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Objective: To examine the effects of chlorhexidine gluconate (Chx) and ozone on the bond strength of currently used restorative materials to dentin. Methods: Ninety third molar teeth were randomly divided into three groups of 30 each. Samples in Groups 1 and 2 were disinfected with Chx and ozone, respectively, whereas those in Group 3 were not disinfected (controls). Subsequently, the samples in all three groups were further divided into three subgroups of 10 teeth each and restored with Filtek Silorane (a), Gradia Direct (b), or Quixfl (c). Shear force was applied to the samples at 1 mm/min until breaking point. Fracture types were determined by examining the broken surfaces under a stereomicroscope. Results: No signifcant differences in bond strengths were noted between the Chx and control groups. However, the bond strengths in the ozone subgroups were found to be signifcantly lower than that of the control subgroups (p < 0.05). Adhesive type fractures were observed in majority of the treatment groups. Conclusion: As Chx did not affect the shear bond strength of the restorative materials, it may be considered for use as a cavity disinfectant before restoration; conversely, ozone should be used with caution for cavity disinfection.

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Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh paparan larutan Sodium hipoklorit (NaOCl) dengan konsentrasi 2,5% dan 5,25% pada profil MMP-9 dan struktur kolagen di dentin terhadap kekuatan ikat geser resin komposit-dentin. Metode: Seratus empat puluh empat spesimen dentin dirandom untuk analisis profil MMP-9 dengan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia (n=18) dan ELISA (n=30); analisis struktur kolagen dengan SEM di permukaan oklusal (n=18) dan proksimal (n=18) dan pewarnaan Massons trichrome; serta analisis kekuatan ikat geser resin komposit permukaan oklusal (n=30) dan proksimal (n=30). Spesimen dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok dalam tiap analisis, yaitu: kelompok kontrol, kelompok paparan NaOCl 2,5% dan 5,25%. Hasil: Pemeriksan profil MMP-9 menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi NaOCl dapat menekan profil MMP-9 (p<0,05). Pemeriksaan struktur kolagen menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi NaOCl mampu mendegradasi kolagen dentin (p<0,05). Sodium hipoklorit 5,25% paling efektif menekan jumlah profil MMP-9 (9,9+3,63 ng/mL) dan mendegradasi kolagen serta memiliki nilai kekuatan ikat geser yang paling tinggi (15,85+0,43 MPa) dari pada NaOCl 2,5% (14,51+3,66 ng/mL) dan kelompok kontrol (24,09+8,88 ng/mL; 14,41+0,96 Mpa). Kelompok NaOCl 2,5% memiliki nilai kekuatan ikat geser yang paling rendah (9,2+0,65 MPa). Kesimpulan: Larutan NaOCl 5,25% dapat menekan profil MMP-9 dan mendegradasi kolagen fibril untuk meningkatkan nilai kekuatan ikat geser resin komposit-dentin dan menciptakan suatu ikatan mikro mekanis antara resin dan permukaan anorganik dentin tanpa hybrid layer. 
 
Kata kunci: Sodium hipoklorit, profil MMP-9, collagen, dentin, kekuatan ikat geser.

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Objective: To analyze the effect of Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 2.5% and 5.25% exposure on MMP-9 profile and dentin collagen structure toward resin composite-dentin shear bond strength. Method: One hundred and forty four dentin specimens were randomized  for MMP-9 profile analysis using immunohistochemistry staining (n=6) and ELISA (n=10); collagen structure analysis with SEM and Massons trichrome staining (n=6); and resin composite shear bond strength analysis (n=10). Then, specimens were divided into three groups: control, NaOCl 2.5% and 5.25% groups. Results: MMP-9 profile analysis showed that NaOCl concentration increase can suppress MMP-9 profile (p<0.05). Collagen structure analysis showed that NaOCl concentration increase can degrade dentin collagen (p<0.05). NaOCl 5.25% is the most effective in suppressing MMP-9 profile amount (9.9+3.63 ng/mL) and degrading collagen, it also has the highest shear bond strength (15.85 +0.43 MPa) compared to NaOCl 2.5% (14.51+3.66 ng/mL) and control group (24.09+8.88 ng/mL; 14.41+0.96 MPa). NaOCl 2.5% group has the lowest shear bond strength (9.2+0.65MPa). Conclusion: NaOCl 5.25% can suppress MMP-9 profile and degrade fibril collagen to increase the shear bond strengths value and create a micro mechanical bonding between resin and anorganic part of dentin without hybrid layer.
 
