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Abstrak :
Heliconius butterflies have contributed hugely to our understanding of evolution over the last 150 years. These brightly coloured tropical butterflies are famous for their great diversity of wing patterns and also repeated convergence of pattern due to mimicry. The book explores their ecological relationships with Passiflora host plants, which provide an example of coevolution between host and herbivore. They also have coevolved relationships with cucurbit vines that provide a reliable source of pollen for the butterflies in return for pollination services. This has led to a shift in life history, with Heliconius characterized by a long lifespan and extended reproductive period compared to other butterflies. They also have large brains and unusual behaviours involving detailed spatial memory of their local environment. Their extraordinary diversity of wing patterns is controlled by a remarkably simple system of alternate alleles at just four major wing patterning genes. These genes regulate the development of patterning and colouration in the wing through regulatory changes that control expression of these key genes. These genes therefore offer insight into how developmental processes can evolve in rapid radiations, to produce such bewildering variety from just a few genetic building blocks. The alleles at these major patterning loci have been exchanged between species through adaptive introgression, offering a mechanism for convergent evolution through allele sharing. The genomes of sympatric species also show rampant evidence for genetic material exchanged through hybridization, which challenges our notions of species identity. Divergence in wing pattern also contributes to speciation. In summary, these butterflies have a well understood ecology, genetics, and behaviour, which offer some remarkable insights into tropical rainforest biodiversity and adaptive radiation.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini mengkaji aspek bioekologi dan potensi pemanfaatan berkelanjutan kupu-kupu G. androcles di Kawasan Taman Nasional Bantimurung- Bulusaraung TN Babul dan Taman Wisata Alam Nanggala III TWA Nanggala III , Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April 2014 ndash; Maret 2015. Untuk mengetahui ciri habitat pakan digunakan metode analisis vegetasi. Aspek biologi G. androcles dipelajari dengan penangkaran semi alami. Data potensi pemanfaatan G. androcles secara berkelanjutan diperoleh dengan metode kuesioner dan dianalisis secara deskriptif - kualitatif dalam metode analisis SWOT. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan G. androcles tertinggi di area wisata Pattunuang 45 ekor , dan terendah di area wisata Bantimurung 16 ekor . Habitat pakan G. androcles didominasi oleh pohon Canangium odoratum INP 50,88 di Pattunuang, Cinnamomum sp. INP 33,8 di Bantimurung, Ficus racemosa INP 54,4 di Salu Tandung, dan Ardisia purpurea INP 50,4 di Puncak. Kupu-kupu G. androcles dijumpai pada bulan Juni - Nopember 2014 dengan curah hujan bulanan rendah 0 ndash; 160 mm , suhu udara 29 - 300C, kelembapan 54 - 65 , dan intensitas cahaya 33 ndash; 1180 lux. Kelimpahan G. androcles berkaitan dengan kondisi habitat dan ketersediaan tumbuhan pakannya. Graphium androcles meletakkan telur pada pucuk daun Uvaria rufa. Tumbuhan penghasil nektar adalah Hibiscus rosasinensis, Ixora sp., Lantana camara, Dendrobium phalaenopsis, Clorodendrum thomsonae, Cromolaena odorata, dan Eupatorium inufolia. Siklus hidup G. androcles dalam upaya penangkaran hingga mencapai tahap dewasa berkisar 46 ndash; 65 hari. Kegagalan tahap telur diakibatkan oleh serangan Camponotus sp. di alam, dan jamur saat di penangkaran. Serangan parasitoid Aloeides indiscritus dijumpai pada larva instar ketiga. Kegagalan pupa disebabkan oleh pembentukan yang tidak sempurna, dan serangan patogen sehingga pupa menghitam. Tingkat keberhasilan G. androcles dalam upaya penangkaran belum bisa termati hingga tahap kopulasi. Alur perdagangan G. androcles di kawasan TN Babul terdiri dari penangkap, pengrajin, pedagang, pengumpul, dan pembeli. Di kawasan TWA Nanggala III tidak ditemukan pengrajin. Kehadiran G. androcles berpotensi sebagai ajang promosi di area wisata Bantimurung. Hasil analisis SWOT menunjukkan bahwa potensi pemanfaatan G. androcles di TN Babul berbeda dengan di TWA Nanggala III. Di kawasan TN Babul, faktor kekuatan-peluang lebih tinggi 4,78 dibandingkan dengan kelemahan-ancaman 2,15 , sehingga pengelolaannya dapat terlaksana. Di kawasan TWA Nanggala III, faktor kelemahan - ancaman mempunyai bobot yang lebih besar 3,48 dibandingkan dengan kekuatan - peluang 1,59 , sehingga dibutuhkan strategi khusus dalam pengelolaan secara berkelanjutan.Kata kunci: Bioekologi, habitat, kupu-kupu, tumbuhan inang, penangkaran, Graphium androcles.

