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"Heliconius butterflies have contributed hugely to our understanding of evolution over the last 150 years. These brightly coloured tropical butterflies are famous for their great diversity of wing patterns and also repeated convergence of pattern due to mimicry. The book explores their ecological relationships with Passiflora host plants, which provide an example of coevolution between host and herbivore. They also have coevolved relationships with cucurbit vines that provide a reliable source of pollen for the butterflies in return for pollination services. This has led to a shift in life history, with Heliconius characterized by a long lifespan and extended reproductive period compared to other butterflies. They also have large brains and unusual behaviours involving detailed spatial memory of their local environment. Their extraordinary diversity of wing patterns is controlled by a remarkably simple system of alternate alleles at just four major wing patterning genes. These genes regulate the development of patterning and colouration in the wing through regulatory changes that control expression of these key genes. These genes therefore offer insight into how developmental processes can evolve in rapid radiations, to produce such bewildering variety from just a few genetic building blocks. The alleles at these major patterning loci have been exchanged between species through adaptive introgression, offering a mechanism for convergent evolution through allele sharing. The genomes of sympatric species also show rampant evidence for genetic material exchanged through hybridization, which challenges our notions of species identity. Divergence in wing pattern also contributes to speciation. In summary, these butterflies have a well understood ecology, genetics, and behaviour, which offer some remarkable insights into tropical rainforest biodiversity and adaptive radiation."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mengkaji aspek bioekologi dan potensi pemanfaatan berkelanjutan kupu-kupu G. androcles di Kawasan Taman Nasional Bantimurung- Bulusaraung TN Babul dan Taman Wisata Alam Nanggala III TWA Nanggala III , Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April 2014 ndash; Maret 2015. Untuk mengetahui ciri habitat pakan digunakan metode analisis vegetasi. Aspek biologi G. androcles dipelajari dengan penangkaran semi alami. Data potensi pemanfaatan G. androcles secara berkelanjutan diperoleh dengan metode kuesioner dan dianalisis secara deskriptif - kualitatif dalam metode analisis SWOT. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan G. androcles tertinggi di area wisata Pattunuang 45 ekor , dan terendah di area wisata Bantimurung 16 ekor . Habitat pakan G. androcles didominasi oleh pohon Canangium odoratum INP 50,88 di Pattunuang, Cinnamomum sp. INP 33,8 di Bantimurung, Ficus racemosa INP 54,4 di Salu Tandung, dan Ardisia purpurea INP 50,4 di Puncak. Kupu-kupu G. androcles dijumpai pada bulan Juni - Nopember 2014 dengan curah hujan bulanan rendah 0 ndash; 160 mm , suhu udara 29 - 300C, kelembapan 54 - 65 , dan intensitas cahaya 33 ndash; 1180 lux. Kelimpahan G. androcles berkaitan dengan kondisi habitat dan ketersediaan tumbuhan pakannya. Graphium androcles meletakkan telur pada pucuk daun Uvaria rufa. Tumbuhan penghasil nektar adalah Hibiscus rosasinensis, Ixora sp., Lantana camara, Dendrobium phalaenopsis, Clorodendrum thomsonae, Cromolaena odorata, dan Eupatorium inufolia. Siklus hidup G. androcles dalam upaya penangkaran hingga mencapai tahap dewasa berkisar 46 ndash; 65 hari. Kegagalan tahap telur diakibatkan oleh serangan Camponotus sp. di alam, dan jamur saat di penangkaran. Serangan parasitoid Aloeides indiscritus dijumpai pada larva instar ketiga. Kegagalan pupa disebabkan oleh pembentukan yang tidak sempurna, dan serangan patogen sehingga pupa menghitam. Tingkat keberhasilan G. androcles dalam upaya penangkaran belum bisa termati hingga tahap kopulasi. Alur perdagangan G. androcles di kawasan TN Babul terdiri dari penangkap, pengrajin, pedagang, pengumpul, dan pembeli. Di kawasan TWA Nanggala III tidak ditemukan pengrajin. Kehadiran G. androcles berpotensi sebagai ajang promosi di area wisata Bantimurung. Hasil analisis SWOT menunjukkan bahwa potensi pemanfaatan G. androcles di TN Babul berbeda dengan di TWA Nanggala III. Di kawasan TN Babul, faktor kekuatan-peluang lebih tinggi 4,78 dibandingkan dengan kelemahan-ancaman 2,15 , sehingga pengelolaannya dapat terlaksana. Di kawasan TWA Nanggala III, faktor kelemahan - ancaman mempunyai bobot yang lebih besar 3,48 dibandingkan dengan kekuatan - peluang 1,59 , sehingga dibutuhkan strategi khusus dalam pengelolaan secara berkelanjutan.Kata kunci: Bioekologi, habitat, kupu-kupu, tumbuhan inang, penangkaran, Graphium androcles.

