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Abstrak :
Di dunia sebanyak 350-500 juta orang menderita malaria, dan lcbih dari 1 juta kematian teijadi setiap tahun, terutama di daerah tropis dan Ali-ika. Prcvalen malaria di Indonesia mencapai 2,85 %. Sebanyak 49,6 % penduduk Indonesia berisiko tertular malaria karena tinggal di daerah endemis malaria. Prevalensi malaria di Sumatem Selatan adalah 1,0l%. Kab.OKU merupakan salah satu kabupaten ende mis malaria di Sumatcra Selatan. AMI (Anuai Malaria Incidence) Kab. OKU tahun 2008 23,4%,,. Tujuan umum; mengetahui hubungan antara upaya mencegah gigitan nyamuk melalui pemakaian anti nyamuk clengan kejadian malaria di Puskesmas Pengandonan. Tujuan khusus: a. Mengetahui hubungan antara upaya mencegah gigitan nyamuk melalui pemakaian anti nyamuk dengan kejadian malaria.
b. Mengetahui dampak potensial antara pemakaian anti nyamulc dengan kejadian malaria di Kecamatnn Pengandcman Kab. OKU. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian epidemiologi observaslonal kasus-kontrol. Populasl target dalam penelitian ini adalah masyarakat Kab.OKU dl Kec. Pengandonan, sedangkan populasl aktual adalah masyarakat yang tinggal di Kec.Pengandonan yang ikut kegiatan MBS. Sampel adalah masyarakat yang mengikuti kegiatan survey MBS dan terpllih sebagai sarnpel studi. Pemakaian anti nyamuk, mempunyai pengaruh yang signitikan dengan tezjadinya malaria dengan OR=0,3l2 dan p=0,000 (95% CI 0,19-0,056). Yang berarti orang yang memakai anti nyamuk hanya berisiko untuk terltena malaria sebesar 0,312 kali dibanding yang tidak pakai anti nyamuk. Konstruksi rumah temyata mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan kejadian malaria dengan OR=7,88 dan p=0,000 (95% CI 4,74-l3,l2). Pengetahuan nesponden tentang malaria mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan kasus malaria dengan 0R=0,49 dan p=0,003 (95% CI Q31-0,78). Variabel ‘ada ternak’ di sekitar mmah (p=0,5l9) dan variabel ‘jarak tempat perindukan nyamuk potcnsial’ (p=0,l35) tidak signiiikan dcngan kejadian malaria”. Dari hasil analisis multivariate diketahui ada hubungan yang signifikan antara pemakaian anti nyamuk dengan kasus malatia di Kec.Pengandonan, OR=0,231 dan p = 0,0001 (95% CI 0,130-0,409). Interpnetasi adalah orang yang tidak memakai anti nyamuk akan berisilco untuk terkena malaria sebesar 4,3 kali dibanding dengan mereka yang memakai anti nyamuk sctelah dikontrol oleh variabel konstruksi. Dari hasil pcrhitungan dampak potensial diketahui, apabila dilakukan upaya kesehatan masyarakat dcngan pemakaian anti nyamuk memberikan dampak penunman kejadian malaria sebesar 53%. Kesimpulan. Pemakaian anti nyamuk sccara statistic mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan kasus malaria (Pv=0,000, CI 95%=0,l93-0,506), dimana mereka yang memakai anti nyamuk hanya akan terkena malaria sebesar 0,312 dibanding dengan mereka yang tidak memakai anti nyamuk. Intervensi kesehatan masyarakat berupa pemakaian anti nyamuk, akan memberikan dampak tethadap penurunan kasus malaria di masyarakat sebesar 53%. Saran: 1. Orang yang tinggal di rumah yang berisiko untuk kemasukan nyamuk terutama yang ventilasi rumahnya tidak mernakai kassa nyamuk, disarankan untuk memakai obat anti nyamuk berupa obat nyamuk semprot, yang membeiikan nilai OR terkecil yaitu 0,l6.
2. Peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat dengan upaya penyuluhan yang intensif agar pengetahuan masyarakat tentang penyakit malaria dapat lebih baik, sehingga mereka dapat secara sadar dengan kemauan sendiri mengupayakan berbagai kegiatan yang sifatnya tindakan pencegahan dari gigitau nyamuk.
3. Mengupayakan pembangunan mmah penduduk wrbuat dari tembok atau bahan lain yang dibuat serapat mungkin sehingga nyamuk tidak dapat masuk ke dalam mmah sehingga tidak terjadi kontak antala nyamuk dengan masyarakat.

