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"Litsea glutinosa merupakan tanaman bermarga lauraceae yang tumbuh di Indonesia, dan diketahui telah digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional sejak 600 tahun sebelum masehi. Tanaman ini dilaporkan memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder yang tinggi yaitu alkaloid dan flavonoid, namun belum ada penelitian mengenai kadar flavonoid total, aktivitas antitirosinase, dan ekstraksi menggunkan perbandingan metode ekstraksi modern. Simplisia kulit batang L. glutinosa diekstraksi dengan menggunakan metode Ultrasound-assisted Extraction (UAE), dan Microwave-assisted Extraction (MAE). Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total dilakukan menggunakan metode kolorimetri AlCl3 dengan standar pembanding yaitu kuersetin. Uji aktivitas antitirosinase dilakukan dengan menggunakan L-DOPA (3,4-Dihidroksi-L-fenilalanin) sebagai substrat dan asam kojat sebagai kontrol positif. Total Kadar Flavonoid yang diperoleh dari ekstrak etanol kulit batang L.glutinosa dengan metode ekstraksi UAE dan MAE berturut-turut ialah sebesar sebesar 3,57 ± 0,0269 dan 3,06 ± 0,0269 mg EK/g ekstrak. Pada uji antitirosinase, ekstrak etanol kulit batang L. glutinosa dengan metode MAE memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 1.707, 2 µg/mL dimana asam kojat sebagai kontrol positif memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 5,75 µg/mL.

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Litsea glutinosa is a plant surnamed Lauraceae that grows in Indonesia, and is known to have been used in traditional medicine since 600 BC. This plant is reported to have a high content of secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids and flavonoids, but there has been no research on total flavonoid content, antityrosinase activity, and extraction using comparisons of modern extraction methods. The stem bark simplicia of L. glutinosa was extracted using Ultrasound-assisted Extraction (UAE) and Microwave-assisted Extraction (MAE) methods. Determination of total flavonoid content was carried out using the AlCl3 colorimetric method with a standard of comparison, namely quercetin. Antityrosinase activity test was carried out using L-DOPA (3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine) as a substrate and kojic acid as a positive control. The total flavonoid content obtained from the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of L.glutinosa by the UAE and MAE extraction methods was 3.57 ± 0.0269 and 3.06 ± 0.0269 mg EK/g extract, respectively. In the antityrosinase test, the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of L. glutinosa using the MAE method had an IC50 value of 1,707, 2 µg/mL where as kojic acid as a positive control had an IC50 value of 5.75 µg/mL.

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"Jeruk limau merupakan bahan alam dengan beragam manfaat, namun penelitian mengenai pemanfaatannya masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji potensi minyak atsiri kulit jeruk limau dalam aktivitas antitirosinase, antielastase, dan antibakteri penyebab jerawat. Metode ekstraksi minyak atsiri menggunakan metode Microwave-Assisted Hydro-Distillation (MAHD), sedangkan analisis senyawa kimia dilakukan dengan GC-MS. Pada uji antitirosinase, asam kojat memiliki IC50 sebesar 4,96 µg/mL, sedangkan minyak atsiri kulit jeruk limau memiliki IC50 sebesar 251,36 µg/mL. Pada uji antielastase, kuersetin sebagai pembanding memiliki nilai IC50 24,1 µg/mL, sementara minyak atsiri kulit jeruk limau memiliki IC50 sebesar 46,56 µg/mL. Uji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri P. acnes menunjukkan zona hambat sebesar 13,04-16,05 mm, sedangkan pada S. aureus menunjukkan zona hambat 15,06-22,16 mm yang berpotensi kuat dalam menghambat bakteri penyebab jerawat. Hasil analisis GC-MS menunjukkan keberadaan senyawa aktif seperti sitronelol, d-limonena, sitronelal, β-pinena, dan α-terpeniol dalam minyak atsiri. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut memiliki potensi aktivitas biologis terkait penghambatan tirosinase, elastase, dan bakteri penyebab jerawat. Penemuan ini dapat memberikan kontribusi pada pengembangan produk perawatan kulit yang berbasis bahan alam.

