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"Benzo a pyrene BaP merupakan salah satu golongan PAHs. IARC menetapkan benzo a pyrene BaP sebagai penyebab kanker pada hewan dan mungkin pada manusia Group 2A. Sumber BaP dari buangan kendaraan bermotor, pembakaran kayu dari perapian, fly ash dari pembangkit listrik dengan bahan batubara atau proses pembakaran lainnya. SMPN 16 Bandung terletak di Jalan P.H. Hasan Mustafa No.53 yang merupakan jalan raya utama padat lalu lintas, dekat dengan SPBU memiliki risiko terpajan BaP. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengestimasi tingkat risiko kesehatan pajanan BaP pada anak SMPN 16 Bandung kelas VIII. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei 2017. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan ARKL. Nilai estimasi risiko kesehatan non karsinogenik dinyatakan dengan Risk Quotient RQ dan estimasi risiko kesehatan karsinogenik dinyatakan dengan Excess Cancer Risk ECR. Konsentrasi BaP di udara ambient lingkungan sekolah diukur dan karakteristik pola pajanan responden diperoleh dari hasil wawancara langsung. Nilai konsentrasi BaP pada pengambilan 10 titik nilainya sama.

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Benzo a pyrene BaP is one of the PAHs. The IARC establishes Benzo a pyrene BaP as a cause of cancer in animals and possibly in humans. The sources of BaPcan befrom vehicle rsquo s disposal, wood burning from fireplaces, flying ash from coal based power plants or other combustion processes. 16 Bandung Junior High School is located at P.H. Hasan Mustafa 53 which is a major traffic highway, close to gas stations that has a risk of being exposed to BaP. The research took place in some student of 16 Bandung JHS especially those who are in grade eight. The study was conducted in May 2017. The method that rsquo s used is the method of Environmental Health Risk Analysis. The estimated value of non carcinogenic health risk is expressed as Risk Quotient RQ and the estimated value of carcinogenic health risk is expressed as Excess Cancer Risk ECR. The concentration of BaP in the air of school rsquo's environment is measured and the characteristic of exposure is obtained from direct interviews. The value of BaP rsquo's concentration at 10 points is equal to "

"ABSTRAKPendahuluan Kebakaran hutan di Provinsi Riau terjadi setiap tahun telah menjadi bencana nasional. Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah pada bulan Agustus 2015 menyatakan terdapat 21 titik api di Kabupaten Kampar. Asap dari hasil pembakaran hutan mengandung karbon monoksida dan senyawa karsinogenik yaitu benzopirene dengan metabolit utamanya benzopirene diol epoxide BPDE yang bersifat mutagenik sehingga meningkatkan terjadinya keluhan respirasi dan risiko kanker paru. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kadar karbon monoksida ekspirasi dan benzopirene serum pada 2 populasi yaitu subjek kontrol dan pasca tiga bulan terpajan kebakaran hutan di Kabupaten Kampar. MetodePenelitian ini merupakan disain potong lintang yang dilakukan pada bukan Januari 2016 bertempat di Desa Rimbo Panjang, Kabupaten Kampar Riau . Total sampel penelitian ini terdiri dari 97 subjek terpajan di desa Rimbo Panjang dan 15 subjek kontrol di kota Pekanbaru. Pengukuran kadar CO ekspirasi menggunakan CO Analyzer, benzopirene serum melalui pengambilan darah serta pengisian kuesioner untuk menilai keluhan respirasi. HasilPenelitian ini mendapatkan kadar CO ekspirasi tertinggi pada kelompok subjek terpajan sebesar 38 ppm, sedangkan pada seluruh subjek kontrol 0 ppm. Kadar CO ekspirasi memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan jenis kelamin p

