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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
This research aims to study on the impact of temperature, reaction time and particle size of biomass on the property of calorific value in 3 types of raw biomass including palm branches, balm fibres and palm shell, and to forecast the calorific value equations to study the impacts of palm branch, palm fibre and palm shells calorific values. The experiment was carried out by grinding all raw biomass to be sized of 3 mm with a weight of 10 g each, then treated them in the reactor under the torrefaction temperature of 220 oC, 260 oC and 280 oC with a range of time at 20, 40 and 60 minutes. After that, all torrefied biomass were analyzed of their calorific values by means of ultimate analysis and proximate analysis. The study presented its result that the maximization of temperature and reaction time made the calorific value higher. The ultimate analysis showed the calorific value of palm branches is higher than the calorific value of palm shells and palm fibers showed indifferent values for both analyses. However, the proximate analysis found palm shell possessed the highest calorific value.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitan tentang pengaruh aglomerasi air - minyak bumi terhadap peningkatan nilai kalori, penurunan kadar abu dan sulfur pada batubara jenis Sub Bituminus Muaro Bungo, Jambi. Variasi padatan 10%, 20% dan variasi persentase minyak bumi yang digunakan dalam proses aglomerasi (10%, 50% dan 100%) dianalisa untuk menghasilkan aglomerasi yang optimal. Diperoleh adanya pengaruh proses aglomerasi terhadap peningkatan nilai kalori dan kadar karbon batubara, sementara itu kadar abu mengalami penurunan yang sangat signifikan. Hasil proses aglomerasi terbaik terdapat pada sampel SB50P100C50 dengan peningkatan nilai kalori sebesar 39.68% (dari 5459 kal/gr menjadi 7478 kal/gr), dan kadar abu mengalami penurunan sebesar 58.37% (dari 6.39% menjadi 2.66%). Sehingga dengan proses aglomerasi dihasilkan produk briket yang ramah lingkungan. ......Water-Crude Oil agglomeration method has been investigated for increasing calorie index, dust and sulfur content of coal sub-bituminous type Muara Bungo Jambi. For optimizing agglomeration process used compact variation of Coal (10%, 20%) and crude present variation (10%, 50%,100). Increasing calorie index, carbon content of Coal and decreasing dust content because of the influence agglomeration process. A sample SB50P100C50 was optimum result with increase calorie index 39.68% (from 5459 kal/gr to 7478 kal/gr), and decrease dust content of coal 58.37% (from 6.39% to 2.66%). Agglomeration methode was resulted environtmentally friendly briquet.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pengembangan energi terbarukan merupakan salah satu tantangan yang harus dihadapi. Lumpur tinja menjadi salah satu alternatif pilihan dalam pengembangan energi tebarukan karena memiliki nilai kalor hingga 19,1 MJ/kg TS. Sehingga, berpotensi diubah menjadi Refused Derived Fuels (RDF). Akan tetapi, lumpur tinja masih memiliki nilai kadar air yang tinggi sehingga perlu proses pengeringan terlebih dahulu dengan menggunakan metode biodrying. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik pertumbuhan mikroorganisme ketika terjadi variasi fraksi organik terhadap pengeringan lumpur tinja dengan metode biodrying. Berdasarkan pengujian tersebut diperoleh fakta bahwa bakteri mesofilik cenderung meningkat pada dua minggu pertama sedangkan bakteri termofilik meningkat pada satu minggu pertama dan ditemukan kolerasi yang lemah antara pertumbuhan mikroorganisme terhadap perubahan variabel volatile solids. Sementara itu, reaktor dengan penambahan fraksi organik terbesar menghasilkan nilai kalor paling baik, yaitu sebesar 14.66 MJ/Kg, kadar air paling rendah, sebesar 37.15%, dan volatile solids paling besar, 30.93%.

