pelatihan di dalam pekerjaan untuk mengolah data, sarana komputer yang ada ditambah.

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Analysis on Basic Health Care Drug Planning System Implemented in South Lampung District year 2003In local autonomy and decentralization era, planning activity in district level is unquestionably important. This is related to mechanism and capacity to analyze local health problem appropriately, set health program targets realistically, unravel those targets in activity plans, calculate realistic budget, fetch funding from different sources, develop community fund mobilization efforts, and effectively advocate Local Parliament and Local Government. To produce optimal drug planning, it is necessary to have good planning and budgeting system including adequate resources, professional planners, sufficient facilities and funding, availability of accurate information, and use of appropriate method. This study analyzed the basic health care drug planning system implemented in South Lampung District year 2003 using system approach. Design of the study was qualitative and data was collected through in-depth interview. Informants included inter-program officers in Health Office, inter-sector officers, technical staff, and members of drug procurement committee in South Lampung District. To maintain the validity, both source and method triangulations were employed. Data was presented in matrix and was analyzed using content analysis approach according to topics. The results of this study informed that main obstacle in developing drug planning was inaccurate less valid data due to lack of professional technical pharmacist in public health centers and lack of facilities in the district level. Drug planning had already involved other program and other sector, but the legal letter of appointment had never been renewed. It is recommended to local government to empower the existing drug planning team and to renew its letter of appointment. To Health Office, it is recommended to improve advocacy and lobby to local government and local parliament, to develop the existing human resources, to provide training for technical staff to manage and analyze the data and to add the number of computers.