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Background

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ABSTRACTForest Fire in Riau Province was happen every year that becomes asone of national disaster. The National Disaster Management on August 2015 said that there are 21 hotspot in kampar, Riau. Fog are contains of carbon monoxide and carcinogenic agents; metabolite benzopyrene diol epoxide BPDE which is mutagenic and increase the level of respiratory complaint and lung cancer risk. This research aim was to understand the CO expiration and BPDE serum on 2 subjects; controlled subject post exposed wildfire smoke. MethodsThis is a cross sectional study reseacrh, on January 2016 taking Place in Rimbo Panjang, Kampar Riau . The total sample of this research were 97 exposured subjects and 15 controlled subjects. The CO expiration measured by CO Analyzer and the subjects blood taken to measure the BPDE serum. Also, the whole subjects demanded to fill the questionnaire in case of finding out the respiratory complaint. Results From the methods used, it is known that the highest level of CO from the exposure subjects was 38 ppm. While on the controlled subjects was 0 ppm. The CO expirations level has a significant linkages within sex p"

"Pendahuluan: Benzo(a)pyrene merupakan salah satu golongan PAH yangdiklasifikasikan sebagai senyawa yang bersifat karsinogen (probably carcinogenic)pada manusia dan hewan. Setelah terpajanan, benzo(a)pyrene yang masuk kedalamtubuh manusia melalui jalur inhalasi, langsung terabsorpsi didalam tubuh danterdistribusi dalam paru, kulit dan hati, lalu berikatan dengan DNA, RNA dan protein. Setelah memasuki tubuh manusia dan biotransformasi, Benzo(a)pyrene diekskresikan dalam bentuk metabolit terhidroksilasi dalam urin atau feses. 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) dalam urin merupakan metabolit yang paling umum digunakan sebagai biomarker pajanan dari senyawa benzo(a)pyrene. Pengukuran konsentrasi benzo(a)pyrene dilakukan pada tiga titik di setiap sekolah menggunakan sorben tube dengan filter charcoal, dan dianalisis menggunakan metode fluoresensi. Analisis 1-hydroxypyrene dalam urin dilakukan menggunakan HPLC dengan detektor fluoresensi. Tujuan: untuk melihat hubungan paparan benzo(a)pyrene terhadap konsentrasi 1-hydroxypyrene pada urin. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional, sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 76 orang, pembagian sampel di buat secara probability proportional to size (PPS), pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling. Hasil: Rata-rata konsentrasi BaP di udara indoor sekolah dasar negeri di sekitar ruas jalan utama Jakarta Barat sebesar 0,0059 mg/m3, dan rata-rata konsentrasi BaP di udara outdoor yaitu 0,0031 mg/m3. Rata-rata konsentrasi BaP di udara indoor pada sekolah terpajan tinggi yaitu 5,6 kali lebih tinggi (0,0102 mg/m3) di bandingkan sekolah yang terpajan terpajan rendah (0,0018 mg/m3). Rata-rata konsentrasi 1-OHP pada urin siswa sekolah dasar negeri di sekitar ruas jalan utama Jakarta Barat adalah 12,146 μmol/mol kreatinin. Rata-rata konsentrasi 1-OHP pada urin siswa sekolah terpajan tinggi 1,2 kali lebih besar (13,363 μmol/mol kreatinin) di bandingkan sekolah terpajan rendah (10,929 μmol/mol kreatinin). Kesimpulan: Hubungan pajanan BaP di udara indooor terhadap konsentrasi 1-OHP pada urin siswa berpola positif dimana terdapat korelasi positif antara pajanan BaP di udara indoor terhadap peningkatan konsentrasi 1-OHP pada urin siswa (r=0,229) artinya semakin tinggi pajanan BaP di udara indoor maka semakin tinggi konsentrasi 1-OHP pada urin siswa. Hasil uji statistik menjelaskan ada hubungan yang signifikan antara pajanan BaP di udara indoor dengan konsentrasi 1-OHP pada urin siswa (p=0,046).