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ABSTRACT
Developing a renewable energy is one challenge that we have to face in the future. Faecal sludge could be an alternative solution in developing renewable energy sources since it has heating value up to 19.1 MJ/Kg TS. Hence, faecal sludge could be processed to Refused Derived Fuel. In the other side, faecal sludge has a high moisture content and should be dried before. This study tried to analyze the characteristics of faecal sludge biodrying and see the microbes activity behind the drying process with different organic fraction mixing. To answer the objectives, this experiment using several key parameters suh as temperature, moisture content, volatile solids, and the amount of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria. The result of this study shows that mesophilic bacteria increased in the first two weeks while thermophilic bacteria increased in the first week and found a low correlation between the growth of microorganisms to changes in volatile solids. Meanwhile, the reactor that with the highest organic fraction shows the best result with calorific value up to 14.66 MJ/Kg, lowest moisture content, 37.15%, and has the highest volatile solids, which is 30.93%.

Abstrak :
Thermal conversion of woody biomass to fuel has been intensified in recent decades due to the depletion of fossil fuels, greenhouse effect and high energy demand worldwide. Screening the potential feedstock is being considered as one of the alternatives to identifying the most suitable biomass resources prior to being converted into renewable energy in the form of solid fuels, such as charcoal and briquettes. Generally, high calorific value (CV) indicates high potential of feedstock for briquettes, torrefied wood and coal generation. In this study, CV was characterized using a bomb calorimeter that was based on 3 different ranges of moisture content (MC) that are ? 25%, 20%?25% and ? 20% for two tropical tree species, namely Azadirachta excelsa (Sentang) and Endospermum malaccense (Sesenduk), respectively. This standard method for the characterization process was considered to determine the CV. Average CV for both samples ranged between 16?17 MJ/kg. The highest CV was 17.3490 MJ/kg and 17.1273 MJ/kg for Sesenduk and Sentang, respectively and calorific values were obtained at MC less than 20%. The experimental study demonstrated that the decreasing value of MC has increased the CV because of the high value of oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio in the wood; additionally, the energy density of the wood sample was also improved when CV increased. Both of these species were proved to contain the potential of being feedstock as wood fuel resources, since they carry standard CVs, obtain fast growth with suitable conditions in Malaysia and are grown at very low cost of production for plantations, fertilizer, pesticides, labor, transportation and handling.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Kapasitas TPA Bantar Gebang yang semakin terbatas, membutuhkan pengelolaan yang baik. Penambangan timbunan sampah di TPA, atau landfill mining merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk pemanfaatan material yang tertimbun, dan menambah usia TPA. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan potensi dari material dari sampah yang telah ditimbun di Zona IVB dan zona V TPA Bantar Gebang sebagai bahan baku RDF dan sebagai kompos atau material cover soil. Karakteristik sampah yang diperiksa adalah kadar air dan kadar abu yang didapat melalui uji laboratorium. Nilai kalor sampah didapatkan dengan metode pengukuran dan penghitungan menggunakan data hasil pengukuran ultimate analysis. Potensi material organik sebagai kompos diketahui dengan mengolah sampah organik dengan metode open windrow selama 30 hari, dan parameter yang di periksa adalah rasio C/N dan temperatur dan potensi sebagai cover soil di lakukan analisis butiran dan kadar air dari material organik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan komposisinya zona IVB terdiri atas 34,80% organik, 27,44% plastik film, 14,99% kayu, 14,58% kain, karet/kulit 2,24%, dense plastik 1,97% dan sisanya komponen dengan persentase yang lebih kecil. Sedangkan pada zona V terdiri atas 36,53% organik, 30,99% plastik film, 15,73% kayu, 8,56% kain, karet/kulit 1,44%, dense plastik 1,50% dan sisanya komponen dengan persentase yang lebih kecil. Hasil potensi energi sebesar 3.280, dan 3.620 kCal/kg untuk zona IVB dan zona V. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rasio C/N sampah 4,42-6,23. Sampah organik potensial dijadikan tanah penutup dibandingkan kompos. Potensi energi pada zona IVB sebesar 771,264 GWh dan 1.334,337 GWh. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan nilai kadar air sebesar 33%, ini masih terlalu tinggi sehingga perlu dilakukan pre-treatment untuk mengurangi kandungan air dalam sampah untuk meningkatkan kualitas sampah dan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku RDF