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Lime is a natural ingredient with various benefits, but research on its utilization is still limited. This study aims to examine the potential of lime peel essential oil in anti-tyrosinase, anti-elastase, and antibacterial activities against acne-causing agents. The essential oil extraction method used Microwave-Assisted Hydro-Distillation (MAHD), and the chemical compound analysis was conducted using GC-MS. In the anti-tyrosinase test, kojic acid had an IC50 of 4.96 µg/mL, while lime peel essential oil demonstrated an IC50 of 251.36 µg/mL. In the anti-elastase test, quercetin as a comparator had an IC50 value of 24.1 µg/mL, where as lime peel essential oil showed an IC50 of 46.56 µg/mL. Antibacterial activity against P. acnes showed inhibition zones ranging from 13.04-16.05 mm, indicating strong potential, while S. aureus exhibited inhibition zones of 15.06-22.16 mm, suggesting strong potential in inhibiting acne-causing bacteria. GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of active compounds such as citronellol, d-limonene, citronellal, β-pinene, and α-terpineol in the essential oil. These compounds demonstrated potential biological activities related to the inhibition of tyrosinase, elastase, and acne-causing bacteria. These findings could contribute to the development of natural-based skincare products."

"Bunga telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) telah digunakan secara turun-temurun dan diketahui mengandung senyawa fenolik. Fenolik diketahui berpotensi dalam menghambat sintesis melanin melalui penghambatan enzim tirosinase dan sebagai antioksidan. Dengan demikian, bunga telang dapat dikembangkan sebagai agen pencerah kulit dan antipenuaan. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya pada ekstrak bunga telang asal Thailand, ekstrak etanol 95% konsentrasi 200 μg/mL memiliki persentase inhibisi enzim tirosinase 22,04±2,42% serta pada ekstrak air suling memiliki aktivitas antioksidan 0,38±0,01 mmol ekuivalen FeSO4/mg ekstrak. Namun, belum ada penelitian lebih lanjut terkait aktivitas antitirosinase dan antioksidan dengan metode FRAP pada ekstrak etanol 70% bunga telang dari Semarang, Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aktivitas antitirosinase dan antioksidan dengan metode FRAP pada ekstrak etanol 70% bunga telang asal Semarang, Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen dan kadar air ekstrak etanol 70% bunga telang berturut-turut sebesar 46,702% dan 5,303±0,072%. Berdasarkan skrining awal, ekstrak bunga telang positif mengandung senyawa fenolik, flavonoid, alkaloid, dan terpenoid. Lebih lanjut, kadar fenolik totalnya adalah 32,877±0,652 mgEAG/g ekstrak. Selain itu, aktivitas penghambatan enzim tirosinasenya memiliki IC50 73,675±0,753 μg/mL (aktivitas kuat), sedangkan pembanding asam kojat memiliki IC50 11,423±0,065 μg/mL (aktivitas sangat kuat). Sementara itu, hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan metode FRAP-nya adalah 11,752±0,091 g ekuivalen FeSO4/100g ekstrak, sedangkan pada pembanding asam askorbat adalah 303,553±2,217 g ekuivalen FeSO4/100g asam askorbat. Dengan demikian, ekstrak etanol 70% bunga telang dari Semarang memiliki aktivitas antitirosinase yang kuat, tetapi aktivitas antioksidan melalui mekanisme transfer elektron yang cenderung lemah.