 

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Penelitian ini difokuskan untuk mempelajari sifat-sifat kuat ikat pada baja polos yang tertanam dalam beton ringan dengan agregat ringan polypropylene sebagai pengganti agregat kasar. Ada dua desain campuran digunakan yang mengikuti ACI 211.2.98 dengan perbedaan pada diameter agregat ringan yang digunakan. Satu mix design akan menggunakan 100% aggregate dengan diameter 25mm dan yang lainnya menggunakan campuran 70% 25mm dan 30% 20mm diameter agregat dengan keduanya menggunakan tambahan aditif superplasticizer sebanyak 0,4%. Metode pengujian mengikuti methode RILEM untuk pull-out test dengan menggunakan frame buatan sendiri untuk 12 sampel dari masing-masing campuran dengan diameter baja yang berbeda yaitu 10,12, dan 16 mm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sampel dengan nilai kuat tekan yang lebih tinggi menunjukkan nilai kekuatan ikat yang lebih tinggi dengan kenaikan yang tidak linear.

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This research focused on studying bond properties of plain steel embedded in lightweight concrete with polypropylene lightweight aggregate as the substitute for coarse aggregate. Two mix design are used, one used 100% 25mm diameter aggregate and the other is used 70% 25mm and 30% 20mm diameter aggregate with using additional superplasticizer additive of 0,4%. Testing method is following RILEM for pull out test with self-made frame for 12 sample of each mixture with different steel diameter of 10,12, and 16 mm. The result shows that the sample with higher compressive strength is showing higher bond strength with nonlinear increase.

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Latar belakang: Ketahanan ikatan antara resin komposit dengan dentin merupakan penentu keberhasilan restorasi resin komposit. Tujuan: Menganalisis EBA terhadap kekuatan ikat resin-dentin. Metode: 48 sampel dentin dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok. Kemudian seluruh kelompok di ukur kekuatan ikat gesernya menggunakan UTM. Data dianalisa statistik dengan uji hipotesis Kruskal Wallis yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Mann Whitney. Hasil: Median tertinggi kelompok 3, sedangkan median terendah kelompok 5. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak biji anggur yang diaplikasikan sebelum etsa dapat meningkatkan kekuatan ikat gesek namun tidak dapat menghambat biodegradasinya.ABSTRACT
Background: Resilience of resin-dentin bonding known as one of success composite resin restoration determinants. Aim: To analyze the effect of grape seed extract on resin-dentin shear bond strength. Methods: 48 dentin sample were divided into 6 groups. Shear bond strengths measured using UTM. Statistical analysis was done by Kruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney test. Results: The highest median value was highest on group 3, and the lowest was group 5. Conclusion: Grape seed extract can improve the shear bond strength but not have effect on reducing the biodegradation. ;Background: Resilience of resin-dentin bonding known as one of success composite resin restoration determinants. Aim: To analyze the effect of grape seed extract on resin-dentin shear bond strength. Methods: 48 dentin sample were divided into 6 groups. Shear bond strengths measured using UTM. Statistical analysis was done by Kruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney test. Results: The highest median value was highest on group 3, and the lowest was group 5. Conclusion: Grape seed extract can improve the shear bond strength but not have effect on reducing the biodegradation.