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ABSTRACT
Bantar Gebang landfill capacity is more limited, requiring proper management. Landfill mining is one of the alternatives for the utilization of the accumulated material, and increase the use of the landfill. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of the material from waste that has been dumped in zone IVB and V zones Bantar Gebang RDF as a raw material and as compost or cover soil material. Calorific value of garbage obtained by the method of measurement and calculation using measurement data ultimate analysis. The potential of organic material known as compost by processing organic waste with open windrow method for 30 days, and the parameters examined is the C / N ratio and temperature and its potential as a cover soil, examined characteristic was sieve analysis and moisture content of organic material. The results showed IVB zone composition consist of 34.80% organic, plastic films 27.44%, 14.99% wood, 14.58% linen, rubber / leather 2,24%, 1,97% dense plastic and the remaining components with a smaller percentage. While in zone V consists of 36.53% organic, plastic films 30.99%, 15.73% wood, 8.56% linen, rubber / leather 1.44%, 1.50% and the dense plastic component with the remaining percentage smaller. The results of the energy potential of 3,280, and 3,620 kCal / kg for IVB zone and zone V. The results also showed water content of 33%, this is still too high so we need a pre-treatment to reduce the moisture content of litter bins to improve the quality and can be used as raw material for RDF. The results showed that the C / N ratio from 4.42 to 6.23. Organic waste potentially be used as soil cover than compost. Calorific value of zone IVB was 3,620 kCal / kg and zone V of 3.280 kCal / kg, however, the results also showed that the water content of waste is quite high at 51.18%, so it is necessary pre-treatment to reduce the water content in the waste to improve quality and can be used as raw material for RDF. Potential energy in zone IVB amounted to 771.264 GWh and 1334.337 GWh

Abstrak :
Kenaikan timbulan sampah menyebabkan terbatasnya lahan TPA dan permasalahan pengelolaan pada lindi. Hal ini dapat diatasi dengan penerapan bioreaktor landfill yang dapat mempercepat dekomposisi sampah yang sekaligus dapat menurunkan kandungan pencemar yang ada dalam lindi. Pada penelitian ini berfokus pada kemampuan sampah bioreaktor lysimeter yang terdekomposisi berumur 3 tahun tanpa resirkulasi lindi dalam mengolah air lindi yang berasal dari TPA Cipayung. Parameter yang diukur di dalam penelitian ini adalah karakteristik sampah dan parameter kimia air lindi. Uji karakteristik sampah yang dilakukan adalah analisis ultimate yang berupa kandungan unsur karbon (C), hidrogen (H), oksigen (O), nitrogen (N), total sulfur (S), dan fosfor (P), rasio C/N, serta analisis proximate yang berupa uji kadar kelembaban, dan kadar abu, serta nilai kalori sampah. Sedangkan untuk parameter kimia lindi berupa tingkat penyisihan BOD, COD, TSS, nitrit, nitrat, dan pH. Berdasarkan simulasi pengolahan yang telah dilakukan, data analisis ultimate yang mengalami penurunan adalah unsur C dengan hasil akhir 1,38% dan N adalah 0,16%, sedangkan unsur H dan O mengalami peningkatan dengan kadar akhir sebesar 1,98% dan 12,16%. Peningkatan juga terjadi pada data analisis proximate, dimana kadar kelembaban akhir sebesar 3,4%, sedangkan kadar abu dalam sampah adalah 85,1%. Berdasarkan data analisis ultimate, nilai kalor akhir pada sampah adalah 550,599 kkal/kg dengan rasio C/N sebesar 8,625. Sedangkan untuk pengolahan lindi, sampah bioreaktor memiliki efisiensi rata-rata tingkat penyisihan lindi pada parameter BOD, COD, TSS, dan nitrit sebesar 89,26%, dan penurunan pH efluen mendekati rentang pH netral sebesar 7,2-7,8, sedangkan kenaikan konsentrasi terjadi pada parameter nitrat hingga kenaikan rata-rata sebesar 249,99%.

