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"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh hasil penelitian yang menyebutkan ada hubungan dua arah antara konsumsi tenaga listrik dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara. Oleh karena itu infrastruktur listrik harus merata di seluruh kawasan di Indonesia bahkan di Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI) yang karakteristik ekonominya berskala kecil dan kondisi geografisnya berupa kepulauan. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, dilakukan studi komparatif pada negara-negara yang karakteristik ekonomi dan geografisnya sama dengan KTI. Ditemukan bahwa PLTS merupakan pembangkit yang paling sesuai untuk diterapkan di KTI. Gorontalo kemudian dipilih menjadi daerah yang mewakili seluruh KTI. Dengan analisis manfaat dan biaya, proyek ini menghasilkan nilai FNPV sebesar 2,158 milyar rupiah dan ENVP sebesar 2,555 milyar rupiah dalam umur proyek 25 tahun. Disamping itu, manfaat ekonomi dari proyek ini juga cukup besar sehingga untuk dapat merealisasikan proyek ini dapat dilakukan subsidi berupa penyertaan modal pemerintah agar variabel tarif dapat dikontrol sesuai dengan kemampuan masyarakat.

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This study was motivated by the result of research that says there are bidirectional causality between electricity consumption and economic growth. Therefore the electrical infrastructure must be evenly distributed across all region in Indonesia, even in Eastern Indonesia (KTI) which have small-scale of economic and scatter geographical condition. To achieve this objective, comparative studies conducted in countries whose economics and geographically similar to KTI. It was found that solar power is the most suitable to be applied in KTI. Gorontalo was chosen to be representative of the entire KTI regions. With cost and benefit analysis, the project is create 2.158 billion rupiah of FNVP and 2.555 billion rupiah of ENVP throughout 25 years project life. Economic benefits of the project was considered quite large, so that electricity rates can be controlled with government capital subsidy so that rates can be in accordance with the community's ability."

"Kebutuhan beras di Indonesia, meningkat setiap tahunnya seiring bertambahnya jumlah penduduk. Fluktuasi musim menyebabkan terjadinya fluktuasi produksi beras. Fluktuasi tersebut menyebabkan pentingnya cadangan stok yang dikelola pemerintah. Perum Bulog sebagai lumbung pangan nasional mempunyai gudang yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia, salah satunya di Perum Bulog Divre Jaya Sunter. Penyimpanan beras Perum Bulog dilakukan dalam gudang dengan bentuk tumpukan. Penyimpanan rentan serangan hama, sehingga perlu dilakukan kegiatan pencegahan serta penanggulangan hama. Kegiatan pengelolaan perawatan beras di Perum Bulog masih bergantung kepada penggunaan pestisida dan fumigan secara periodik. Penggunaan pestisida digunakan untuk kegiatan penyemprotan setiap bulan dan penggunaan fumigan setiap tiga bulan. Kajian dilakukan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis biaya manfaat serta masalah pengelolaan hama.Analisis dilakukan dengan metode valuasi ekonomi, komparasi dan survei. Residu yang dihasilkan lebih rendah dari Batas Minimum Resisu (BMR). Penggunaan pestisida adalah dari golongan organofosfat dan pyretroid yang berasal dari bahan aktif tertentu dan emakaiannya diawasi. Pestisida tersebut sudah terdaftar di Departemen pertanian. Manfaat yang didapat pengelola lebih besar daripada biaya pengelolaan, termasuk setelah dimasukkannya biaya eksternalitas lingkungan. Nilai NPV dan B/C pengelolaan tanpa memasukkan biaya lingkungan adalah Rp 6.389.050.848 dan 3,335. Nilai NPV dan B/C dengan memasukkan nilai lingkungan adalah Rp 6.149.749.876 dan 3,118.Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa biaya lingkungan dapat mengurangi nilai NPV dan B/C tetapi kegiatan pengelolaan hama di Perum Bulog tetap layak dilaksanakan. Pengelolaan hama di Perum Bulog masih konvensional, belum memanfaatkan mekanisme ompensatif ekologi di gudang secara optimal. Pengendalian masih bergantung kepada penggunaan pestisida, monitor kondisi kualitas sebelum dan waktu penyimpanan, aerasi serta kebersihan gudang. Pengelolaan hama tanpa atau minim penggunaan pestisida dapat dilakukan untuk menghilangkan atau mengurangi nilai eksternalitas lingkungan. Hal tersebut masih perlu dikaji lebih lanjut karena akan menyebabkan perubahan berbagai aspek yang sudah lama di terapkan di Perum Bulog.