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Introduction: Benzo(a)pyrene is a class of PAH which is classified as a carcinogenic compound (probably carcinogenic) in humans and animals. After exposure, benzo(a)pyrene which enters the human body through inhalation pathways, is directly absorbed in the body and distributed in the lungs, skin, and liver, then binds to DNA, RNA, and protein. After entering the human body and biotransformation, benzo(a)pyrene is excreted in the form of hydroxylated metabolites in urine or feces. 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in urine is the most common metabolite used as exposure biomarkers of benzo(a)pyrene compounds. Benzo(a)pyrene concentration measurements were carried out at three points in each school using tube sorbents with charcoal filters and analyzed using the fluorescence method. Analysis of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine is carried out using HPLC with a fluorescence detector.

Objective: To see the relationship of exposure to benzo(a)pyrene to urine 1-hydroxypyrene concentration.

Method: This study is a quantitative study with a crosssectional design, the sample in this study amounted to 76 people, the sample distribution was made by probability proportional to size (PPS), the sampling used purposive sampling.

Results: The average BaP concentration in the indoor air of public elementary schools around the West Jakarta's main road segment is 0.0059 mg/m3, and the average BaP concentration in outdoor air is 0.0031 mg/m3. The average BaP concentration in indoor air in high exposed schools is 5.6 times higher (0.0102 mg/m3) compared to schools exposed to a low exposure (0.0018 mg/m3). The average 1-OHP concentration in the urine of public elementary school students around the West Jakarta main road segment is 12.146 μmol/mol creatinine. The average concentration of 1-OHP in the urine of high-exposed school students was 1.2 times greater (13,363 μmol/mol creatinine) compared to low-exposed schools (10,929 μmol/mol creatinine).

Conclusion: The relationship of BaP exposure in indoor air to the concentration of 1-OHP in the urine of students was positively patterned where there was a positive correlation between BaP exposure in indoor air to an increase in 1-OHP concentration in the urine of students (r = 0.229) meaning higher exposure to indoor air the higher the concentration of 1-OHP in the urine of students. The results of the statistical test explained that there was a significant relationship between exposure to BaP in indoor air and the concentration of 1-OHP in the urine of students (p = 0.046)."

"Partikulat (PM2.5), nitrogen dioksida (NO2), dan benzo(a)pyrene diketahui sebagai polutan yang sering ditemukan di udara dari sisa/hasil pembakaran bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas udara terutama pada populasi rentan seperti anak-anak dimana sebagian waktunya dihabsikan di sekolah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk adalah mengestimasi risiko pajanan partikulat (PM2.5), nitrogen dioksida (NO2), dan benzo(a)pyrene pada siswa di tiga sekolah dasar negeri Jakarta Barat. Penelitian ini menghasilkan konsentrasi PM2.5 terkecil dan terbesar di SDN Cengkareng Barat. Sedangkan konsentrasi NO2 terkecil di SDN Cengkareng Barat dan terbesar di SDN Cengkareng Timur. Sementara konsentrasi benzo(a)pyrene terkecil di SDN Cengkareng Barat dan terbesar di SDN Cengkareng Timur. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini, risiko non karsinogen pajanan PM2.5, NO2, dan benzo(a)pyrene dari ketiga sekolah memiliki nilai RQ ≤ 1 atau dikatakan aman sedangkan risiko kesehatan karsinogenik pajanan benzo(a)pyrene memiliki nilai E > 4 yang berarti siswa di sekolah berisiko.

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Particulates (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and benzo (a) pyrene are known to be pollutants that are often found in air from residual combustion of motorized vehicles that can affect air quality especially in vulnerable populations such as children where some of the time is validated at school.

This study aims to estimate the risk ofparticulate exposure (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and benzo (a) pyrene in students in three West Jakarta state elementary schools.

This research resulted in the smallest and largest PM2.5 concentration in Cengkareng Barat Elementary School. While the smallest NO2 concentration was in SDN Cengkareng Barat and the largest was in SDN Cengkareng Timur. While the smallest concentration of benzo (a) pyrene is in West Cengkareng SDN and the largest is in East Cengkareng SDN.

Conclusions from this study, the risk of non-carcinogen exposure to PM2.5, NO2, and benzo (a) pyrene from the three schools has a RQ value of ≤ 1 or is said to be safe while the carcinogenic risk of benzo exposure (a) pyrene has an E value> 4 which means students at risk school."