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ABSTRACTThis study examines the bioecological aspects and potential of sustainable ultilization of G. androcles in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park area Babul NP and Nanggala III Nature Park Nanggala III NP in South Sulawesi. The study was conducted on April 2014 March 2015. Vegetation analysis were performed to determine the characteristics habitat and food plants of G. androcles. Biological aspects of G. androcles were obtained through captive breeding. Data of the utilization potential of G. androcles were obtained by questionnaire method and analyzed in descriptive qualitative using SWOT analysis method. The results showed that the highest of G. androcles abundance was found at Pattunuang recreation area 45 individuals , and the lowest was at Bantimurung recreation area 16 individuals . The habitat and food plants of G. androcles was dominated by Canangium odoratum trees INP 50.88 in Pattunuang, Cinnamomum sp. INP 33.8 in Bantimurung, Ficus racemosa INP 54.4 in Salu Tandung and Ardisia purpurea INP 50.4 in Puncak area. Graphium androcles was found during at the dry season June November 2014 with low monthly rainfall 0 160 mm , air temperature 29 300C, humidity 54 65 , and light intensity 33 1180 lux. Graphium androcles lays its eggs on the leaves of Uvaria rufa Annonaceae . The nectar plants are Hibiscus rosasinensis, Ixora sp., Lantana camara, Dendrobium phalaenopsis, Clorodendrum thomsonae, Cromolaena odorata, and Eupatorium inufolia. The Life cycle of G. androcles in rearing experiment to reach adult stage ranges from 46 to 65 days. The failures of egg stages were caused by attacked by Camponotus sp. at nature and was fungi in captive breeding. The parasitoid attack of Aloeides indiscritus is found in third instar larvae. The failure of pupa is caused by imperfect formation, and pathogen attack so black pupa. The success rate of G. androcles at rearing experiment is still low and can not be reached until it copulates. The trading flow of G. androcles at Babul NP consists of catchers, craftsmen, merchants, and buyers. In the area of Nanggala III NP, no craftsmen were found. The presence of G. androcles has potential as a promotional and iconic event in Bantimurung recreation area. The results of SWOT analysis for the sustainable use of G. androcles at Babul NP differ with at Nanggala III NP. At the Babul NP area represents a higher probability strength factor 4,78 compared with threat weakness 2,15 , so that management can be accomplished. In the Nanggala III NP area, the weakness threat factor were greater weight 3,48 than the opportunity strength 1,59 , so different strategy will be needed for sustainable management. Keywords Bioecology, habitats, butterflies, hostplant, breeding experiment, Graphium androcles. "

"Kupu-kupu merupakan salah satu polinator yang membantu tumbuhan melakukan polinasi. Hubungan kupu-kupu dengan tumbuhan saling menguntungkan. Saat ini, kupu-kupu di daerah perkotaan tengah mengalami ancaman kepunahan karena adanya pengalihan fungsi lahan, sehingga jumlah vegetasi menurun yang juga mempengaruhi penurunan populasi kupu-kupu. Padahal, kupu-kupu berperan penting dalam menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah taman-taman yang berada di Fakultas UI Depok bisa menjadi habitat yang ramah bagi kupu-kupu dengan dua aspek utama yaitu untuk mengetahui perbedaan keanekaragaman kupu-kupu di taman fakultas Kampus UI Depok serta menganalisis korelasi antara kupu-kupu dengan tumbuhan yang ada di taman fakultas Kampus UI Depok. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan April hingga Mei 2023 dengan metode modifikasi dari transek Pollard (1977) dan menggabungkannya dengan metode jelajah. Terdapat 13 spesies kupu-kupu dari 4 famili yang teramati, dengan famili yang paling dominan adalah Nymphalidae. Kupu-kupu paling banyak ditemukan di taman Fakultas Hukum, namun indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener paling tinggi terdapat di Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Kupu-kupu dan tumbuhan yang terdata di lima taman fakultas di Kampus UI Depok memiliki korelasi positif, yakni semakin banyak tumbuhan yang terdapat di taman tersebut maka kehadiran kupu-kupu akan semakin banyak. Pemilihan tumbuhan dan luas area hijauan yang tepat di sebuah taman akan menciptakan taman yang ramah bagi kupu-kupu.

