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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan simulasi dan optimisasi berdasarkan energi dan eksergi dari kepala sumur ke pembangkit listrik and membandingkan apakah analisis berdasarkan energi dan eksergi memberikan hasil yang sama. Perubahan kondisi fluida panas bumi yang mengalir dari kepala sumur ke pembangkit listrik melalui perpipaan diperhitungkan. Siklus flash-binary diajukan sebagai siklus pembangkit listrik dengan Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) sebagai siklus binary. Beberapa kombinasi campuran zeotropik digunakan sebagai fluida kerja ORC. Siklus yang diajukan dibandingkan dengan siklus yang sudah ada di Sibayak, yakni siklus single flash, dari segi ekonomi dan performa termodinamika. Sumur panas bumi disimulasikan menggunakan WellSim, sementara perpipaan dan pembangkit listrik disimulasikan menggunakan UniSim Design. Hasil simulasi yang diperoleh dioptimisasi dengan metode Genetic Algorithm (GA) di MATLAB untuk memaksimumkan Net Present Value (NPV) dan meminimumkan Levelized Cost per Unit Exergy of Overall System . Analisis parametrik dilakukan untuk menguji pengaruh tekanan kepala sumur, tekanan separator, dan komposisi fluida kerja terhadap fungsi objektif. Sebagai perbandingan antara ekonomi dan performa termodinamika, optimisasi untuk memaksimumkan produksi listrik dan efisiensi eksergi dilakukan. Optimisasi NPV dan memberikan hasil yang sama di mana siklus flash-binary dengan R601 murni sebagai fluida kerja ORC adalah siklus yang paling ekonomis. Dari performa termodinamika, campuran zeotropik sebagai fluida kerja ORC menghasilkan produksi listrik dan efisiensi eksergi yang maksimum. Hasil optimisasi menunjukkan bahwa sistem yang paling ekonomis tidak dapat memperoleh sistem dengan performa termodinamika terbaik dan berlaku sebaliknya. Penggunaan ORC sebagai bottoming cycle siklus single flash memberikan NPV yang lebih tinggi dan yang lebih rendah dibandingkan siklus single flash, Selain itu, penggunaan ORC dapat mengurangi kehilangan eksergi oleh brine dari 30,65 menjadi 17,85 dari total eksergi yang masuk ke sistem. Efisiensi energi dan eksergi dari pembangkit listrik juga meningkat masing-masing dari 8,47 menjadi 10,05 dan 33,37 menjadi 39,60. Hasil analisis merekomendasikan siklus flash-binary untuk pembangkit listrik di Sibayak.

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ABSTRACT
The purposes of this research are to conduct simulation and optimization based on energy and exergy from wellhead to power plant and compare whether analysis based on energy and exergy give the same results. Changes of geothermal fluid condition that transmitted from wellhead to power plant by pipelines are also considered. A flash-binary cycle is proposed as geothermal power plant cycle with organic Rankine cycle (ORC) as the binary cycle. Various combinations of zeotropic mixtures are used as ORCs working fluid. The proposed cycle is compared to existing cycle in Sibayak, that is single flash cycle, from economic and thermodynamic performance. The geothermal wells are simulated using WellSim, while the pipelines and power plant are simulated using UniSim Design. The obtained results are optimized with Genetic Algorithm (GA) method in MATLAB for maximizing Net Present Value (NPV) and minimizing Levelized Cost per Unit Exergy of Overall System . Parametric analysis is performed to examine the effects of wellhead pressure, separator pressure, and working fluid composition on the objective function. As a comparison between economic and thermodynamic performance, optimization to maximize net power output and exergy efficiency are also conducted. The NPV and optimizations give a same result where a flash-binary cycle with pure R601 as ORCs working fluid is the most economic cycle. From thermodynamic performace, zeotropic mixtures as ORCs working fluid give maximum net power output and exergy efficiency. Optimization results implied that the most economically effective system cant obtain the best system thermodynamic performance and vice versa. Utilization of ORC as bottoming cycle of single flash cycle gives higher NPV and lower compared to single flash cycle. Moreover, utilization of ORC can reduce exergy loss caused by brine from 30,65 to 17,85 of overall exergy input. The energy and exergy efficiency of power plant is also increased from 8,47 to 10,05 and 33,37 to 39,60, respectively. The results of analysis recommend a flash-binary cycle for Sibayak power plant.