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Increasing in solid waste generation causing limited area of landfill and leachate management problems. These can be solved by applying the bioreactor landfill to accelerate waste decomposition that also can reduce pollutants content in the leachate. This study focused on the ability of 3-year-old decomposed waste in bioreactor lysimeter without leachate recirculation for treating the leachate from Cipayung landfill. Parameters measured in this study are the waste characteristics and leachate chemical parameters.Characteristics of waste includes ultimate analysis of element content of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), total sulphur (S) and phosphorus (P), ratio of C / N, and proximate analysis in the form of moisture content, ash content, and calorific value of the waste.As for chemical parameters of the leachate includes removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, TSS, nitrite, change of pH, and rate of nitrate increase. Based on the simulation of leachate treatment has been done, ultimate analysis data that decreased was element C with final results 1.38% and N was 0.16%, while the final results of element H and O increased by 1.98% and 12,16%. Escalation also occurred in proximate analysis data, which the final moisture content was 3.4%, while the ash content in the waste was 85.1%.Based on data from ultimate analysis, final result of calorific value of waste was 550.599 kcal/kg with C/N ratio was 8.625.As for the results of leachate treatment, bioreactor landfill has average efficiency rate of leachate removal on the BOD, COD, TSS, and nitrite parameters at rate 89,26%, and a decrease of pH occured in leachate effluent with pH range 7,2 to 7,8, while the increase occured in average of nitrates concentrations reached 249,99%.

Abstrak :
Kota Depok menghasilkan timbulan sampah sebesar 3764 m3/hari yang semakin meningkat setiap tahunnya. Berdasarkan wawancara dengan pihak UPS, selama ini pengolahan kembali material sampah seperti botol bekas, logam, dan karet belum dilakukan sehingga sampah tersebut terkadang menjadi residu dan dibuang ke Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA). Memanfaatkan sampah untuk menghasilkan renewable energy merupakan alternatif lain pengolahan sampah yang akan meningkatkan nilai ekonomis sampah dan dapat mengurangi penggunaan bahan bakar fosil. Produksi Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) didesain untuk mengubah fraksi sampah yang mudah terbakar dari limbah padat perkotaan untuk dijadikan bahan bakar. Oleh karena itu perlu diketahui berapa potensi nilai kalor dari UPS di Kota Depok. Potensi nilai kalor dari UPS diketahui dengan meneliti komposisi sampah, karakteristik sampah, potensi nilai kalor dari sampah dan jenis polimer sampah plastik. Karakteristik sampah yang diperiksa adalah kadar air dan kadar abu untuk jenis sampah RDF yang didapat melalui uji laboratorium. Potensi nilai kalor sampah didapatkan dengan metode penghitungan menggunakan nilai kalor dari referensi. Hasil penelitian membuktikan belum semua jenis sampah memenuhi standar kadar air dan kadar abu untuk dijadikan RDF. Sampah plastik yang berada di UPS terdiri dari PET, PP, HDPE dan PS berdasarkan hasil identifikasi. Potensi nilai kalor dari UPS Grogol sebesar 86250.68 MJ/minggu atau 21.96 MJ/kg, UPS Permata Regency memiliki potensi nilai kalor sebesar 54841.11 MJ/minggu atau 23.36 MJ/kg dan UPS Cilangkap memiliki potensi nilai kalor sebesar 20346.4 MJ/minggu atau 23.18 MJ/kg.

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Average waste generation in Depok is 3764 m3/day and still increase every year. Based on the interviews with the managers of UPS, all this time re-processing of waste material like bottles, metals, and rubbers has not been done so that sometimes it can be the residual waste and disposed of to the Final Waste Disposal (TPA). Utilizing the waste to produce renewable energy is an alternative waste treatment that will increase the economic value of waste and reduce fossil fuel usage. Refuse derived fuel (RDF) production is designed to divert combustible fractions from municipal solid wastes (MSW) to produce fuel. Therefore it is necessary to know how the potential heating value of the UPS in Depok. Potential heating value of the UPS is known by examining the composition of waste, waste characteristics, potential calorific value of waste and the type of polymer plastic waste. The examined characteristics was moisture content and ash content for RDF. It was obtained through laboratory testing. The heating value potential of waste was obtained by the method of calculation using the reference calorific value. This research proves that not all types of waste suitable with moisture content and ash content standard to be used as RDF. Based on the identification, plastic waste in the UPS consists of PET, PP, HDPE and PS. The heating value potential of the UPS Grogol is 86250.68 MJ/week or 21.96 MJ/kg, UPS Permata Regency has the potential heating value of 54841.11 MJ/week or 23:36 MJ/kg and UPS Cilangkap has the potential heating value of 20346.4 MJ/week or 23:18 MJ/kg.