"Cancer has become a global health problem arisen from exsposure to benzo(a)pyrene. Interleukin-2 is one of immune system components believed to play roles in eradicating cancer. Cobra venom has antitumor effect and also contain protease which could boost up immune system. This research was aimed at analyzing Naja sputatrix venom's effect to increase interleukin-2 level in blood sera of mice induced by benzo(a)pyrene. Four group of Balb-C mice were used. The first group (control) and second group (treatment with Naja sputatrix venom) consist of 5 mices. There are 6 mices used in group 3 and 4, both were injected intramuscularly by benzo(a)pyrene (0,3uL/0,01mL oleum oil) at day 1, 8 and 15. There months after, observation was carried out to see changes occured in their liver and lungs. Naja sputatrix venom 0,1 mL (diluted in saline 1:100) was given to group 2 and 4 for 30 days. Blood was collected from all groups and centrifuge to form sera. Level of interluekin-2 in sera was measured by ELISA method. The results show that group 2 has the highest mean level of interleukin-2 (136,837 pg/mL), and group 3 has the lowest (8,996 pg/mL). Level of interleukin-2 in group 4 is slightly higher than group 3 (10,632 pg/mL). Kruskal-Wallis analysis result come with Sig. 0,155; therefore shows no significance (p>0,05). It is therefore concluded that Naja sputatrix venom do not increase interleukin-2 level in blood sera of mice induced by benzo(a)pyrene."

"Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan Akibat Pajanan Benzo a pyrene Pada Proses Pengasapan Ikan (Kajian Dampak Benzo[a]pyrene Pada Pekerja Industry Ikan Asap Di Bandarharjo, Semarang"

"ABSTRAKPada penelitian ini dilakukan studi pembentukan DNA adduct 8-hidroksi-2'-deoksiguanosin (8-OhdG) sebagai biomarker kerusakan DNA akibat oksidatif stress, dengan mereaksikan basa DNA 2?-deoksiguanosin 5?-monofosfat dengan senyawa-senyawa yang dapat berkontribusi menghasilkan radikal yaitu Benzo[a]Piren, hidrogen peroksida (H2O2) dan Fe(II). Reaksi pembentukan 8-OHdG dilakukan pada suhu 37°C dan 60°C, pH 7,4 dan pH 8,4, dengan waktu inkubasi 5 jam. Hasil adduct dianalisis menggunakan HPLC fase terbalik dengan detektor UV pada panjang gelombang 254 nm. Eluen yang digunakan adalah campuran Buffer fosfat pH 6,7 10 mM dan Metanol dengan perbandingan 85:15. Waktu retensi dGMP standar yang diperoleh yaitu 7,3 menit dan 8-OHdG pada 9,0 menit. Hasil analisis yang diperoleh menunjukan bahwa 8-OHdG terbentuk akibat reaksi deoksiguanosin monofosfat dengan hidroksi radikal yang dihasilkan oleh benzo[a]piren. Penambahan Fe(II) meningkatkan hasil 8-OHdG yang terbentuk, sedangkan penambahan H2O2 meningkatkan konsentrasi 8-OHdG yang terbentuk jika pada reaksi terdapat Fe(II). Adanya reaksi fenton pada reaksi dengan b[a]p menyebabkan hasil 8-OHdG yang terbentuk lebih tinggi dibandingkan tanpa reaksi fenton. Pada suhu dan pH yang lebih tingi didapatkan hasil 8-OHdG dengan konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi.