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Butterfly pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea L.) has been used for generations and is known to contain phenolic compounds. Phenolics are known to have potential in inhibiting melanin synthesis through inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme and as antioxidants. Thus, butterfly pea flowers can be developed as skin lightening and anti-aging agent. Based on previous research on butterfly pea flowers extract from Thailand, 95% ethanolic extract at 200 μg/mL could inhibited tyrosinase enzyme 22.04±2.42% and distilled water extract had antioxidant activity 0.38±0.01 mmol FeSO4 equivalent/mg extract. However, there was no further research related to antityrosinase and antioxidant activity with FRAP method on 70% ethanolic butterfly pea flowers extract from Semarang, Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the antityrosinase and antioxidant FRAP method activities on 70% ethanolic butterfly pea flowers extract from Semarang, Indonesia. The results showed that the yield and moisture content were 46.702% and 5.303±0.072%, respectively. Based on preliminary screening, it was positive for phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Furthermore, the total phenolic content was 32.877±0.652 mgGAE/g extract. In addition, its antityrosinase activity had an IC50 73.675±0.753 μg/mL (strong activity), while kojic acid had an IC50 11.423±0.065 μg/mL (very strong activity). Meanwhile, the results of antioxidant activity test by FRAP method was 11.752±0.091 g FeSO4 equivalent/100g extract, while the ascorbic acid comparator was 303.553±2.217 g FeSO4 equivalent/100g ascorbic acid. Thus, 70% ethanolic butterfly pea flowers extract from Semarang had strong antityrosinase activity, but antioxidant activity through electron transfer mechanism was weak."

"Jeruk limau adalah salah satu sumber minyak atsiri yang dapat dijumpai secara mudah di Indonesia, tetapi belum banyak penelitian yang menguji manfaatnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji potensi minyak atsiri kulit jeruk limau dalam menghambat aktivitas enzim tirosinase dan elastase, serta melakukan karakterisasi menggunakan pengukuran massa jenis, indeks refraksi, putaran optik, dan analisis GC-MS. Metode ekstraksi minyak atsiri dilakukan menggunakan distilasi air, kemudian pengujian antitirosinase dan antielastase dilakukan dengan mengukur absorbansi minyak atsiri dalam menghambat enzim menggunakan microplate reader. Asam kojat sebagai pembanding uji antitirosinase memiliki IC50 sebesar 4,26 μg/mL, sedangkan minyak atsiri kulit jeruk limau memiliki IC50 sebesar 235,89 μg/mL. Pada pengujian antielastase, pembanding kuersetin menunjukkan IC50 6,12 µg/mL terhadap enzim elastase, sedangkan minyak atsiri kulit jeruk limau memiliki IC50 sebesar 40,66 μg/mL. Nilai massa jenis minyak atsiri kulit jeruk limau sebesar 0,8317 g/mL, indeks refraksi sebesar 1,467, dan perputaran optik sebesar [α] 25 = +35,10 (c=1, neat, λ=589 nm) yang memberikan informasi awal mengenai kebenaran minyak atsiri yang diteliti. Hasil analisis GC-MS menunjukkan adanya senyawa aktif dalam minyak atsiri, yaitu β-pinena, d-limonena, sitronelal, sitronelol, dan α-pinena. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menunjukkan kebenaran minyak atisiri kulit jeruk limau dan potensinya sebagai ihibitor tirosinase dan elastase.

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One such source of essential oil is Citrus amblycarpa, commonly known as kaffir lime, which is readily available in Indonesia, but there have been limited studies exploring its potential applications. This research aims to investigate the inhibitory potential of kaffir lime peel essential oil against tyrosinase and elastase enzymes, while also characterizing its physical and chemical properties through density, refractive index, optical rotation, and GC-MS analysis. The essential oil was extracted using water distillation, and its anti- tyrosinase and anti-elastase activities were evaluated by measuring its absorbance using a microplate reader. The positive control, kojic acid, exhibited an IC50 value of 4.26 μg/mL in the anti-tyrosinase assay, while the kaffir lime peel essential oil sample showed an IC50 value of 235.89 μg/mL. In the anti-elastase assay, the positive control, quercetin, displayed an IC50 value of 6.12 µg/mL, while the kaffir lime peel essential oil sample demonstrated an IC50 value of 40.66 μg/mL. The measured density of kaffir lime peel essential oil was 0.8317 g/mL, with a refractive index of 1.467 and an optical rotation of [α]D25 = +35.10 (c = 1, neat, λ = 589 nm). GC-MS analysis identified several active compounds in the essential oil, including β-pinene, d-limonene, citronellal, citronellol, and α-pinene."