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"Penelitian uji aktivitas antibakteri dari partikel nano ZnO pada konsentrasi 0,1%--1% terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910 telah dilakukan menggunakan beberapa metode uji. Metode uji yang dilakukan terdiri atas metode kualitatif, yaitu difusi agar menggunakan paper disc dan silinder serta metode kuantitatif, yaitu tube dilution dan agar dilution. Hasil uji menunjukkan zona hambat pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus mulai terbentuk pada konsentrasi 0,1% ZnO. Konsentrasi 0,1% ZnO juga merupakan konsentrasi minimum bakterisidal (KMB). Laju sintas bakteri menunjukkan bahwa pada jam ke-4 telah terjadi penurunan bakteri sebesar 89,15%. Analisis kandungan asam nukleat dari medium pertumbuhan pada jam ke-6 menunjukkan peningkatan (15,07%) yang menandakan adanya kerusakan sel akibat aktivitas antibakteri partikel nano ZnO yang diiringi dengan penurunan jumlah adenosine triphosphate (83,93%) yang diukur berdasarkan nilai relative light units (RLU).

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Antibacterial activity of 0,1%--1% ZnO nanoparticle against Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910 using several methods has been studied. The qualitative methods used were paper disc and cylinder diffusion, while the quantitative methods used were tube and agar dilution. The results showed that zone of inhibition started to appear at 0,1% ZnO concentration. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was also determined at the same concentration. The survival rate of bacterial cells showed a decrease of 89,15% after 4 hours of exposure. Analysis of nucleic acid compounds in growth medium indicated an increase by 15,07% after 6 hours of incubation, which was caused by cell leakage due to ZnO antibacterial activity. This result was also supported by decreasing amount of adenosine triphosphate (83,93%) which was measured by amount of relative light units."

"This study, represented by seaweeds growing on the Warambadi seashore of Sumba Island, has therefore the following primary purposes: to screen and to evaluate the antibacterial activities of selected red, green, and brown seaweeds; to isolate and to identify the compounds from active extracts from representative species of red, green, and brown seaweeds; and to evaluate the bio activities of the isolated compounds by antibacterial bioassays. Based on the above experimental problems, the following hypotheses are put forward : (a) seaweeds from Warambadi seashore of Sumba island contain secondary metabolites as bioactive substances; (b) extracts of those seaweeds have potentials against bacteria; (c) according to the classes of seaweeds, those seaweeds have diversity of secondary metabolites both in kinds and in molecular structures; (d) the single compounds of those secondary metabolites are bioactive substances as antibacterial; (e) there is a synergism among single compounds of those secondary metabolites as bioactive substances."

"Antibacterial potency of some seaweed against Escherichia coli has been known. The aim of this reserach is to know the species of seaweeds from Bayah beach Lebak Banten which may be used as antibacterial against Escherichia coli....."

"Daging buah Avokad mengandung senyawa fenol (flavonoid, tannin), dan alkaloid yang secara teoritis dikatakan memiliki efek antibakteri.Tujuan: Mengetahui efek antibakteri ekstrak daging buah Avokad terhadap Streptococcus mutans.Metode: Ekstrak daging buah Avokad diekstraksi dengan metode infundasi, kemudian dibuat menjadi 4 konsentrasi yaitu 80%, 90%, 95%, dan 100%. Ekstrak tersebut lalu diujicobakan kepada Streptococcus mutans yang diisolasi dari saliva 20 mahasiswa FKG UI. Efek antibakteri diuji dengan menggunakan metode difusi dan pengenceran, yang ditujukan untuk menentukan diameter zona hambatan, kadar hambat minimum (KHM) dan kadar bunuh minimum (KBM).Hasil: Nilai mean diameter zona hambatan yang dihasilkan ekstrak daging buah Avokad, yaitu: konsentrasi 80%: 1,368 mm; 90%: 1,391 mm; 95%: 1,171 mm; 100%: 1,800 mm. Ekstrak daging buah Avokad tidak memberikan nilai KHM dan KBM.Kesimpulan: Pada penelitian ini, efek antibakteri ekstrak daging buah Avokad belum terbukti efektif terhadap Streptococcus mutans.Saran: Dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut tentang efek antibakteri ekstrak daging buah Avokad menggunakan metode ekstraksi berbeda.