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ABSTRACTThis research was carried out to study the formation of DNA adduct 8-OHdG as biomarkers of DNA damage due to oxidative stress, by reacting the nucleotide 2?deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate with compounds that can contribute to generate radicals such as benzo[a]pyrene, hydrogen peroxide, and Iron(II). Formation of 8-OHdG was performed at 37 ° C and 60 ° C, pH 7,4 and pH 8,4 for 5 hour incubation time. The adduc tobtained from these reactions were analyzed using reversed phase HPLC with UV detector at a wavelength of 254 nm. Eluent was used in this study was a mixture of phosphate buffer pH 6,7 10 mM and methanol at ratio 85:15 The retention time of dGMP and 8-OHdG obtanied at 7,3 minute and at 9,0 minute respectively. The HPLCanalysis showed that 8-OHdG was successfully formed by reaction of deoxyguanosine monophosphate with hydroxy radical generated by benzo[a]pyrene. The addition of Fe=(II) increase the yield of 8-OHdG were formed, while the addition of H2O2 increased the concentration of 8-OHdG is formed if the reactions are contain Fe(II). Fenton reaction upon reaction with B [a] P causes the result of 8-OHdG formed higher than without the Fenton reaction. At higher temperatures and pH obtained 8-OHdG at higher concentrations."

"ABSTRAKLatar BelakangWorld Resources Institute WRI berdasarkan kebakaran hutan di Indonesia pada tahun 2014, terdapat 3.101 titik api dipulau Sumatera dan 87 dari jumlah tersebut ditemukan di Provinsi Riau. Asap yang berasal dari kebakaran hutan menghasilkan senyawa karsinogenik yaitu Benzo a pyrene dengan metabolit utamanya Benzo a pyrene-diol epoxide BPDE yang bersifat mutagenik tinggi sehingga menyebabkan kerusakan DNA dan meningkatkan terjadinya risiko kanker termasuk kanker paru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar BPDE serum pada petugas pemadam kebakaran pasca kebakaran hutan tahun 2015 di Provinsi Riau.MetodePenelitian dengan desain potong lintang yang dilakukan pada Mei 2016 bertempat di kantor pusat pemadam kebakaran kota Pekanbaru, terhadap 70 orang petugas pemadam kebakaran yang ikut memadamkan api kebakaran hutan di Provinsi Riau periode Agustus-Oktober 2015. Dilakukan pengambilan darah untuk pengukuran kadar BPDE serum, pengukuran kadar CO ekspirasi menggunakan alat CO analyzer, pengisian kuesioner data dasar, status merokok, keluhan respirasi, fagerstorm dan penggunaan APD.HasilNilai tengah kadar BPDE serum dan kadar CO ekspirasi yaitu 16 ng/ml 1,93-71,13 dan 9 ppm 0-54 . Kadar BPDE serum pada perokok 15,26 ng/ml 1,93-48,47 , bukan perokok 15,63 8,42-50,51 dan bekas perokok 22,07 13,46-71,13 nilai p = 0,025. Kadar BPDE serum pada kelompok yang tidak menggunakan APD dan yang menggunakan APD 17,15 ng/ml vs 15,63 ng/ml . Kadar CO ekspirasi pada perokok 11,52 ppm 0-54 , bukan perokok 7,02 ppm 0-45 dan bekas perokok 7,00 ppm 0-27 nilai p = 0,05. Keluhan respirasi terbanyak berupa dahak/reak sebanyak 44,3 .KesimpulanKadar BPDE serum lebih tinggi pada bekas perokok dan pada responden yang tidak menggunakan APD Kadar CO ekspirasi didapatkan lebih tinggi pada perokok Keluhan respirasi terbanyak adalah dahak/reak.Kata kunci : Benzo a pyrene diol epoxide, asap kebakaran hutan, pemadam kebakaran