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Latar Belakang: Residu radikal bebas pasca perawatan internal bleaching dapat mengganggu proses polimerisasi resin komposit. Akibatnya, terjadi penurunan kekuatan ikatan restorasi. Antioksidan ekstrak teh hijau dapat digunakan untuk menghilangkan radikal bebas pasca bleaching dan meningkatkan shear bond strength resin komposit. Tujuan: mengetahui perbedaan shear bond strength resin komposit pada dentin pasca internal bleaching dengan dan tanpa aplikasi ekstrak teh hijau pada konsentrasi yang berbeda selama 2 menit. Metode: 25 gigi premolar, dipotong dalam arah mesiodistal, dan dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok: Kelompok 1 dentin normal, Kelompok 2 dentin pasca bleaching, Kelompok 3 dentin 2 minggu pasca bleaching, Kelompok 4  dentin pasca bleaching dengan teh hijau 10% 2 menit, dan Kelompok 5 dentin pasca bleaching dengan aplikasi teh hijau 35% 2 menit. Semua kelompok diaplikasikan restorasi resin komposit. Uji shear bond strength menggunakan Universal Testing Machine. Analisis statistik menggunakan one-way ANOVA dan Uji Post Hoc Bonferroni. Hasil: Uji Post Hoc Bonferroni menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok 1 dan 4, kelompok 2 dan 5, serta kelompok 4 dan 5. Kesimpulan: Aplikasi antioksidan ekstrak teh hijau 35% selama 2 menit lebih tinggi dalam meningkatkan shear bond strength resin komposit dibandingkan dengan aplikasi ekstrak teh hijau 10% selama 2 menit pada dentin pasca internal bleaching menggunakan hidrogen peroksida 35%. ......Introduction: Internal bleaching treatment could leave free radicals in the dentinal tubules. It can interfere with the polymerization process of the composite resin. Antioxidants from green tea extract can remove the free radicals after bleaching and increase the shear bond strength of composite resin. Objective: To determine the shear bond strength of composite resin on dentin after internal bleaching with and without green tea extract application at different concentrations in 2 minutes. Methods: 25 premolars were cut in mesiodistal direction and divided into five groups: Group 1 normal dentin, Group 2 bleached dentin, Group 3 bleached dentin, Group 4 10% green tea application in 2 minutes, and Group 5 35% green tea application in 2 minutes. All groups were restored with composite resin. All specimens' shear bond strength was tested with the Universal Testing Machine. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni Post Hoc Test. Results: Post Hoc Bonferroni test showed that there were statistical differences  in groups 1 and 2, groups 1 and 4, groups 2 and 5, and groups 4 and 5. Conclusion: 35% green tea extract is more effective than 10% green tea extract as an antioxidant for increasing the shear bond strength of composite resin after internal bleaching.

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The incidence of loose brackets during orthodontic treatment has reached 5%; therefore, loose brackets should be rebonded. Rebonding without etching might decrease chair time without compromising bond strength. The objective of the study was to determine the shear bond strength and tensile bond strength of rebonded brackets without etching, in comparison with corresponding strength when using prior enamel etching. Forty human first upper premolar brackets were used as samples, divided into two groups. Group A (20 samples) were used to assess tensile bond strength, and group B (20) samples) to assess shear bond strength. Each group was tested twice with Universal testing Machine Shimadzu AG-5000. Test i was carried out to measure tensile and shear bond strength of brackets which were bonded after enamel etching, by pulling the brackets until loose. Test II was carried out to measure tensile and shear bond strength of brackets that were bonded without prior etching of the enamel, again by pulling the brackets until loose. The results showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the two groups. Test II demonstrated significantly different tensile bond strength when compared to test I. Tensile and shear bond strength values of the bonding agent on rebonded bracket without etching were lower than tensile and shear bond strength values of the bonding agent in case of bonding with etching. However, even though the score decreased, it was still above the minimal score required for a bonding agent.

