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Abstrak :
Pendahuluan Prevalensi obesitas meningkat terutama pada dewasa muda, yang berisiko pada penyakit kardiometabolik. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah karena generasi muda sering mengalami kesulitan dalam memenuhi keseimbangan makronutrien. Perubahan tubuh saat obesitas dapat diamati melalui rasio leptin/adiponektin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan makronutrien dengan rasio leptin/adiponektin pada populasi dewasa muda Indonesia. Metode Penelitian potong lintang ini merekrut mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia berusia 16-25 tahun pada tahun 2018 dan 2019. Pengukuran yang dilakukan meliputi indeks antropometri, komposisi tubuh melalui bio-impedance analyzer, kadar leptin dan adiponektin, serta 3-days food record untuk mengetahui asupan harian (karbohidrat, protein, lemak, serat). Hubungan tersebut diuji dengan uji korelasi, dilanjutkan regresi linier multipe untuk penyesuaian variabel perancu. Hasil Dari 405 subjek, didapatkan korelasi negatif yang signifikan (p <0,05) antara asupan karbohidrat (r = -0,229) protein (r = -0,129); dan lemak (r = -0,130) dengan rasio leptin/adiponektin, sedangkan tidak dengan asupan serat (p = 0,955). Setelah dilakukan analisis multivariat untuk menyesuaikan variabel perancu, asupan makronutrien tidak lagi menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan. Jenis kelamin perempuan (β = 0,323); lingkar pinggang (β = 0,213); perkotaan (β = 0,150); dan persentase lemak tubuh (β = 0,389) menjadi faktor independen yang berhubungan secara signifikan. Kesimpulan Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada kemungkinan peran unik dari jenis makronutrien tertentu dalam memperbaiki leptin dan adiponektin, serta mekanisme adaptif adipokin pada populasi dewasa muda. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengkonfirmasi hubungan sebab akibat tersebut. ......Introduction Obesity prevalence increased mostly in young adults, put risk in early onset of cardiometabolic disease. One possible cause is young generation often experiences difficulties in meeting macronutrient balance. Adiposity progression can be reflected by increased leptin/adiponectin ratio. This study aims to investigate the association between macronutrient intake to leptin/adiponectin ratio in Indonesian young adults. Method This cross-sectional study recruited Universitas Indonesia student aged 16-25 years old in 2018 and 2019. Measurement included anthropometric indices, body composition using bio-impedance analyzer, serum leptin and adiponectin level, as well as 3-days food record to obtain daily intake data (carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber). The association was tested using correlation test, continued to multiple linear regression for adjustment. Results From 405 subjects, significant (p <0,05) inverse correlation observed between carbohydrate (r = -0,229); protein (r = -0,129); and fat (r = -0,130) intake to leptin/adiponectin ratio, while not with fiber intake (p = 0,955). After adjustment for confounding variables, macronutrient intake no longer showed significant association. Female (β = 0,323); waist circumference (β = 0,213); urban (β = 0,150); and fat body percentage (β = 0,389) became significant independent factor. Conclusion This study suggests that certain macronutrients may lower leptin/adiponectin ratio. Besides that, the decreased ratio could indicate adaptive mechanism in healthy young adults that might raise the risk of weight gain in the future. Body fat and its distribution - –represented by confounding variables– have major role to mediate effect between two. Further studies in regards of young adults are required to confirm this finding.

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Latar belakang : Sebanyak 70% dari anemia pada anak merupakan anemia mikrositik hipokrom, dan yang terbanyak adalah anemia defisiensi besi (ADB). Anemia defisiensi besi pada anak sekolah berkaitan dengan penurunan prestasi belajar. Anak dengan masalah nutrisi berisiko mengalami defisiensi besi. Asupan zat besi, pemacu dan penghambat absorpsi besi memengaruhi kadar besi. Sekolah dasar (SD) Pegangsaan 01 Jakarta Pusat merupakan sekolah negeri dengan mayoritas siswa berasal dari sosial ekonomi rendah. Tujuan : Mengetahui status besi pada anak usia 6-12 tahun serta hubungannya dengan status gizi dan asupan diet. Metode : Studi potong lintang dilakukan di SD Negeri Pegangsaan 01, Jakarta Pusat antara bulan Maret-April 2016. Asupan pemacu absorpsi zat besi (vitamin C) dan penghambat (fitat, teh, kopi, susu) dinilai dengan food record selama tiga hari, diolah dengan NutriSurvey®. Darah tepi lengkap, feritin, besi serum, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), saturasi transferin, dan high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) diperiksakan di laboratorium. Hasil : Terdapat 115 subyek berpartisipasi dalam penelitian. Prevalens deplesi besi sebesar 4,3%, defisiensi besi tanpa anemia sebesar 14,8%, ADB sebesar 1,7%. Tidak terbukti ada hubungan antara status gizi kurang dengan status besi [p=0,094; OR=2,29(0,86-6,10)], gizi lebih dan obesitas dengan status besi [p=0,050; OR=0,30(0,09-1,00)], asupan besi total dengan status besi (p=0,260), vitamin C dengan status besi (p=0,740), fitat dengan status besi (p=0,901), teh dengan status besi (p=0,931), kopi dengan status besi (p=0,624), dan susu dengan status besi (p=0,277). Simpulan : Prevalens deplesi besi, defisiensi besi tanpa anemia, dan ADB pada anak usia 6-12 tahun berturut-turut adalah 4,3%, 14,8%, dan 1,7%. Tidak terbukti ada hubungan antara status gizi, asupan zat besi, vitamin C, fitat, teh, kopi, dan susu dengan status besi pada anak usia 6-12 tahun.