Abstrak :
Energi listrik merupakan salah satu infrastruktur yang menyangkut hajat hidup orang banyak, oleh karena itu sudah seharusnya eketersediaan energi listrik terjamin dengan jumlah yang cukup dengan mutu yang baik dan harga yang wajar. Pertumbuhan perekonomian nasional menyebabkan konsumsi listrik setiap tahunnya terus meningkat. Dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan akan energi dan maraknya isu mengenai permasalahan lingkungan membuat para ahli terus mengembangkan teknologi yang tepat agar dapat mengatasi kedua masalah tersebut. Sistem PLTP siklus biner merupakan salah satu teknologi pembangkit yang sangat efektif untuk diterapkan dalam pemanfaatan energi panas bumi skala kecil enthalpy rendah sampai menengah dengan menggunakan fluida kerja yang memiliki titik didih lebih rendah daripada air, oleh karena itu maka pada tesis ini dilakukan suatu pemodelan sistem PLTP siklus biner dengan memanfaatkan waste brine dengan temperatur 180 0C pada wellpad 4 PLTP Dieng. Pemodelan dilakukan dengan menggunakan software Matlab dan REFPROP, kemudian dilakukan optimasi terhadap sistem dimana exergy destruction total dan total annual cost dipilih sebagai fungsi objektif. Adapun optimasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan multi objective genetic algorithm. Berdasarkan simulasi diketahui bahwa efesiensi exergi dan nilai ekonomis dari sistem PLTP siklus biner yang optimal adalah pada temperatur evaporasi sebesar 163,3 oC, temperatur brine keluar preheater sebesar 130 0C, temperatur air pendingin keluar kondenser sebesar 35,4 0C, tekanan kerja fluida kerja keluar pompa sebesar 3859 kPa dengan campuran refrigeran 86 R601 dan 14 R744 menghasilkan daya turbin sebesar 119,8 kW nilai exergy destruction total 742,4 kW dengan efesiensi exergy sebesar 48,8 dan total annual cost sebesar 36.723 US dollar.Kata kunci : PLTP siklus biner, efesiensi exergi, exergy destruction , cost, genetic algorithm. ......Electrical energy is one of the important part of human life, so the provision of electrical energy must be able to guarantee the availability of sufficient quantity, reasonable price and good quality. Indonesia rsquo s electricity consumption every year continues to increase in line with the increase of national economic growth. The increasing demand on energy and environmental issues make the experts to develop the right technology in order to face both issues. PLTP binary cycle is a highly effective generating technology to be applied in the utilization of small scale enthalpy low to medium geothermal energy by using a working fluid that has a lower boiling point than water, hence in this thesis a PLTP binary system model was performed using waste brine with temperature of 180oC at wellpad 4 in PLTP Dieng. Modeling has been done by using Matlab and REFPROP software, then optimization procedure has been conducted to the system where total exergy destruction and total annual cost are chosen as the objective function. In addition, environmental aspects are also considered in this modeling where natural environmentally friendly working fluids are used. The optimization is done by using multi objective genetic algorithm. Based on the simulation it is known that the exergy efficiency and economic value of the optimal binary cycle of PLTP system has an optimum condition at the evaporation temperature of 163.3 oC, the brine temperature out the preheater of 130 oC, the condenser coolant outlet temperature of 35.4 oC, the outlet pump pressure at 3859 kPa with composition of refrigeran mixture 86 R601 and 14 R744, turbine power of 119.8 kW, total exergy destruction of 742.4 kW with exergy efficiency of 48.8 , and total annual cost about 36.723 US dollars.