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Nowadays, traditional plants are becoming more often to be used as an

alternative choice for healing mouth diseases, including tootache. One of them is Persea americana, which is known as Avocado, that is used to heal tootache. Avocado fruit contains phenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, and tannin which are studied having an antibacterial effect.

Objective: To determine the antibacterial effect of Avocado fruit extract on Streptococcus mutans.

Method: The bacteria used in this experiment was identified from 20 dental students in University of Indonesia. The experiment used infundasion method to extract the fruit. The extract concentration tested were 80%, 90%, 95%, 100%. The test method of the antibacterial effect were diffusion and dillution method, which were used to determine the inhibition zone, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal oncentration (MBC).

Result: The inhibition zone of Avocado fruit extract were 80% concentration: 1,368 mm, 90%: 1,391 mm, 95%: 1,171 mm, 100%: 1,800 mm. Avocado fruit extract did not have MIC and MBC values.

Conclusion: On this research, Avocado fruit extract (infundasion method) had not been proven effective to give an antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans.

Suggestion: The next research will be about the antibacterial effect of Avocado fruit extract using a different extraction method."

"Di Indonesia, penyakit menular akibat infeksi virus dan bakteri masih mendominasi penyebab kematian bersama dengan non communicable disease. Salah satu bakteri yang menyebabkan morbiditas dan mortalitas tinggi serta resistensi terhadap berbagai antibiotik yaitu bakteri gram negatif, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Karena itu diperlukan suatu alternatif antibiotik untuk infeksi bakteri ini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai efek antibakteri dari ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn. terhadap bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi FKUI dengan desain penelitian eksperimental secara in vitro menggunakan metode sumuran. Penelitian menggunakan lima konsentrasi berbeda dari ekstrak Nigella sativa Linn. yaitu 1 g/ml, 0.5 g/ml, 0.25 g/ml, 0.125 g/ml, 0.0625 g/ml dibandingkan dengankontrol positif yaitu antibiotik siprofloksasin dengan konsentrasi 1 mg/ml dan kontrol negatif yaitu akuades. Penelitian dilakukan dua kali dengan masing-masing empat pengulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat efek antibakteri dari Nigella sativa Linn. terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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Of all the causes of death in Indonesia, communicable diseases caused by bacterial and viral infections, along with the non communicable diseases, have been the leading causes of death. The gram negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is one of the causes of high morbidity, mortality, and antibiotic resistance. For that reason, we need to find another alternative antibiotic choice for infections caused by this bacteria. The aim of this study is to assess the antibacterial effect of the Nigella sativa Linn.extract towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This in vitro experimental trial was done in Laboratorium Mikrobiologi FKUI using the agar welldilution method. This study used five different concentration ofNigella sativa Linn.extract: 1 g/ml, 0.5 g/ml, 0.25 g/ml, 0.125 g/ml, 0.0625 g/ml. Ciprofloxacin 1mg/ml was used for the positive control and aquades was used for the negative. The trials were done twice with four repetitions. The results showed no antibacterial effects of Nigella sativa Linn.extract towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa."

"This research was carried out to study the difference in the antibacterial capacity of two kinds of filling materials, namely amalgam and composite resin, on S. mutans KPSK2 bacteria with different times of treatment. In total, 48 amalgam and composite resin samples each were prepared and then divided into four groups of treatment. Of each group, 6 samples were used to count the number of bacterial colonies and 6 samples to count the right obstacle zone. The results show that the best antibacterial capacity of composite resin occured within one week, while for amalgam the best performance appears within one day. The antibacterial capacity of flourine containing composites is stronger than that of amalgam for a time of 1 to 2 weeks."