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ABSTRACT
This study examines the bioecological aspects and potential of sustainable ultilization of G. androcles in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park area Babul NP and Nanggala III Nature Park Nanggala III NP in South Sulawesi. The study was conducted on April 2014 March 2015. Vegetation analysis were performed to determine the characteristics habitat and food plants of G. androcles. Biological aspects of G. androcles were obtained through captive breeding. Data of the utilization potential of G. androcles were obtained by questionnaire method and analyzed in descriptive qualitative using SWOT analysis method. The results showed that the highest of G. androcles abundance was found at Pattunuang recreation area 45 individuals , and the lowest was at Bantimurung recreation area 16 individuals . The habitat and food plants of G. androcles was dominated by Canangium odoratum trees INP 50.88 in Pattunuang, Cinnamomum sp. INP 33.8 in Bantimurung, Ficus racemosa INP 54.4 in Salu Tandung and Ardisia purpurea INP 50.4 in Puncak area. Graphium androcles was found during at the dry season June November 2014 with low monthly rainfall 0 160 mm , air temperature 29 300C, humidity 54 65 , and light intensity 33 1180 lux. Graphium androcles lays its eggs on the leaves of Uvaria rufa Annonaceae . The nectar plants are Hibiscus rosasinensis, Ixora sp., Lantana camara, Dendrobium phalaenopsis, Clorodendrum thomsonae, Cromolaena odorata, and Eupatorium inufolia. The Life cycle of G. androcles in rearing experiment to reach adult stage ranges from 46 to 65 days. The failures of egg stages were caused by attacked by Camponotus sp. at nature and was fungi in captive breeding. The parasitoid attack of Aloeides indiscritus is found in third instar larvae. The failure of pupa is caused by imperfect formation, and pathogen attack so black pupa. The success rate of G. androcles at rearing experiment is still low and can not be reached until it copulates. The trading flow of G. androcles at Babul NP consists of catchers, craftsmen, merchants, and buyers. In the area of Nanggala III NP, no craftsmen were found. The presence of G. androcles has potential as a promotional and iconic event in Bantimurung recreation area. The results of SWOT analysis for the sustainable use of G. androcles at Babul NP differ with at Nanggala III NP. At the Babul NP area represents a higher probability strength factor 4,78 compared with threat weakness 2,15 , so that management can be accomplished. In the Nanggala III NP area, the weakness threat factor were greater weight 3,48 than the opportunity strength 1,59 , so different strategy will be needed for sustainable management. Keywords Bioecology, habitats, butterflies, hostplant, breeding experiment, Graphium androcles.