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Butterflies are one of the pollinators that help plants to pollinate. The relationship between butterflies and plants is mutually beneficial. These days, butterflies in urban areas are facing the threat of extinction due to the land conversion which causes a decreasing of the vegetation. On that account, it affects the decline in the butterfly populations. This fact is crucial since butterflies play an important role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. Therefore, this research was conducted with a purpose which is to find out whether the gardens at the Faculty of UI Depok could be a friendly habitat for butterflies with the main objective to find out the differences in the butterfly diversity in the faculty parks of the UI Depok Campus and to analyze the correlation between butterflies and plants in the faculty garden of the UI Depok Campus. Data collection was carried out from April to May 2023 by using a modified method from the Pollard transect (1977) and combining it with the cruising method. There were 13 species of butterflies that were observed from 4 families which the most dominant family is Nymphalidae. Butterflies with the most abundant were found in the gardens of the Faculty of Law. However, the highest of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index was found in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. Those butterflies and plants that were recorded in five faculty gardens at the UI Depok Campus turned out have a positive correlation which is the more plants there are in the park, the more butterflies will be present. The selection of the plants and the right area of forage in a garden will create a butterfly-friendly garden."

"Kupu-kupu termasuk serangga yang memanfaatkan nektar pada bunga sebagai sumber pakannya. Kupu ndash;kupu mengisap nektar dari bunga menggunakan probosis. Panjang probosis kupu ndash;kupu berhubungan dengan jenis bunga penghasil nektar yang dapat dikunjunginya. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara panjang probosis kupu-kupu famili Pieridae dengan panjang tabung bunga penghasil nektar di Kampus UI Depok. Pengamatan kupu-kupu dan bunga yang dikunjungi dilakukan di sembilan lokasi dari bulan Maret hingga Mei 2018. Penelitian diawali dengan pendataan jenis kupu-kupu dan bunga yang dikunjunginya dengan metode purposive sampling, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pengambilan sampel jenis kupu-kupu dan bunga untuk diukur panjang probosis dan panjang tabungnya, masing-masing sebanyak tiga kali pengulangan. Kupu-kupu famili Pieridae yang berhasil ditemukan sebanyak sembilan jenis. Rata-rata panjang probosis kupu-kupu famili Pieridae berkisar 9-15,9 mm, dengan rata-rata panjang tabung bunga yang dikunjunginya berkisar 4,3-16,4 mm. Uji korelasi Spearman terhadap data panjang probosis kupu-kupu dan panjang tabung bunga, menghasilkan nilai r = 0,88, dengan nilai signifikasi sebesar p = 0,02, yang menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi antara panjang probosis kupu-kupu dengan panjang tabung bunga. Hasil tersebut mengindikasikan kupu-kupu Pieridae cenderung mengunjungi bunga penghasil nektar yang memiliki panjang tabung bunga tidak lebih dari panjang probosisnya.

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Butterflies are insects that utilize nectar from flowers as a source of feed. Butterflies are sucking nectar from flowers using proboscis.The length of the butterfly proboscis is related to the type of nectar producing flowers that can be visited. The objective of this research is to know the correlation between proboscis length of the butterfly family Pieridae with the tube length of the nectar producing flower at UI Depok Campus. Observations of butterflies and flowers visited were conducted in nine locations from March to May 2018. The research begins with the data collection of butterflies and flowers visited by purposive sampling method, then continued by taking samples of butterflies and flowers to measure the length of proboscis and tube length, each of them with three repetitions. Butterflies of family Pieridae that was found during research are nine types. The average proboscis length of the butterfly family Pieridae ranges from 9 to 15.9 mm, with the average of tube length of flowers range from 4.3 to 16.4 mm. Spearman correlation test against data of the length of proboscis of butterfly and the length of the flower tube generate r 0.88, with a significance value of p 0.02, so there was a correlation between the length of the butterfly probes and the length of the flower tube. These results indicate Pieridae butterflies tend to visit nectar producing flowers that have a tube length of flowers no longer than the length of the proboscis."

