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Abstrak :
Polimorfisme gen VDR -1056 T/C berperan dalam metabolisme tulang dan mempengaruhi fungsi imun yang memicu terjadinya resorpsi tulang pada periodontitis. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui perbedaan pola distribusi polimorfisme gen VDR -1056 T/C pada penyakit periodontitis dengan kelompok kontrol. Metode: Polimorfisme gen -1056 VDR dianalisis menggunakan metode PCR-RFLP dengan enzim restriksi Taq I. Hasil: Terdapat polimorfisme gen VDR -1056 T/C pada kasus dengan frekuensi genotip TC 44.5 dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol 55.6 . Sedangkan untuk frekuensi alel C pada kasus 44.4, dan kelompok kontrol 55.6. Kesimpulan: Distribusi polimorfisme gen VDR -1056 T/C pada penyakit periodontitis sebesar 44.5 genotip TC, 50.5 genotip TT, dan 0 genotip CC. Namun tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara distribusi polimorfisme gen VDR -1056 T/C pada penyakit periodontitis dan kelompok kontrol p=1,0. ...... VDR 1056 T C gene polymorphism is involved in bone metabolism and affect the immune function that leads to bone resorption in periodontitis. Objective: To know the difference of distribution pattern of the gene VDR 1056 T C polymorphism in periodontitis disease with control group. Methods: The VDR 1056 T C gene polymorphism was analyzed by the PCR RFLP method with Taq I restriction enzyme digestion. Results: There are VDR 1056 T C gene polymorphism in the case with TC genotype frequency 44.55 compared with the control group 55.6 . As for the frequency of C alleles in the case 44.4 , and control group 55.6. Conclusion: The distribution of VDR 1056 T C gene polymorphism in periodontitis disease was 44.5 TC genotype, 50.5 TT genotype, and 0 CC genotype. But there was no significant difference between the distribution of VDR T C gene polymorphism in periodontitis and control group p 1.0.

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ABSTRAK
Bentuk oval pada sepertiga apikal saluran akar gigi premolar dua dan molar satu rahang atas serta molar satu rahang bawah seringkali tidak dapat terpreparasi dan dapat menyebabkan kegagalan. Tujuan: Mengetahui prevalensi variasi penampang melintang sepertiga apikal saluran akar gigi premolar dua dan molar satu rahang atas serta molar satu rahang bawah. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan 80 sampel gigi, di-scan menggunakan micro-CT Bruker SkyScan 1173. Masing-masing sepertiga apikal saluran akar dipotong dengan perangkat lunak DataViewer. Rasio diameter maksimum dan minimum dihitung dengan perangkat lunak Fiji ImageJ dan dikategorikan: bulat, oval, long oval, flat. Hasil: Prevalensi penampang melintang saluran akar premolar dua rahang atas, oval 66,7 , long oval 24,6 , flat 7 , bulat 1,7 . Molar satu rahang atas akar mesiobukal, oval 68,2 , long oval 22,7 , flat 9,1 ; distobukal, oval 94,1 , long oval 5,9 ; palatal oval 100 . Molar satu rahang bawah akar mesiobukal, long oval 47,4 , oval 36,8 , dan flat 15,8 ; mesiolingual oval 100 ; dan distal, oval 68,4 , long oval 21,1 , flat 10,5 . Kesimpulan: Penampang melintang oval pada sepertiga apikal saluran akar gigi premolar dua dan molar satu rahang atas serta molar satu rahang bawah ditemukan paling banyak, kecuali pada akar mesiobukal gigi molar satu rahang bawah ditemukan long oval 47,4 .