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The number of malaria cases in the world is 350 - 500 million and more than one million deaths occur every year, particularly in tropical area and Ah-ica. The prevalence of malaria in Indonesia is 2.85%. There are 49.6% Indonesian people which is risky to get infected with malaria because of living in an endemic malaria area- 'lhe prevalence of malaria in South Siunatera is 1.01 % and OKU District is the most endemic malaria area in South Sumatera with number of AMI (Annual Malaria Incidence) in 2008, of 23.4%. In general, the objective of study was to assess the relation between the use of anti-mosquito lotion and incidence of malaria at Pengandonan, and the specific objectives are : 1. To assess the relation between the use of anti-mosquito lotion and incidence of malaria
2. To assess potential impact of the use of anti- mosquito lotion and incidence of malaria at Pengandonan, OKU District. The study is an observational epidemiology in case control study design. The target population of the study was people of OKU District, while the actual population was people who live in Pengandonan and participated in MBS. The sample population was people who participated in MBS and recruited as sample study. The use of anti-mosquito lotion has significant influence with malaria incidence of OR=0,3l2 p=0,000 (95% Cl 0,19-0,056), which means people who use anti-mosquito lotion is only 0.312 times more risky to get infected with malaria compare to people who don’t. The house construction has significant relation with malaria incidence of OR=7,88 p=0,000 (95% CI 4,74-l3,l2). The knowledge of respondent about malaria has significant relation with malaria incidence of 0R=0,49 dan p=0,003 (95% CI 0,31-0,78). Variable of “have cattle around house” (p= 0.5l9) and variable of “distance of mosquito breeding" (p=0.l 35) has no significant relation with malaria incidence. Multivariate analysis found significant relationship between the use of anti- mosquito lotion and incidence of malaria at Pengandonan, of OR=0,23l p = 0,0001 (95% CI 0,130-0,409), which is interpreted as people who don’t use anti-mosquito lotion will be 4.3 times more risky to get infected with malaria compare to those who use the anti-mosquito lotion controlled by variable of construction. The use of anti-mosquito lotion will give potential impact in decreasing malaria incidence as of 53%. Conclusion: the use anti-of mosquito lotion is statistically has significant relation with malaria incidence (Pv=0,000, CI 95%=O,l93-0,506), which means people who use anti-mosquito lotion is only 0.312 times more risky to get infected with malaria compare to people who don’t. Public health intervention such as use of mosquito lotion will provide potential impact in decreasing malaria incidence in community of 53%. Suggestions: 1. Efforts need to use anti-mosquito lotion that can be aifordable by the community, considering the use of anti-mosquito lotion to prevent mosquito bites when outside the home is very effective and efficient.
2. Increased knowledge of community with intensive counseiling efforts so the knowledge of community about the disease malaria can be better, so they can be aware of their own willingness to seek a variety of activities that are preventive to mosquito bites.
3. To build home so that mosquitoes can not enter the house and there is no contact between t11e mosquito and population.

Abstrak :
The number of malaria cases in the world is 350- 500 million and more than one minion deaths occur every year, particularly intropical area and Africa. The prevalence of malaria in Indonesia is 2.85%. There are 49.6% Indonesian people which is risky to get infected with malaria because of living in an endemic malaria area. The prevalence of malaria in South Sumatera is 1.01 % and OKU District is the most endemic malaria area in South Sumatera with number of AMI (Annual Malaria Incidence) in 2008. of23.4%. In genera1t the objective of study was to assess the relation between the use of anti-mosquito lotion and incidence of malaria at Pengandonan, and the specific objectives are : 1. To assess the relation between the use of anti mosquito lotion and incidence of malaria 2. To assess porentiaJ impact of the use of anti­ mosquito lotion and incidence of malaria at Pengandorum. OKU District. The study is an observational epidemiology in case control study design. The target population of the study was people of OKU District, while the actual population was people who live in Pengandonan and participated in MBS. The sample population was people who participated in MBS and recruited as sample study. The use of anti-mosquito lotion has significant influence with malaria incidence ofOR=0,312 p=O,OOO (95% CI 0,19-0,056), which means people who use anti mosquito lotion is only 0.312 times more risky to get infected with malaria compare to people who don't. The house construction has significant relation with malaria incidence of0R=7,88 p=O,OOO (95% Cl4,74-13,12). The knowledge of respondent about malaria has significant relation with malaria incidence of OR=0,49 dan p=O,OOJ (95% CI 0,31-0,78). Variable of "have acted around house» (IF 0.519) and variable of "diSstance of mosquito bedding"(p=O.l35) has no significant relation with malaria incidence. people who use anti-mosquito lotion is only 0.312 times more risky to get infected with malaria compare to people who don't. Public health intervention such as use of mosquito lotion will provide potential impact in decreasing malaria incidence in community of 53%. Suggestions: 1. Efforts need to use anti-mosquito lotion that can be affordable by the community.considering the use of anti-mosquito lotion to prevent mosquito bites when outside the home is very effective and efficient. 2. Increased knowledge of community with intensive counselling efforts so the knowledge of community about the disease malaria can be better, so they can be aware of their own willingness to seek a variety of activities that are preventive to mosquito bites.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk memformulasikan cat anti nyamuk berbasis ekstrak daun tembakau bebas zat pyrethroids sehingga lebih aman untuk pengguna. Hasil formulasi cat Anti-nyamuk sesuai dengan SNI. Hasil uji efektivitas cat anti-nyamuk Aedes Aegypti menunjukan dengan konsentrasi ekstrak tembakau antara 3-5 yang dapat membunuh setengah populasi nyamuk LC50 selama 2 jam, konsentrasi ekstrak tembakau antara 3-5 yang dapat membunuh setengah populasi nyamuk LC50 selama 4 jam, konsentrasi ekstrak tembakau 1-3 yang dapat membunuh setengah populasi nyamuk LC50 selama 6 jam, sedangkan konsentrasi ekstrak tembakau 0-1 dapat membunuh setengah populasi nyamuk LC50 selama 24 jam.