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Latar Belakang: Penggunaan bahan semen (siler) saluran akar dengan kandungan dan karakteristik berbeda diduga dapat memengaruhi retensi pasak fiber terhadap dinding saluran akar pasca perawatan endodontik. Tujuan : Mengetahui perbedaan kekuatan adhesi pasak fiber pada perawatan saluran akar yang menggunakan siler berbasis resin epoksi dan kalsium silikat. Metode: 30 gigi premolar bawah akar tunggal didekoronasi, dilakukan preparasi saluran akar, lalu dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok; Kelompok 1 (kontrol): gigi tanpa pengisian saluran akar, Kelompok 2: gigi yang menggunakan siler resin epoksi (AH-Plus), dan Kelompok 3: gigi yang menggunakan siler berbasis kalsium silikat (Ceraseal). Setelah pengisian saluran akar, preparasi, dan pemasangan pasak fiber. Selanjutnya gigi dipotong pada area sepertiga tengah akar setebal 2 mm kemudian dilakukan uji push-out bond strength menggunakan Universal Testing Machine. Data dianalisis dengan tes One-way Anova dan post hoc Bonferroni. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai push-out bond strength antar kelompok semen resin resin epoksi dan kalsium silikat. Kesimpulan: Gigi yang melalui perawatan saluran akar menggunakan siler resin epoksi memberikan kekuatan adhesi pasak fiber yang lebih baik dibandingkan gigi yang menggunakan siler kalsium silikat. ......Background: The use of root canal sealers with different composition and characteristics is thought to effect the retention of fiber post in root canal walls after endodontic treatment. Objective: To evaluate the difference of the fiber post adhesion strength after endodontic treatment using epoxy resin and calcium silicate based root canal sealer. Methods: 30 samples of single-rooted lower premolar were decoronated, got the root canal prepared, then divided into 3 groups; Group 1 (the controls): samples without root canal filling, Group 2 and 3, the canals were filled with gutta percha using epoxy resin (AH-Plus), and calcium silicate (Ceraseal)-based root canal sealer. After root canal obturation, the gutta percha were partly removed, prepared for post space, and then cemented with the fiber posts. Then 2 mm thick disk were cut from the middle root section and subjected to a push-out bond strength test. Data were analysed using the one-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni test. Result: There was a significant difference in the push-out bond strength value between the epoxy resin and calcium silicate-based root canal sealer groups. Conclusion: The endodontic treated tooth previously using epoxy resin root canal sealer gave better fiber post adhesion strength compared to tooth that used calcium silicate based root canal sealer.

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Tujuan dari penelitian ini di fokuskan pada properti dari kuat rekat beton pada batang besi ulir yang tertanam dalam beton ringan dengan polimer sebagai agregat kasar pada campuran beton ringan. Campuran pertama menggunakan campuran 100 agregat kasar 25mm, pada desain campuran kedua meggunakan ukuran yaitu 70 25mm dan 30 20mm, kedua campuran tersebut menggunakan 0.4 superplasticizer. Total benda uji masing-masing campuran A dan B sebanyak 32 buah dengan diameter yang berbeda yaitu 10,12, dan 16mm. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini menunjukan benda uji yang memiliki kuat tekan lebih tinggi akan menghasilkan hasil tes kuat tarik yang lebih tinggi.

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The purpose of this research is focused on studying the bond properties of deformed steel embedded in lightweight concrete with polypropylene as the coarse lightweight aggregate. By following ACI211.2.98 this research is using two types of mix design which one is using fully 100 of 25mm size of aggregate diameter and the second one is 70 25mm and 30 20mm diameter aggregate sizes, with both of the mix design is using superplasticizer additive 0.4 . The testing method of Pull out test followed RILEM 7 testing method, by using self made frame for 24 sample of the specimens, by each of the mixture is 12 specimens with different diameter of steel bar which is 10, 12, and 16 mm. Final result of this research shows that the sample with higher compressive strength is showing higher bond strength value.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari perilaku kuat lekat tulangan yang tertanam dalam beton ringan dengan agregat kasar plastik polypropylene. Benda uji yang digunakan berjumlah 72 sampel, yang terdiri dari 3 macam ukuran diameter, yaitu 10 mm, 12 mm, dan 16 mm, baik tulangan polos maupun ulir. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu pada tulangan ulir, kuat lekat disebabkan oleh mekanisme interlocking, sedangkan tulangan polos disebabkan oleh adhesi. Tulangan ulir memiliki perkembangan tegangan lekat yang lebih ductile dibandingkan dengan tulangan ulir, namun memiliki kegagalan yang tiba-tiba. Mekanisme friksi yang terjadi pada tulangan polos lebih besar dan signifikan daripada tulangan ulir.

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ABSTRACT
This study is mainly focused on investigating bond behavior on reinforcement bar embedded in polypropylene lightweight concrete. The specimen consist of 72 samples, with 3 different diameter, 10 mm, 12 mm, and 16 mm, on plain bar and deformed bar. The result shows that bond strength on deformed bar is contributed by interlocking mechanism, whereas adhesion is contributed in plain bars. Deformed bars bond strength development is more ductile compared to plain bars. Due to its bigger contact area, plain bars friction is bigger and more significant than on the deformed bars. But, the failure mode on deformed bar is not ductile at all.