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ABSTRACT
Oval shaped in apical one third maxillary second premolars, maxillary first molars, and mandibular first molars often can rsquo t be cleaned and shaped, and could cause failure in the process. Objective To know the prevalence variation of apical one third cross section in root canals of maxillary second premolars, maxillary first molars, and mandibular first molars. Methods This research used 80 tooth samples, were scanned using micro CT Bruker SkyScan 1173. Each of apical one third root canal were sectioned using DataViewer software. Maximum and minimum diameter ratio was calculated using the Fiji ImageJ software and categorized round, oval, long oval, and flat. Results Prevalence of apical one third root canal cross section shape in maxillary second premolar, oval 66,7 , long oval 24,6 , flat 7 , round 1,7 . Maxillary first molar mesiobuccal root, oval 68,2 , long oval 22,7 , flat 9,1 distobuccal, oval 94,1 , long oval 5,9 and palatal oval 100 . Mandibular first molar mesiobuccal root, long oval 47,4 , oval 36,8 , flat 15,8 mesiolingual oval 100 and distal, oval 68,4 , long oval 21,1 , flat 10,5 . Conclusion Oval shape in cross section of apical one third in root canals of maxillary second premolars, maxillary first molars, and mandibular first molars were most found, except in mesiobuccal root in mandibular first molar was found long oval 47,4 .

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kemampuan sealing dua macam sealer, dengan liquid eugenol dan sealer tanpa eugenol sebagai perekat gutta-percha pada penutupan saluran akar. Enam puluh delapan saluran akar lures dari gigi-gigi yang baru dicabut, dipreparasi secara konvensional sampai 1 mm dari apeks dengan file no. 60. Foramen apikal ditembus dengan file no.25 untuk mendapatkan keseragaman diameter. Tiga puluh akar gigi diisi gutta-percha dengan sealer AH-26 (tanpa eugenol), dan 30 lainnya dengan gutta-percha dengan sealer proco-sol (mengandung eugenol). Empat saluran akar diisi dengan gutta-percha saja sebagai kontrol positif, 4 saluran akar lain dibiarkan kosong dengan apeks yang ditutup sticky wax sebagai kontrol negatif. Kebocoran pengisian saluran akar diukur dengan dye penetration tinta Petikan hitam, dengan interval waktu rendaman 1 dan 15 hari setelah pengerasan sealer 48 jam. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan Stereo mikroskop untuk melihat kebocoran vertikal dan horisontal. Hasil penelitian dengan tes Anova menunjukkan kemampuan sealing Proco-Sol lebih rapat secara bermakna. Waktu rendaman 1 dan 15 hari ternyata tidak mempengaruhi besar kemampuan sealing. Kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik pada penelitian ini ialah bahwa Proco-Sol memberikan kwalitas penutupan lebih rapat dibanding sealer AH-26.

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Latar Belakang: siler polidimetilsiloksan merupakan siler baru yang berpotensi menutup saluran akar lebih baik. Tujuan: membandingkan tingkat kerapatan pengisian di sepertiga apeks antara teknik kon tunggal (KT) dan downpackbackfill (DB) menggunakan siler polidimetilsiloksan. Metode: empat puluh gigi premolar bawah dibagi menjadi dua kelompok KT dan DB. Setelah pengisian saluran akar, sampel diinkubasi, dilapisi cat kuku, direndam dalam tinta India, lalu dibuat transparan dengan metode Robertson. Kebocoran di sepertiga apeks dievaluasi dengan mikroskop stereo. Hasil: skor kebocoran terendah (0-0,5 mm) dimiliki oleh kelompok KT dan skor kebocoran tertinggi (>1 mm) dimiliki oleh kelompok DB. Kesimpulan: teknik kon tunggal memberikan tingkat kerapatan yang lebih baik dibandingkan downpack-backfill, walaupun secara statistik perbedaan antar keduanya tidak signifikan. ABSTRACT
