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Abstrak :
Latar Belakang : Insidens Pneumonia HCAP semakin meningkat dengan angka mortalitas yang tinggi. Tatalaksana optimal dapat menurunkan angka mortalitas , salah satunya Time to First Antibiotic Delivery (TFAD). Pengaruh TFAD pada pasien pneumonia HCAP belum banyak diteliti. Tujuan : Mendapatkan informasi perbedaan kesintasan 30 hari pasien pneumonia HCAP dewasa terhadap TFAD. Metode : Penelitian kohort retrospektif berbasis analisis kesintasan pasien pneumonia HCAP RSCM periode Januari 2011-Desember 2014. Dilakukan ekstraksi data rekam medis jarak waktu pemberian dosis awal antibiotika di IGD, derajat keparahan pneumonia dan faktor perancu, kemudian dicari data mortalitas 30 hari. Derajat keparahan menggunakan Skor CURB-65. TFAD dikelompokkan menjadi TFAD ≤4 jam dan > 4 jam. Perbedaan kesintasan ditampilkan dalam kurva Kaplan Meier. Perbedaan kesintasan diuji dengan Log-rank test, batas kemaknaan <0,05. Analisis multivariat dengan Cox?s proportional hazard regression untuk menghitung adjusted hazard ratio (dan interval kepercayaan 95%-nya) dengan koreksi terhadap variabel perancu. Hasil : Dari 170 subjek, dalam 30 hari sebanyak 51 subjek (40,5%) meninggal pada kelompok TFAD> 4jam dan 4 subjek (9,1%) meninggal pada kelompok TFAD ≤4jam. Median kesintasan seluruh subjek adalah 25 hari (IK95% 24-27), kelompok TFAD ≤4jam 29 hari (IK95% 27-31) dan kelompok TFAD > 4 jam 24 hari (IK95% 22-26) dengan log rank p 0,01. Kesintasan 30 hari kelompok TFAD ≤4jam sebesar 90,9% sedangkan kelompok TFAD > 4 jam 59,5%. Crude HR pada kelompok TFAD > 4 jam 5,293 (IK95% 1,912-14,652). Setelah dilakukan adjustment terhadap variabel perancu didapatkan fully adjusted HR pada kelompok TFAD> 4 jam sebesar 7,137 (IK95% 2,504-30,337). Simpulan : Terdapat perbedaan kesintasan 30-hari pasien HCAP dewasa pada kelompok TFAD > 4 jam , semakin lama jarak waktu pemberian antibiotik awal, semakin buruk kesintasan 30-harinya. ...... Background : The incidence of pneumonia HCAP is increasing with a high mortality rate. Optimal management can reduce mortality, one of which Time to First Antibiotic Delivery (TFAD). TFAD influence on pneumonia patients with HCAP has not been widely studied. Objective : Obtain information about the differences in 30-day survival adult patients with pneumonia HCAP against TFAD. Methods : A retrospective cohort study based on analysis of the patient's survival against pneumonia HCAP period January 2011 to December 2014. Extraction of data from the medical records of the interval initial dose of antibiotics in the ED, the severity of pneumonia and confounding factor, then look for the data in 30-day mortality. Severity using CURB-65 score. TFAD divided into two groups, TFAD ≤4 hours and> 4 hours. Differences in survival is shown in Kaplan Meier. The difference in survival were tested by the log-rank test, with significance limit p<0.05. Multivariate analysis with Cox's proportional hazards regression to calculate adjusted hazard ratio (and its 95% CI) with correction for confounding variables. Results : Of the 170 subjects, within a period of 30 days by 51 subjects (40.5%) died in the group TFAD> 4 hours and 4 subjects (9.1%) died in the group TFAD ≤4 hours. Mean survival of the whole subject is 25 days (IK95% 24-27), the group TFAD ≤4jam 29 days (IK95% 27-31) and group TFAD> 4 hours 24 days (IK95% 22-26) with a log-rank p 0.01 , 30-day survival in the group TFAD ≤4jam by 90.9% while the TFAD> 4 hours 59.5%. Crude HR group TFAD> 4 hours of 5.293 (1.912 to 14.652 IK95%). After adjustment for confounding variables obtained fully adjusted HR group TFAD> 4 hours amounted to 7.137 (2.504 to 30.337 IK95%). Conclusions : There are differences in 30-day survival of adult patients with HCAP group TFAD> 4 hours; the longer the interval initial antibiotic treatment, the worse the 30-day survival.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang : Data World Health Organization (WHO) tahun 2019 menunjukkan infeksi saluran napas bawah menjadi penyebab kematian keempat di dunia dengan angka kematian 6.1%. Pneumonia merupakan salah satu infeksi saluran napas bawah yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme. Jenis pneumonia yang banyak di masyarakat adalah pneumonia komunitas. Tingginya angka kejadian penumonia komunitas yang disebabkan oleh bakteri menyebabkan meningkatnya kebutuhan antibiotik sebagai pengobatan. Pemberian antibiotik dapat berupa empirical antibiotic treatment (EAT) atau pathogen-directed treatment (PDT). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat keberhasilan pengobatan pasien pneumonia komunitas rawat inap dengan EAT atau PDT. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional menggunakan desain kohort retrospektif dengan pengambilan data rekam medis di RSUP Persahabatan. Subjek peneltian ini adalah pasien pneumonia komunitas rawat inap periode 1 Januari 2021 hingga 31 Desember 2022. Pemilihan sampel menggunakan metode total sampling. Hasil : Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 220 pasien EAT dan 62 pasien PDT. Mayoritas bakteri yang ditemukan pada biakan sputum adalah gram negatif (82%) dengan jenis terbanyak adalah Klebsiella pneumonia (29.3%), Acinetobacter baumanii (16.7%) dan Eschericia coli (15.3%). Antibiotik terbanyak pada EAT adalah levofloksasin (87.3%) dan pada PDT adalah meropenem (34%). Keberhasilan pengobatan pasien dengan EAT sebesar 74.5% yang dipengaruhi oleh skor PSI (OR 5.318 (IK 95% 2.046 - 13.820, p=<.001), lama perawatan (OR 1.949 (IK 95% 1.043 - 3.641, p=0.035) dan riwayat penggunaan ventilator (OR 29.364 (IK 95% 12.80 - 67.34, p= <.001). Keberhasilan pengobatan pasien dengan PDT sebesar 46.8% yang dipengaruhi oleh riwayat penggunaan ventilator (OR 9.615 (IK 95% 2.712-34.08, p=<.001) dan hasil biakan sputum Acinetobacter baumanii (OR 2.608 (IK 95% 1.089 - 6.246), p = 0.028). Kesimpulan : Keberhasilan pengobatan pasien dengan EAT sebesar 74.5% dipengaruhi oleh skor PSI, lama perawatan dan riwayat penggunaan ventilator. Keberhasilan pengobatan pasien dengan PDT sebesar 46.8% dipengaruhi oleh riwayat penggunaan ventilator dan biakan sputum Acinetobacter baumanii. ......Background: Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019 shows that lower respiratory tract infections are the fourth cause of death in the world with a mortality rate of 6.1%. Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection caused by microorganisms. The type of pneumonia that is common is community-acquired pneumonia. The high incidence of community-acquired pneumonia caused by bacteria causes an increased need for antibiotics as treatment. Antibiotics can be given as empirical antibiotic treatment (EAT) or pathogen-directed treatment (PDT). This study aims to see the success rate of inpatient community-acquired pneumonia with EAT or PDT. Methods : This study was an observational study using a retrospective cohort design by collecting medical record data at Persahabatan Hospital. The subjects of this study were inpatient community-acquired pneumonia patients for the period January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2022. The total sampling method was selected for the study. Results : The subjects in this study consisted of 220 EAT patients and 62 PDT patients. The majority of bacteria found were gram-negative (82%) with the most common types were Klebsiella pneumonia (29.3%), Acinetobacter baumannii (16.7%) and Escherichia coli (15.3%). The most antibiotics in EAT was levofloxacin (87.3%) and in PDT was meropenem (34%). The success rate of patients with EAT was 74.5%, which was affected by PSI score (OR 5.318 (IK 95% 2.046 - 13.820, p=<.001), length of stay (OR 1.949 (IK 95% 1.043 - 3.641, p=0.035) and history of ventilator use (OR 29.364 (IK 95% 12.80 - 67.34, p= <.001). The success rate of PDT was 46.8%, influenced by the history of ventilator use (OR 9.615 (IK 95% 2.712-34.08, p=<.001) and Acinetobacter baumanii in sputum culture (OR 2.608 (IK 95% 1.089 - 6.246), p = 0.028). Conclusions : The success rate of patients with EAT was 74.5%, influenced by PSI score, length of stay and history of ventilator use while those with PDT were 46.8%, influenced by the history of ventilator use and Acinetobacter baumanii in sputum culture.

Abstrak :
Patients with liver cirrhosis frequently have infection which can deteriorate further the already impaired liver function. The most common form of infection in this particular patients are spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, urinary tract infection, and respiratory infection. Causative organism mostly Gram negative micro organism and originate from the gastrointestinal tract. The weaken of immune defense mechanism and also the altered gastrointestinal tract motility can explained most of these infection. This paper will review the bacterial infection in liver cirrhosis with some guidance in the management.