Abstrak :
Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelimpahan, keanekaragaman, kemerataan, dan kesamaan jenis antar empat tipe habitat di Kampus UI, Depok. Penelitian menggunakan metode transek pada 11 lokasi pengamatan. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan indeks keanekaragaman Shanon-Wienner, indeks kemerataan, dan indeks kesamaan jenis antar tipe habitat. Kupu-kupu yang berhasil terkoleksi dan teramati sejumlah 856 individu yang termasuk ke dalam 46 spesies. Leptosia nina adalah jenis yang ditemukan di semua lokasi pengamatan dan Ypthima philomella adalah jenis yang paling melimpah (158 individu). Indeks keanekaragaman jenis tertinggi terdapat pada lokasi penelitian Hutan Kota titik 7 (H? = 2,81) dan terendah di Tanah Lapang Boulevard (H? = 1,21). Indeks kemerataan jenis tertinggi pada lokasi penelitian Hutan Kota titik 6 (E = 0.92), sedangkan yang terendah pada lokasi penelitian Tanah Lapang Boulevard (E = 0,49). Nilai indeks kesamaan jenis kupu-kupu antar lokasi penelitian tertinggi pada Hutan Kota 4 dan Hutan Kota 7 (IS = 0,71), sedangkan yang terendah pada Hutan Kota titik 6 dan Tanah Lapang Boulevard (IS = 0,15). ......A study of butterflies community was conducted in University of Indonesia Campus, Depok. The purpose of this study was to assess abundance, species diversity, evenness, and community similarities at four type of habitat located in University of Indonesia Campus, Depok. Observation were carried out in a standard transect method at 11 sites of habitats. Number of individuals of each species butterfly found in the transects were recorded. Data were analyzed using Shannon-Wienner diversity index, evenness index, and Sorensen index of similarities. This study observed 856 individuals of butterflies which consist of 47 species. Leptosia nina was found in all transects. Ypthima philomella was the most abundant species (158 individuals). The highest species diversity index was found in the urban forest at location 7 (H '= 2.81), and the lowest was in the open space area at Boulevard (H' = 1.21). The highest evenness index (E) was observed in the urban forest at location 6 (E = 0.92), and the lowest was the open space area at Boulevard (E = 0.49). This study found that the urban forest at location 4 and 7 had the highest similarity index (IS = 0.71), and the lowest was found between the urban forest at location 6 and the open space area at Boulevard (IS = 0.15).

Abstrak :
Campur kode adalah penyisipan kode atau sebagian kecil bahasa lain ke dalam percakapan atau wacana dalam bahasa yang lebih dominan. Fenomena bahasa ini lumrah terjadi pada masyarakat multilingual, termasuk masyarakat Indonesia. Selain ditemukan dalam percakapan sehari-hari, campur kode juga ditemukan dalam karya fiksi, salah satunya novel dewasa muda berjudul Butterflies karya Ale. Penelitian ini membahas kemunculan bentuk-bentuk campur kode di dalam novel dan alasan penggunaan campur kode berdasarkan landasan teori dan bukti kutipan di dalam korpus data. Data diperoleh dengan melakukan pembacaan menyeluruh, penganotasian, dan pengelompokkan berdasarkan kategori campur kode. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil pengkajian, ditemukan bahwa bentuk campur kode yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah campur kode dengan unsur sisipan kata berkelas kata nomina (69 kali) dan campur kode dengan arah bahasa keluar (202 kali). Adapun alasan penggunaan campur kode tersebut adalah 1) latar belakang penutur; 2) penggunaan kosakata lain yang lebih populer; 3) mitra bicara; 4) topik pembicaraan; 5) pokok pembicaraan; dan 6) modus pembicaraan. ......Code-mixing is the mixing of a code or a small part of another language into a conversation or discourse into a more dominant language. This language phenomenon is commonly found in multilingual societies, including Indonesian. Besides being found in everyday conversation, code-mixing is also found in works of fiction, such as Butterflies by Ale, a young adult novel. This research discusses the emergence of forms of code-mixing in the novel and the reasons for using code-mixing based on theory and evidence in the novel. The data was obtained by doing a thorough reading, annotation, and grouping based on code-mixing categories. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. Based on the study, it was found that the most common forms of code-mixing were code-mixing with insertion elements of noun (69 times) and outer code-mixing (202 times). The reasons for using code-mixing are 1) the background of the speaker; 2) the use of other more popular vocabulary; 3) talking partner; 4) topics of conversation; 5) subject matter; and 6) talk mode.