"Kupu-kupu berperan sebagai polinator bagi tumbuhan. Kupu-kupu juga membutuhkan tumbuhan sebagai tempat peletakan telur dan sumber pakannya. Hubungan mutualisme tersebut diduga merupakan salah satu penyebab terjadinya evolusi mutualistik antara panjang probosis kupu-kupu dengan panjang tabung bunga yang secara spesifik dikunjunginya. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara panjang probosis kupu-kupu famili Nymphalidae dengan panjang tabung bunga penghasil nektar di Kampus Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan April hingga Mei 2018 di sembilan lokasi penelitian di Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji korelasi Spearman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa panjang probosis kupu-kupu famili Nymphalidae yang ditemukan berkisar 5,3 mdash;17,0 mm, sedangkan rata-rata panjang tabung bunga yang dikunjunginya berkisar 2,7 mdash;20,0 mm. Asystasia gangetica merupakan merupakan spesies tumbuhan yang paling disukai kupu-kupu famili Nymphalidae karena memiliki karakteristik sindroma bunga yang disukai kupu-kupu dan ketersediannya melimpah. Kupu-kupu Nymphalidae cenderung mengunjungi tabung bunga yang lebih pendek daripada probosisnya. Hasil analisis korelasi Spearman menunjukkan angka koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,25 dengan P = 0,32. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat korelasi panjang probosis kupu-kupu famili Nymphalidae dengan panjang tabung bunga penghasil nektar di Kawasan Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Tidak adanya korelasi antara panjang probosis kupu-kupu dengan panjang tabung bunga penghasil nektarnya disebabkan karena perilaku kupu-kupu yang adaptif ketika ukuran panjang probosis dan tabung bunga berbeda.

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The role of butterflies in the ecosystem is as a pollinator of plants. Butterflies also need plants as a place to lay eggs and feed sources. The relationship of mutualism is considered to be one of the causes of mutualistic evolution between the length of the butterfly proboscis and the length of the specially visited flower tube. The aim of the research is to know the correlation between proboscis length of Nymphalidae and length of the tube of nectar producing flower at Universitas Indonesia, Depok. The research was conducted from April to May 2018 in nine sites at Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test. The results showed that the proboscis length of Nymphalidae ranged from 5.3 to 17.0 mm, while the average length of the visited flower tube ranged from 2.7 to 20.0 mm. Asystasia gangetica is the most preferred plant of the Nymphalidae butterfly because it has characteristics that correspond to the butterfly flower syndrome and its abundant availability. Nymphalidae tends to visit a shorter flower tube than their proboscis. The results showed that the correlation coefficient was 0.25 with P 0.32. In conclusion, there is no correlation between the proboscis length of Nymphalidae and the length of the nectar producing flower tubes in the Universitas Indonesia, Depok. The absence of a correlation between the proboscis length of Nymphalidae and the length of the nectar producing flower tube is due to the adaptive butterfly behavior when the length of the proboscis and the flower tube are different."

"Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelimpahan, keanekaragaman, kemerataan, dan kesamaan jenis antar empat tipe habitat di Kampus UI, Depok. Penelitian menggunakan metode transek pada 11 lokasi pengamatan. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan indeks keanekaragaman Shanon-Wienner, indeks kemerataan, dan indeks kesamaan jenis antar tipe habitat. Kupu-kupu yang berhasil terkoleksi dan teramati sejumlah 856 individu yang termasuk ke dalam 46 spesies. Leptosia nina adalah jenis yang ditemukan di semua lokasi pengamatan dan Ypthima philomella adalah jenis yang paling melimpah (158 individu). Indeks keanekaragaman jenis tertinggi terdapat pada lokasi penelitian Hutan Kota titik 7 (H? = 2,81) dan terendah di Tanah Lapang Boulevard (H? = 1,21). Indeks kemerataan jenis tertinggi pada lokasi penelitian Hutan Kota titik 6 (E = 0.92), sedangkan yang terendah pada lokasi penelitian Tanah Lapang Boulevard (E = 0,49). Nilai indeks kesamaan jenis kupu-kupu antar lokasi penelitian tertinggi pada Hutan Kota 4 dan Hutan Kota 7 (IS = 0,71), sedangkan yang terendah pada Hutan Kota titik 6 dan Tanah Lapang Boulevard (IS = 0,15).

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A study of butterflies community was conducted in University of Indonesia Campus, Depok. The purpose of this study was to assess abundance, species diversity, evenness, and community similarities at four type of habitat located in University of Indonesia Campus, Depok. Observation were carried out in a standard transect method at 11 sites of habitats. Number of individuals of each species butterfly found in the transects were recorded. Data were analyzed using Shannon-Wienner diversity index, evenness index, and Sorensen index of similarities. This study observed 856 individuals of butterflies which consist of 47 species. Leptosia nina was found in all transects. Ypthima philomella was the most abundant species (158 individuals). The highest species diversity index was found in the urban forest at location 7 (H '= 2.81), and the lowest was in the open space area at Boulevard (H' = 1.21). The highest evenness index (E) was observed in the urban forest at location 6 (E = 0.92), and the lowest was the open space area at Boulevard (E = 0.49). This study found that the urban forest at location 4 and 7 had the highest similarity index (IS = 0.71), and the lowest was found between the urban forest at location 6 and the open space area at Boulevard (IS = 0.15)."