Abstrak :
Daerah Taba Penanjung, Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah, Provinsi Bengkulu merupakan salah satu daerah di Pulau Sumatra yang diduga juga mempunyai endapan batu bara, namun belum banyak penelitian yang membahasnya. Batu bara itu sendiri memiliki kerakteristik dan lingkungan pengendapan yang berbeda-beda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan karakteristik dan lingkungan pengendapan batu bara yang terdapat pada daerah tersebut berdasarkan analisis petrografi organik, proksimat, ultimat, nilai kalori, dan total sulfur. Metode penelitian menggunakan klasifikasi peringkat batu bara berdasarkan ASTM dan kadar nitrogen untuk menentukan kualitas batu bara, sedangkan untuk lingkungan pengendapan digunakan parameter GWI dan VI, kondisi pengendapan, kadar abu, sulfur, dan mineral pengotor. Terdapat sepuluh seam yang ada pada daerah penelitian yang telah diinterpretasi karakteristik dan lingkungan pengendapannya berdasarkan 29 sampel batu bara. Seam tersebut dari yang tua hingga muda adalah seam LS-3a, LS-3, LS-2, LS-1, MS, US-4, US-3a, US-3, US-2, dan US-1. Karakteristik batu bara daerah penelitian memiliki peringkat bituminus volatil tinggi – antrasit. Kualitas batu bara pada daerah penelitian tergolong bagus karena kadar nitrogen yang terdapat pada batu bara daerah penelitian relatif rendah. Kemudian nilai kalori pada daerah penelitian dipengaruhi oleh kadar abu, semakin tinggi kadar abu maka nilai kalori dalam basis adb relatif semakin berkurang. Lingkungan pengendapan pada daerah penelitian berkisar antara mesotropik sampai ombrotropik dengan jenis tanamannya didominasi oleh tanaman kayu yang telah terdegradasi. Kondisi pengendapan pada daerah penelitian juga didominasi oleh rawa basah dengan genangan air sedang-tinggi. Selain itu, pada daerah penelitian juga terdapat fluktuasi pengaruh air sungai dan laut yang disebabkan oleh fluktuasi dari kadar sulfur, abu, serta mineral pengotor. ......Taba Penanjung Region, Bengkulu Tengah Regency, Bengkulu Province is one of the regions on Sumatra Island that is suspected to also have coal deposits, but not much research has discussed it. Coal itself has different characteristics and depositional environments. This study aims to determine the characteristics and environmental deposition of coal contained in the area based on the analysis of organic petrography, proximate, ultimate, calorific value, and total sulfur. The research method uses coal rank classification based on ASTM and nitrogen content to determine coal quality, while for the depositional environment the GWI and VI, depositional conditions, ash content, sulfur, and mineral matter parameter are used. There are ten seams in the study area that have been interpreted by their characteristics and depositional environment based on 29 coal samples. Seam from old to young is seam LS-3a, LS-3, LS-2, LS-1, MS, US-4, US- 3a, US-3, US-2, and US-1. The coal characteristics of the study area have high volatile bituminous – anthracite ranking. The quality of coal in the study area is classified as good because the nitrogen content in the coal in the study area is relatively low. Then the calorific value in the study area is influenced by the ash content, the higher ash content, the lower calorific value in adb basis. The depositional environment in the study area ranged from mesotrophic to ombrotrophic, with the plant species being dominated by degraded woody plants. The depositional conditions in the study area were also dominated by wet swamps with medium to high standing water. Besides, in the study area, there are also fluctuations in the influence of the river and seawater caused by fluctuations in levels of sulfur, ash, and mineral matter.