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Demand for rice, the staple food of most Indonesians, is increasing year by year. In line with the growth of the population since in many parts of Indonesia production of rice. Paddy fluctuates heavily and consequently the price of rice, due to the dependence on the availability of irrigation water caused by climate cycle. Bulog, the institution established to buffer rice supply fluctuation, operates rice storage houses. Storage for several months exposes rice in storage to risk of damage by pest attract. Particularly insect storage pest research/study in Indonesia is still limited, especially those on insect pests. One storage facility of Bulog located in Sunter, North Jakarta. Occupying 300 hectares of area, consist of 60 units of storehouses, each having a capacity to accommodate 3.500 tones of rice.The objective of this study are: 1. to identify and analyze the economic cost and benefit of pest management 2. to compare economic cost and benefit of pest management with and without environmental cost 3. to review and analyze current management using pesticide without including environmental in cost calculation. Data collected consist of quality maintenance and analyzes were performed on cost and benefit of activity. Cost activity includes cost of activity investment, cost of maintenance and environmental cost. Environmental costs are those of health care of workers exposed to pesticides, workers protection, and health care of consumers of exposed rice. Studies were conducted for 3 months using methods of surveys using questionnaire, observation, interviews and literature study. Questionnaire is limited to workers directly in contact with pesticides. Analysis of data were performed by using descriptive analyses using analyses of economic valuation and comparison.The result of this research as follows: Management of storage pests in rice warehouse of rice warehouse of Divre Jaya Sunter was conducted since the Perum Bulog Jaya was establish in 1978 and has been developing with the increasing needs. Management of pest continue up to now using periodical pesticide application. Conducted management indeed reduced the attact of pests that caused the degradation of rice quality resulting in the decrease of rice price. Improvement of rice quality will need extra cost. Residue of pesticides allowed is mentioned in the government regulation. Pesticides used are those with certain commercial name containing active material not endangering human health, i.e. organophosphates and parathyroid applied alternately to prevent pest resistance. The management of pest by eliminating of reduce pesticide use can be conducted to prevent of reduce externality environmental cost. This has been done by parboiling rice or integrated storage pest management, although this still need further study since it affects to many aspect implemented for a long time in pests management.The conclusion of the study are as follows:1. The benefit of pest management is prevention of damage of stored rice. It proved that management gives economic benefit. Benefit can be seen from values NPV and B/C in the of Rp 6.149.749.876 and B/C 3,118 respectively. This values already included environmental cost.2. Environmental cost influence NPV and B/C value. The value are NPV Rp 6.389.050.848 and B/C 3,335 without include enviromental cost. So enviromental cost can decrease NPV and B/C value.3. Pesticides still in use for pest management because they are cheap and effective. Although environmental cost is included in operation cost, the current management practices are considered feasible. Consequently Perum Bulog does not necessarily need change the current management practices.Suggestion:1. Pest management without pesticide or reduction of it can be applied by Perum Bulog. Further study and research are needed to determine the best and efficient management.2. Storage of unhulled rice is a better practice to avoid damage. Technology is needed to appropriate the factual condition.3. Diversity of food in Indonesia involving agriculture technology should be promoted to push the invention of rice substitute.The solution will avoid the opening of new areas of paddy cultivation, excessive pesticide and feltilizer application that could end up in the degradation of the environmental quality"

"[ABSTRAK Makalah Non Skirpsi ini membahas tentang Peraturan hemat air yang mewajibkan instalasi tangki air hujan untuk semua bangunan baru. Namun kebijakan tersebut dianggap memiliki banyak kelemahan karena NPV analisis efisiensi regulasi dengan menggunakan nilai terbaik hipotetis dan kelompok rujukan agregat keuntungan bersih adalah negative. Itu sebabnya, beberapa kelompok orang meminta pemerintah untuk mencabut peraturan tersebut. Untuk mengetahui apa tindakan terbaik pemerintah yang harus diambil, maka laporan ini melakukan sebuah analisis biaya dan manfaat mempertahankan peraturan yang ada bukan menghapusnya. Panjang diasumsikan regulasi dipertahankan adalah 25 tahun.ABSTRACT The water saving regulation that makes mandatory the installation of rainwater tanks for all new buildings is considered has many drawbacks since the efficiency analysis NPV of the regulation by using best hypothetical value is and aggregate referent group net benefit is negative. That?s why, some group of people are asked government to repeal the regulation. In order to know what best actions government should take, this report undertakes a BCA of retaining the existing regulation rather than removing them. The assumed length of retained regulation is 25 years., The water saving regulation that makes mandatory the installation of rainwater tanks for all new buildings is considered has many drawbacks since the efficiency analysis NPV of the regulation by using best hypothetical value is and aggregate referent group net benefit is negative. That’s why, some group of people are asked government to repeal the regulation. In order to know what best actions government should take, this report undertakes a BCA of retaining the existing regulation rather than removing them. The assumed length of retained regulation is 25 years.]"