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ABSTRAK
This study intends to formulate mosquito repellent paints based tobacco leaf extracts,free pyrethroid substance, that are safe for the user. The active substance is added to the paint asa mosquito repellent is an extract of tobacco leaves. The result of Anti mosquito paint formulation in accordance with SNI. The results of anti Aedes Aegypti mosquito paint effectiveness test show that with 3 5 concentration of tobacco extract that can kill half the mosquito population LC50 for 2 hours, the concentration of tobacco extract between 3 5 can kill half the mosquito population LC50 during 4 hours, 1 3 tobacco extract concentration can kill half the mosquito population LC50 for 6 hours, while the concentration of 0 1 tobacco extract can kill half the mosquito population LC50 for 24 hours.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Penyakit yang disebabkan oleh vektor nyamuk masih sering terjadi di Indonesia, terutama demam berdarah dengue. Penggunaan minyak cengkeh yang dienkapsulasi berpotensi sebagai insektisida alami yang aman bagi penggunanya. Pemilihan kain sebagai media pengaplikasian, dikarenakan susunan serat kain yang sesuai, serta permukaan kain yang bersifat polar sehingga dapat dimodifikasi dengan TiO2 untuk menghadirkan kemampuan swabersih. Penelitian yang telah dilakukan bertujuan untuk memperoleh loading optimum dari dopan CuO pada TiO2 sebagai upaya meningkatkan performa fotokatalis TiO2, serta mendapatkan kain dengan kemampuan swabersih dan antinyamuk yang optimum. Proses deposisi dopan dilakukan dengan metode Photo Assisted Deposition (PAD) yang dilanjutkan dengan kalsinasi. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan pada komposit CuO/TiO2 adalah SEM-EDX dan UV-Vis DRS, sementara karakterisasi yang dilakukan pada kain yang termodifikasi minyak cengkeh-CuO/TiO­2 adalah FTIR dan GC-FID. Uji kinerja yang dilakukan pada komposit CuO/TiO2 adalah degradasi metilen biru, serta uji kinerja swabersih terhadap lumpur dan kemampuan antinyamuk pada kain termodifikasi minyak cengkeh-CuO/TiO2. Hasil SEM menunjukkan bahwa jumlah agregat yang lebih banyak ditemukan sampel CuO/TiO2 dibandingkan TiO2. Kemudian, hasil UV-Vis DRS menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan dopan CuO dapat menurungkan band-gap energy. Hasil tersebut dibuktikan dengan meningkatnya aktivitas fotokatalitik pada sampel 3%CuO/TiO2 yang optimum dalam mendegradasi metilen biru mencapai 95% dalam waktu irradiasi 30 menit. Di sisi lain, sampel katun 38%MC-3%CuO/TiO2 memiliki persentase kemampuan swabersih sebesar 83% terhadap lumpur, karena keberadaan dopan CuO yang meningkatkan jumlah oxygen vacancies dan terdeteksinya ikatan Ti-O-Si pada karakterisasi FTIR sehingga kain yang termodifikasi semakin bersifat hidrofilik. Kemampuan antinyamuk yang optimum diperoleh pada sampel 38%MC-3%CuO/TiO2 dengan rata-rata jumlah nyamuk yang hinggap terkecil, yaitu 4, serta didukung oleh hasil GC-FID dan ikatan aromatik C=C pada FTIR yang menunjukkan adanya eugenol sebagai agen antinyamuk.