Background: polydimethylsiloxane sealer is a brand new sealer that potentially has a better sealing ability to the root canal. Aim: to compare the apical sealing ability in one third apex between single cone (SC) and downpack-backfill (DB) technique using polydimethylsiloxane sealer. Methods: fourty extracted human manibular premolars devided into two group, SC and DB. After obturated with polydimethylsiloxane sealer, samples were stored in incubator, coated with nail varnish, immersed in India ink, and then specimens were cleared using Robertson?s technique. The apical dye penetration was evaluated using a stereomicroscope. Result: the lowest leakage score (0-0,5 mm) was found in SC group and the highest score(>1 mm) in DB group. Summary: single cone technique exibited better sealing ability rather than downpack-backfill technique, although no statistical significant difference between this two techniques. ;Background: polydimethylsiloxane sealer is a brand new sealer that potentially has a better sealing ability to the root canal. Aim: to compare the apical sealing ability in one third apex between single cone (SC) and downpack-backfill (DB) technique using polydimethylsiloxane sealer. Methods: fourty extracted human manibular premolars devided into two group, SC and DB. After obturated with polydimethylsiloxane sealer, samples were stored in incubator, coated with nail varnish, immersed in India ink, and then specimens were cleared using Robertson?s technique. The apical dye penetration was evaluated using a stereomicroscope. Result: the lowest leakage score (0-0,5 mm) was found in SC group and the highest score(>1 mm) in DB group. Summary: single cone technique exibited better sealing ability rather than downpack-backfill technique, although no statistical significant difference between this two techniques. ;Background: polydimethylsiloxane sealer is a brand new sealer that potentially has a better sealing ability to the root canal. Aim: to compare the apical sealing ability in one third apex between single cone (SC) and downpack-backfill (DB) technique using polydimethylsiloxane sealer. Methods: fourty extracted human manibular premolars devided into two group, SC and DB. After obturated with polydimethylsiloxane sealer, samples were stored in incubator, coated with nail varnish, immersed in India ink, and then specimens were cleared using Robertson?s technique. The apical dye penetration was evaluated using a stereomicroscope. Result: the lowest leakage score (0-0,5 mm) was found in SC group and the highest score(>1 mm) in DB group. Summary: single cone technique exibited better sealing ability rather than downpack-backfill technique, although no statistical significant difference between this two techniques.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Kerapatan pengisian saluran akar merupakan hal yang penting bagi kesuksesan perawatan saluran akar. Pengambilan gutaperca dan preparasi pasak pada restorasi gigi pasca PSA dapat mengganggu kerapatan bahan pengisi yang tersisa. Siler saluran akar sebaiknya dapat mempertahankan kerapatan bahan pengisi setelah dilakukan pembuangan gutaperca dan preparasi pasak. Siler epoksi telah digunakan secara luas karena memiliki sifat adhesif dan kerapatan yang baik dengan dinding saluran akar. Baru-baru ini siler MTA juga telah dikembangkan dan dikatakan memiliki sifat adhesif dan kerapatan yang baik. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kerapatan sepertiga apeks pengisian saluran akar dengan siler epoksi dan siler MTA setelah dilakukan preparasi pasak. Metode: Preparasi saluran akar dilakukan pada empat puluh gigi manusia dengan saluran akar tunggal dan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok secara acak, yaitu kelompok siler epoksi (SE) dan siler MTA (SM). Preparasi saluran akar dilakukan dengan ProTaper rotary, dan irigasi NaOCl 2,5% dan EDTA cair 17%. Preparasi pasak dengan peeso reamer dilakukan 7 hari pasca pengisian dengan menyisakan bahan pengisi sepanjang 5 mm di bagian apeks. Kerapatan sisa bahan pengisi diukur dengan menghitung penetrasi tinta pada sampel yang telah ditransparansi. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan mikroskop stereo perbesaran 20 kali. Skor 1 untuk penetrasi tinta 0-0,5 mm, skor 2 untuk penetrasi tinta 0,51-1mm, dan skor 3 untuk penetrasi tinta >1 mm. Hasil: Data penetrasi tinta pada kelompok SE: skor 1 sebanyak 35%, skor 2 sebanyak 30%, dan skor 3 sebanyak 35%. Sedangkan pada kelompok SM skor 1 sebanyak 25%, skor 2 sebanyak 30%, dan skor 3 sebanyak 45%. Uji Chi-Square menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan kerapatan yang tidak bermakna antara kelompok SE dan SM. Kesimpulan: Pengisian sepertiga apeks pasca preparasi pasak pada kelompok siler epoksi lebih rapat dibandingkan kelompok siler MTA, namun keduanya tidak berbeda bermakna. ......Background: Root canal obturation sealing ability is an important part of endodontic success. Restoration of endodontically treated teeth may sometimes need post and core. Post preparation procedure requires partial removal of the root canal filling to prepare adequate space for the post and retention of the intra canal post. Root canal sealer should be able to maintain obturation seal. Epoxy sealer has been widely used because its adhesive properties and sealing ability. Recently MTA sealer has also been developed and according to the manufacturer, MTA sealer also has adhesive properties and good sealing ability. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the sealing ability of apical third of the root canal a with epoxy sealer and MTA sealer after post preparation. Methods: Root canal preparation was performed on forty human teeth with a crown down technique; irrigation with 2,5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA, and lubrication with RC-Prep were used. The canals were then filled with gutta-percha and root canal sealer utilizing a cold lateral condensation technique. MTA Fillapex or AH-Plus were used in the experimental groups. The teeth were cleared with Robertson technique and examined under a stereomicroscope. Post preparation was performed with peeso reamer 7 days after obturation. Residual seal was measured by counting dye leakage. Observations were made with a stereo microscope magnification of 20 times. Score 1 for ink penetration 0-0.5 mm, a score of 2 to 0.51 - 1mm dye leakage, and a score of 3 for dye leakage > 1 mm. Results: Dye leakage on the SE group: score1 : 35 %, score 2: 30 %, and score 3: 35 %. While the SM group: score 1: 25 %, score 2: 30 %, and score 3: 45 %. Chi-Square test showed no significant differences in density between the SE and SM group. Conclusion: Dye leakage demonstrated that SE group show less leakage than SM group. Chi-Square test show there is no significant difference between both group.

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Latar Belakang: Penggunaan gutaperca yang dipanaskan menghasilkan adaptasi yang baik dan material obturasi yang homogen. Teknik kompaksi lateral panas menggabungkan kon gutaperca utama dan aksesoris menjadi satu massa homogen yang solid. Teknik carrier-based gutta-percha memiliki seal dan adaptasi yang baik. Teknik downpack-backfill mengkombinasikan teknik kompaksi vertikal dan injeksi termoplastis. Tujuan: Membandingkan adaptasi tepi sepertiga apikal apeks antara teknik kompaksi lateral panas, carrier-based gutta-percha, dan downpack-backfill. Metode: Preparasi saluran akar pada 90 gigi saluran akar tunggal dan dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu kompaksi lateral panas (KLP), carrier-based gutta-percha (T), dan downpack-backfill (DB). Adaptasi tepi sepertiga apikal apeks ditentukan dengan melihat penetrasi pewarna di antara material obturasi dan dinding dentin pada sampel yang dipotong melintang. Hasil: Adaptasi tepi sepertiga apikal apeks DB paling baik, diikuti T dan KLP (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Adaptasi tepi sepertiga apikal apeks teknik downpack-backfill paling baik, namun tidak berbeda bermakna.

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ABSTRACT
Background: The use of heated gutta-percha can provide good adaptation and homogeneity of obturation material. Warm lateral compaction technique combines primary and accessory gutta-percha cones into one solid homogeneous mass. Carrier-based gutta-percha technique has a good adaptation and sealing ability. Downpack-backfill technique combines warm vertical compaction and thermoplastic injection techniques. Aim: Compare the apical third marginal adaptation of warm lateral compaction, carrier-based gutta-percha, and downpack-backfill techniques. Methods: Ninety single rooted teeth were prepared and assigned to three groups: warm lateral compaction (KLP), carrier-based gutta-percha (T), and downpack-backfill (DB). Apical third marginal adaptation was evaluated by observing the dye penetration between the obturation material and the root canal walls on cross sectioned samples. Results: DB showed the best apical third marginal adaptation, followed by T and KLP (p>0,05). Conclusion: Downpack-backfill technique has the best apical third marginal adaptation, but no significant difference was observed between the three techniques.