Abstrak :
The increasing demand for energy and the current environmental issues are motivating experts to develop appropriate technology to face both problems. The binary cycle system is a highly effective generating technology which can be applied in the utilization of small-scale geothermal energy by using a working fluid that has a lower boiling point than water. In this paper, a geothermal power plant binary cycle system model was tested by using waste brine at a temperature of 180oC at well pad 4 of the Dieng geothermal power plant. In the optimization procedure, total exergy destruction and total annual cost are chosen as the objective functions. Optimization is made by using a multi objective genetic algorithm. Based on the simulation, it is known that the exergy efficiency and economic value of the optimal binary cycle of the geothermal power plant system has optimum conditions at an evaporation temperature of 163.3oC, a brine temperature in the preheater outlet of 130oC, and a water cooling temperature at condenser outlet of 35.4oC. The working fluid pressure at pump outlet is 3859 kPa with the composition of the working fluid mixture being 86% R601 and 14% R744, resulting in turbine power of 119.8 kW, total exergy destruction of 742.4 kW, and a total annual cost of 36,723 US dollars. These results indicate that, by setting the above operating conditions, the system can achieve optimum efficiency, as indicated by the minimum values of both exergy destruction and total annual cost.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini berfokus pada analisis dari konstruksi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi di Wilayah Kerja Panas Bumi WKP Tulehu. Salah satu sumur yang telah diuji di WKP Tulehu memproduksi fluida panas bumi dengan karakteristik low-medium enthalpy 130-165oC, low wellhead pressure 300-700 kPa, dan low mass flow rate 16,67-25 kg/s, dimana karakteristik tersebut sangat sesuai untuk diutilisasi dengan tipe binary power plant. Pembangkit listrik binary secara umum terdiri atas dua tipe Organic Rankine Cycle,yang menggunakan hidrokarbon sebagai fluida kerja, dan Kalina Cycle System, yang menggunakan campuran ammonia-air sebagai fluida kerja. Penelitian ini akan berfokus pada optimasi multiobjektif terhadap tipe pembangkit listrik binary yang paling sesuai dengan kondisi fluida panas bumi tersebut. Objektif yang akan dimasukkan dalam optimasi ini adalah Exergy Destruction dan Purchased Equipment Cost. Hasil optimasi tersebut kemudian akan digunakan sebagai basis untuk kalkulasi estimasi biaya proyek pembangkit listrik yang dicanangkan. Dengan begitu akan diperoleh tipe pembangkit listrik binary yang paling sesuai untuk digunakan di WKP tersebut. Simulasi dan optimasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan Matlab dan Engineering Equation Solver EES .

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This study focuses on simulation and optimization of the binary cycle power plant on Tulehu Geothermal Field. One of the tested well in the field produces geothermal fluid with characteristics such as low to medium temperature 130 165oC, low wellhead pressure 3-7 bar, and low mass flow rate 16,67 ndash 25 kg s, in which those characteristics are suitable for binary cycle power plant. Binary power plant can be categorized into two types, Organic Rankine Cycle, which uses hydrocarbon as its working fluid, and Rankine Cycle System, which uses ammonia water mixture as its working fluid. The study will mainly focuses on the optimization of the types of binary power plant with multiobjectives. Those objectives which will be included are Exergy Destruction and Purchased Equipment Cost. The results then will be used as basis for the estimation of the power plant project total cost. By using those method we will be able to find out the solution to which one of the types that have the best output for possible later use on the geothermal field. The simulation and optimization will be conducted by using Matlab and Engineering Equation Software EES.

Abstrak :
Penelitian yang dilakukan berfokus pada simulasi perencanaan perancangan suatu sistem pembangkit listrik tenaga panas bumi bottoming unit pada wilayah kerja panas bumi dengan existing brine temperature berkisar antara 1720C hingga 1750C dengan brine mass flow rate senilai 264,6 kg/s perancangan tersebut dititikberatkan terhadap pertimbangan kinerja teknis dan aspek keekonomian pembangunan sistem pembangkit tersebut. Dalam keberlangsungannya penelitian berikut berupaya memberikan gambaran mengenai aplikasi sistem pembangkit binary cycle yang antara lain terbagi menjadi simulasi aplikasi organic rankine cycle simulasi aplikasi kalina cycle. ......This research is focused on simulating the design planning of a geothermal power plant system bottoming unit in the geothermal working area which existing brine temperature ranging from 1720C to 1750C with brine mass flow rate of 264.6 kg s. The design is focused on technical performance considerations compared economical aspects of the development of the generating system. In its continuation, the following research attempts to provide an overview of the application of binary cycle generation system, which is divided into organic rankine cycle application simulation and calina cycle application simulation.