"Latar belakang: Kegagalan perawatan saluran akar dapat disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme yang resisten. E.faecalis merupakan bakteri resisten dengan prevalensi yang paling banyak ditemukan pada kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. E.faecalis dapat membentuk biofilm di dalam saluran akar sehingga 1000 kali lebih resisten terhadap fagositosis, antibodi, dan antimikroba dibandingkan dalam bentuk planktonik. Diperlukan larutan irigasi dari bahan alami atau herbal, yang efektif membuhun E.faecalis untuk menghindari efek samping yang diakibatkan oleh bahan irigasi sintetik. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek antibakteri Xanthorrhizol yang berasal dari Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb terhadap biofilm Enterococcus faecalis isolat klinis. Metode: Dilakukan uji hitung koloni dan MTT Assay untuk menilai persentase eradikasi E.faecalis setelah pemaparan xanthorrhizol dengan berbagai konsentrasi (0,5%, 0,75%, 1%, 1,25%, dan 1,5%) serta CHX 2% sebagai kontrol positif. Hasil: Analisis data menggunakan uji One-Way ANOVA dan uji Post-Hoc Bonferroni untuk melihat perbedaan antar kelompok. Xanthorrhizol konsentrasi 0,5%, 0,75%, 1%, 1,25%, dan 1,5% mampu menurunkan jumlah biofilm E.faecalis isolat klinis. Xanthorrhizol konsentrasi 1% secara statistik tidak berbeda bermakna dengan CHX 2% dalam kemampuannya sebagai antibakteri E.faecalis (p>0,05) namun berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok 0,5%, 0,75%, 1,25%, dan 1,5% (p>0,05) dengan nilai eradikasi E.faecalis lebih rendah. Kesimpulan: Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa xanthorrhizol efektif sebagai antibakteri terhadap biofilm E.faecalis.

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Background: Failure of root canal treatment can be caused by resistant microorganisms. E.faecalis is the most prevalent resistant bacterium found in root canal treatment failure. E.faecalis can form biofilms inside root canal so that it is 1000 times more resistant toward phagocytosis, antibodies, and antimicrobials than when it is in its planktonic form. An irrigation solution made from natural or herbal ingredients, which effectively kills E.faecalis is needed to avoid side effects caused by synthetic irrigation materials.

Objective: To analyze the antibacterial effect of xanthorrhizol derived from Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb on clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm.

Method: Colony count and MTT Assay were performed to assess the percentage of E.faecalis eradication after exposure to xanthorrhizol with various concentrations (0,5%, 0,75%, 1%, 1,25%, and 1,5%) and CHX 2% as a positive control.

Results: Data analysis used One-Way ANOVA test and Bonferroni Post-Hoc test to see differences between groups. Xanthorrhizol concentrations of 0,5%, 0,75%, 1%, 1,25%, and 1,5% were able to reduce the number of clinical isolates of E.faecalis biofilms. Xanthorrhizol 1% concentration was not statistically significantly different from 2% CHX in its ability as an antibacterial to E.faecalis biofilm (p>0,05) but was significantly different from groups of 0,5%, 0,75%, 1,25%, and 1,5% (p>0,05) with lower E.faecalis eradication values.

Conclusion: From the study results, can be concluded that xanthorrhizol is effective as an antibacterial against E.faecalis biofilms."

"In order to control Antibacterial Resistance at the hospital in Indonesia, the Government of Indonesia established an Antibiotics Resistance Control Committee and issued a Regulation from the Ministry of Health, regulation no 8/2015 on an antibiotics resistance control program at the hospital. This is an investigation on the Antibacterial Resistance Control Program (ARCP) at the Hospital, which compares its implementation at a government hospital and a private hospital, Persahabatan Central General Hospital (CGH) and Bogor Indonesian Red Cross Hospital (BIRCH). This was a descriptive study with a qualitative analysis obtained through indepth interviews and documentary research. We discovered that the ARCP was implemented better at Persahabatan CGH compared to BIRCH. Problems include ineffective communication, limited resources, lack of an antibiotic guideline (at BIRCH), lack of coordination between organizations, lack of supervision from the government, and the lack of motivation to implement the policy. These issues can be solved by intensifying the socialization of the policy, conducting more workshops and trainings for private and government hospitals that has not received any, providing an incentive for them to implement the program, such as including ARC into hospital accreditation indicators, and clarifying the benefits of the program to the stakeholders.

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Salah satu upaya pengendalian resistensi antibiotika di Indonesia adalah pembentukan pembentukan Komite Pengendalian Resisten Antibiotika (KPRA) dan diterbitkannya Permenkes no. 8 Tahun 2015 tentang program pengendalian resistensi antibiotika (PPRA) di rumah sakit (RS). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali lebih dalam terhadap implementasi kebijakan PPRA di RS dibandingkan antara RS pemerintah dengan RS swasta yaitu RS Persahabatan dan RS PMI. Metode penelitian merupakan studi deskriptif dengan analisis kualitatif melalui wawancara mendalam dan telaah dokumen. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa pelaksanaan PPRA di RS Pemerintah lebih baik dari RS Swasta. Saran yang diajukan adalah mempercepat peningkatan kesadaran akan pentingnya PPRA, terutama bagi RS."