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BackgroundWorld ,hr> ABSTRACTResources Institute WRI based on the 2014 forest fires in Indonesia, showed 3.101 firespots in the Sumatera island and 87 of them were located in the Riau Province. Forestfire smoke produced carcinogenic compound, Benzo a pyrene, with its main metabolic which is Benzo a pyrene-diol epoxide BPDE . It had a high mutagenic characteristic and could cause damage to DNA and increased the risk of cancer, especially lung cancer. This study rsquo;s purpose was to know serum BPDE levels in firefighters after forestfire 2015 at Riau Province.Method A cross sectional study conducted in May 2016 at Pekanbaru rsquo;s Fire Departement, involve 70 firefighters who took part in extinguishing at the Riau rsquo;s forestfires between August-October 2015. Blood samples were taken to check the serum BPDE levels, the level of exhale carbon monoxide CO during expiration using a CO analyzer and filling questionaire about smoking status, respiratory symptoms, fagerstrom and universal precaution. ResultMedian for serum BPDE levels and CO expiration levels to be 16 ng/ml 1,93-71,13 and 9 ppm 0-54 . Serum BPDE levels in smokers 15,26 ng/ml 1,93-48,47 , non-smokers 15,63 8,42-50,51 and ex-smokers 22,07 13,46-71,13 with p=0,025. Serum BPDE levels in firefighters not using universal precautions were higher than the firefighters who did 17,15 ng/ml vs 15,63 ng/ml . CO expiration level was higher in smokers 11,52 ppm 0-54 , non-smokers 7,02 ppm 0-45 and ex-smokers 7,00 ppm 0-27 , with p=0,05. Sputum was the major respiratory symptoms 44,3 .ConclusionSerum BPDE levels are higher in firefighters who are ex-smokers and firefighters who not using universal precautions compared with those who use. CO expiration levels are higher in smokers and the major respiratory complaints is sputum."

"ABSTRACTData Badan Pusat Statistik (2012) menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia mengalami peningkatan jumlah kendaraan bermotor, pada tahun 2010 berjumlah 76.907.127 menjadi sejumlah 94.373.324 di tahun 2012. Hal tersebut memberikan dampak buruk bagi kesehatan, salah satunya kematian akibat kanker paru-paru. IARC mengakui pencemaran udara dari sumber lalu lintas dan industry penyebab utama kanker paru-paru. Salah satu polutan yang terdapat dalam asap buangan kendaraan bermotor adalah benzo(a)pyrene. IARC mengklasifikasikan benzo(a)pyrene ke dalam golongan 1 yang artinya agent yang bersifat karsinogenik pada manusia.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui asupan benzo(a)pyrene, risiko efek karsinogenik dan manajemen risiko melalui pola aktivitas dan karakteristik antropometri. Disain penelitian yang digunakan adalah Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan dengan metode Sampling Incidental. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara pengukuran benzo(a)pyrene di 5 titik, serta wawancara dengan kuesioner untuk mengetahui karakteristik dan pola aktivitas.Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pada kelompok pembanding akan ada 36 kasus kanker dari 100 orang populasi, sedangkan pada kelompok sopir akan ada 7 kasus kanker dari 100 populasi dan pada seluruh kelompok akan ada 22 kasus kanker dari 100 populasi. Konsentrasi benzo(a)pyrene pada udara ambien sebesar 126,031 mg/m3, dan konsentrasi pada pembanding (indoor) 630,583 mg/m3. Manajemen risiko bagi seluruh kelompok adalah konsentrasi benzo(a)pyrene aman sebesar 1,75 mg/m3dengan waktu 4 menit dalam 2 hari selama setengah bulan. Pada kelompok sopir, konsentrasi aman sebesar 1,98 mg/m3dengan waktu 12 menit dalam 5 hari selama 2 bulan. Pada kelompok pembanding konsentrasi aman sebesar 1,46 mg/m3dengan waktu 2 menit dalam sehari selama 11 hari.