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ABSTRACT
Background : Prevalence of anemia in Indonesian school-age children is high. Approximately 70% cases are microcytic hypochromic anemia which iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are the most frequent. Iron deficiency anemia associated with decreased learning achievement. Children with nutritional problems at risk for iron deficiency. Intake of enhancer and inhibitor of iron absorption affects iron body level. Pegangsaan 01 Public School is primary school in Central Jakarta, which most of the students come from low socioeconomic family. Objective: To measure iron status in children aged 6-12 years and its relationship with nutritional status and dietary intake. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pegangsaan 01 Primary School, Central Jakarta, on March-April 2016. Dietary iron enhancer (vitamin C) and inhibitor (phytate, tea, coffee, milk) were obtained using a 3-days food record and analyzed with NutriSurvey®. Complete blood count, ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation and high sensitivity C-reactive protein were examined. Results: A total of 115 children were studied. Prevalence of iron depletion, iron deficiency without anemia, and iron deficiency anemia were 4,3%, 14,8%, and 1,7% respectively. No evidence of relationship between undernourished and iron status (p=0,094), overweight-obesity and iron status (p=0,050), iron intake and iron status (p=0,260), vitamin C and iron status (p=0,740), phytate and iron status (p=0,901), tea and iron status (p=0,931), coffee and iron status (p=0,624), milk and iron status (p=0,277). Conclusion: Prevalence of iron depletion, iron deficiency without anemia and iron deficiency anemia in children aged 6-12 years were 4,3%, 14,8%, and 1,7% respectively. No evidence of relationship between nutritional status, dietary intake and iron status

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Latar belakang: Anemia defisiensi besi ADB pada usia 9-12 bulan dapat berdampak pada kualitas hidup anak di masa depan. Asupan zat besi, pemacu dan penghambat absorpsi besi memengaruhi kadar besi tubuh. Penelitian mengenai status zat besi dan hubungannya dengan zat pemacu dan penghambat absoprsi dalam asupan diet pada bayi usia 9 ndash;12 bulan yang disertakan dengan analisis asupan diet belum banyak dilakukan di Indonesia. Tujuan: Mengetahui prevalens gangguan status besi dan mengetahui hubungan status gizi dan kecukupan asupan besi harian terhadap kejadian defisiensi besi pada bayi usia 9-12 bulan. Metode: Studi potong lintang pada Juli 2017-Januari 2018 di Posyandu kecamatan Tanah Abang dan Jatinegara. Asupan zat besi, pemacu absorpsi besi dan penghambat absorpsi besi dinilai dengan metode food record dan diolah dengan program NutriSurvey . Subyek menjalani pengukuran antropometri dan pengambilan sampel darah darah perifer lengkap, LED, dan feritin serum . Data diolah dengan uji Pearson Chi Square dan kejadian gangguan status besi ditampilkan dalam prevalens. Hasil: Terdapat 82 subyek usia 9-12 bulan berpartisipasi dalam penelitian. Prevalens defisiensi besi sebesar 12,2 , dan ADB sebesar 26,8 . Tidak terbukti ada hubungan antara kecukupan asupan besi harian dengan gangguan status besi [p=0,064; PR=2,1 0,193-1,178 ] dan status gizi kurang dengan gangguan status besi [p=0,444; PR=0,729 0,307-1,731 ]. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara asupan harian besi total p=0,002 , besi heme 0,017 , kalsium p=0,006 , dan seng p=0,042 antara kelompok defisiensi besi dan non-defisiensi besi.Simpulan: Prevalens defisiensi besi dan ADB pada bayi usia 9-12 bulan berturut-turut adalah 12,2 dan 26,8 . Tidak terbukti ada hubungan antara status gizi dan kecukupan asupan besi harian dengan gangguan status besi, namun terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara asupan harian besi total, besi heme, kalsium, dan seng antara kelompok defisiensi dan non-defisiensi besi pada populasi bayi usia 9-12 bulan.

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ABSTRACT
Background Iron deficiency anemia IDA in 9 12 month old babies could affect their quality of life. Intake of iron containing food, enhancer and inhibitor of iron absorption affects iron body level. Study about iron profile and its correlation with enhancers and inhibitors of iron absorption in baby rsquo s daily dietary intake whose analyzed by food record method is still infrequent in Indonesia. Aim To measure the prevalence of iron deficiency and IDA and to know the correlation of nutritional status and adequacy of daily iron intake with iron deficiency status in 9 12 month old babies. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted on July 2017 January 2018 in Posyandu in Tanah Abang and Jatinegara district. Dietary iron intake, enhancer and inhibitor were obtained using a 3 day food record method and analyzed with NutriSurvey program. Subjects underwent anthropometry measurement. Complete blood count, ESR, and ferritin serum were also examined. Results A total of 82 babies aged 9 12 months were studied. Prevalence of iron deficiency and IDA were 12,2 and 26,8 . There were no evidence of relationship between adequacy of daily iron intake p 0,064 and undernourished condition p 0,444 with iron deficiency status. There were statistically significant differences in total iron p 0,002 , heme iron p 0,017 , calcium p 0,006 , and zinc p 0,042 daily intakes between iron deficiency group and non iron deficiency group.Conclusion The prevalence of iron deficiency and IDA were 12,2 and 26,8 . There were no evidence of relationship between adequacy of daily iron intake nor undernourished condition with iron deficiency status. There were statistically significant differences in total iron, heme iron, calcium, and zinc daily intakes between iron deficiency group and non iron deficiency group in 9 12 month old babies.