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ABSTRACTCentral Bureau of Statistics (2012) showed that Indonesia increased experienced number of motor vehicles, in 2010 totaled 76.907.127 be a number 94.373.324 in 2012. This provides a negative effect on health, one of them is lung cancer. IARC recognizes the source of air pollution from traffic and industry, the main cause of lung cancer. One of the pollutants contained in the exhaust fumes of motor vehicles is benzo (a) pyrene. IARC classified benzo (a) pyrene in Group 1, which means that the agent is carcinogenic to humans.This study aims to determine the intake of benzo (a) pyrene, carcinogenic risk and risk management through activity patterns and anthropometric characteristics. The design of the study is Environmental Health Risk Analysis with incidental sampling method. The data collection was done by the measurement of benzo (a) pyrene in 5 points, as well as interviews with a questionnaire to determine the characteristics and activity patterns.The analysis showed that in the comparison group there were 36 cases of cancer will be from a population of 100 people, while in the group there will be 7 driver of cancer cases and 100 population, in all groups there will be 22 cases of cancer of the 100 population. The concentration of benzo (a) pyrene in ambient air of 126,031 mg/m3, and concentrations in comparison (indoor) 630,583 mg/m3. Risk management for the entire group is the safe concentration of benzo (a) pyrene was 1,75 mg/m3 with 4 minutes in 2 days for half a month. In the group of drivers, safe concentration of 1,98 mg/m3 with a time of 12 minutes within 5 days for 2 months. In the comparison group safely at 1,46 mg/m3 concentration with time of 2 minutes a day for 11 days."

"Mahkota Dewa as a traditional plant has been commonly used as traditional cancer medication. However, themechanism of usage is not yet clear. The objective of this study was to know the mechanism of the protection effect ofMahkota Dewa on Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) induced cytotoxicity in CCRF-CEM cell line. The result showed BaP inducedcell death with in CCRF-CEM cell line was dose-dependent but not based on time-course. Exposure of this cell for 24 hwith variation of dose between 5-20 μM increased the percentage of apoptosis to about 15%. On the other hand,Mahkota Dewa itself has dose-dependently induced cytotoxicity and has no effect in the inhibition of BaP exposure.Phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in both BaP and Mahkota Dewa induced cytotoxicity has been seen but the involvementof oxidative stress is unclear. However, in other cancer cell line SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, the inhibitionefffect of Mahkota Dewa in BaP exposure has been seen and no cytotoxicity effect appeared in this cell line. Inconclusion, Mahkota Dewa has induced apoptosis in CCRF-CEM cancer cell line but not in SH-SY5Y cell line, so ithas a potential anticancer effect; Mahkota Dewa, however, requires more researches on DNA level using other type ofcancer to observe the mechanism.Efek Penghambatan Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) pada Sitotoksisitas CCRF-CEM Cell Lines yangTerpajan oleh Benzo(a)pyrene. Mahkota Dewa adalah tumbuhan tradisional yang umumnya digunakan sebagai obatkanker tradisional. Namun belum terdapat kejelasan mengenai mekanisme penggunaannya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalahuntuk mengetahui mekanisme efek proteksi Mahkota Dewa pada sitotoksisitas CCRF-CEM cell line yang terpajan olehBenzo(a)pyrene. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kematian sel dalam CCRF-CEM cell line yang diinduksi oleh BaPterjadi secara dependen terhadap dosis, tetapi bukan didasari oleh jangka waktunya. Paparan sel ini dibiarkan selama 24jam dengan dosis bervariasi antara 5-20 μM dan mengakibatkan peningkatan persentase apoptosis sampai sekitar 15%.Di lain pihak, Mahkota Dewa itu sendiri telah menginduksi sitotoksisitas secara dependen terhadap dosis, dan tidakditemukan efek terhadap penghambatan paparan BaP. Fosforilasi p38 MAPK baik dalam BaP dan sitotoksisitas yangterpajan oleh Mahkota Dewa telah terlihat. Akan tetapi keterlibatan stress oksidatif tidak jelas terlihat. Meskipundemikian, dalam cell line kanker lainnya seperti SH-SY5Y sel neuroblastoma manusia, efek penghambatan MahkotaDewa dalam paparan BaP telah terlihat dan tidak terdapat adanya efek sitotoksisitas yang muncul di cell line ini.Sebagai kesimpulan, Mahkota Dewa telah menginduksi apoptosis pada cell line kanker CCRF-CEM. Namun apoptosistidak diinduksi pada SH-SY5Y cell line sehingga tumbuhan ini berpotensi memiliki efek antikanker. Meskipundemikian, perlu lebih banyak penelitian mengenai Mahkota Dewa pada level DNA dengan menggunakan jenis kankerlainnya agar mekanismenya dapat diobservasi."