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ABSTRACT Diseases that are caused by the mosquito as the vector still often happens in Indonesia, especially dengue hemorrhagic fever. The application of encapsulated clove oil is potentially becoming a natural insecticide without any negative side effects. This research chose cotton fabric as application media due to the suitable fiber structure and the polarity of fabric surface which can be developed by TiO2 to produce self-cleaning properties. The purposes of the research are to get the optimum loading of CuO on TiO­2 to improve photocatalytic performance and producing cotton fabric with optimum self-cleaning and anti-mosquito performances. The dopant deposition process is carried out using the Photo Assisted Deposition (PAD) method, followed by calcination. Characterizations of CuO/TiO2 composite are SEM-EDX and UV-Vis DRS, while on modified cotton by clove oil-CuO/TiO2 composite are FTIR and GC-FID. The performance tests that have been done are degradation organic compound which is modeled by methylene blue for CuO/TiO2 composite and self-cleaning performance test using sludge and anti-mosquito performance for modified cotton with clove oil-CuO/TiO2 composite. SEM results show the morphological differences between CuO/TiO2 and TiO2 are the amount of aggregate, which CuO/TiO2 has higher amount of aggregate. Then, UV-Vis DRS shows the presence of dopant CuO can lower band-gap energy. The result is also confirmed by the increased photocatalytic activity in 3%CuO/TiO2 sample which is optimum in degrading methylene blue reaching 95% in 30 minutes irradiation. This is also in line with the results of the performance of self-cleaning to sludge with a percentage of self-cleaning ability by 83% for cotton 38%MC-3%CuO/TiO2 sample because the existence of CuO dopant which increases the number of oxygen vacancies and Ti-O-Si bond is detected using FTIR, so the modified fabric is increasingly hydrophilic. The optimum anti-mosquito performance is obtained in cotton 38%MC-3%CuO/TiO2 sample with the smallest average of mosquitoes perched at amount of 4, and supported by GC-FID results and aromatic C=C bond in FTIR results that confirm the existence of eugenol as an anti-mosquito agent.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tembakau diketahui memiliki potensi yang besar sebagai pestisida atau pengusir serangga. Anti nyamuk yang beredar di masyarakat, menggunakan zat aktif berupa DEET, zat kimia sintetik yang dapat terserap dalam tubuh, dan menyebabkan gangguan sensorik dan motorik, serta keracunan sistemik. Penelitian ini mengkaji lebih lanjut potensi anti serangga pada daun tembakau. Bio-oil diesktrak dari daun tembakau dengan metode fast pyrolisis pada suhu 500oC, 600oC, dan 700oC untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu pada kandungannya. Bio-oil hasil pirolisis kemudian dibuat menjadi campuran anti nyamuk berbasis biomassa. Uji kandungan bio-oil dilakukan dengan GC-MS, sementara anti nyamuk diujikan langsung pada manusia untuk mengetahui efeknya pada kulit serta efektivitasnya dalam mengusir nyamuk. Yield bio-oil optimum ditemukan pada suhu 600oC sebesar 24%. Senyawa aktif anti nyamuk yang diperoleh pada hasil pirolisis yaitu nikotin, d-Limonene, indole, dan pyridine. Bio-oil ditambahkan ke dalam anti nyamuk sebagai zat aktif dengan konsentrasi 0%; 0,5%; 1,5%; dan 3%. Anti nyamuk yang diuji ke nyamuk menunjukkan hasil yang memuaskan, dimana selain tidak menimbulkan dampak pada kulit manusia, efektifitas anti nyamuk dari berbagai konsentrasi berturut-turut adalah 38,09%; 45,82%; 46,41%; dan 57,07%.

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ABSTRACT
Tobacco is known to have a big potential as a pesticide or repellent. Mosquito repellent which is used by public, contain DEET as its active compound, a synthetic substance which can be absorbed to human body and cause some systemic poisoning. This research study further potential of repellent on tobacco leaves. Bio-oil was extracted from tobacco leaves using fast pyrolysis at temperature of 500oC, 600oC, and 700oC to evaluate the effect of temperature. Bio-oil was then made into bio-mass based repellent. Bio-oil was characterized using GC-MS, while the repellent was tested directly to human to evaluate the effects on the skin and the effectivity as a repellent. Optimum yield of bio-oil was found on 600oC at 24%. The active compund of repellent found was nicotine, d-Limonene, indole, and pyridine. Bio-oil was added to repellent mixture as active compund with different concentration (0%; 0,5%; 1,5%; and 3%). Repellent tested showed a desired result, where not only the repellent didn?t take effect on human skin, the effectivity of each concentration was 38,09%; 45,82%; 46,41%; and 57,07%, respectively.

Abstrak :
ABSTRACT
Tembakau selain dibuat menjadi rokok, dapat dibuat menjadi anti nyamuk. Kandungan nikotin, d-limone, indol, dan piridin yang berada pada tembakau tersebut dapat dijadikan alternatif dari bahan anti nyamuk sintetik yang berada di pasaran seperti N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide DEET dan permetrin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat, mengevaluasi formulasi melihat kestabilan formulasi emulgel ekstrak tembakau, dan melihat berapa kandungan nikotin yang terpenetrasi. Emulgel ini dibuat menjadi 4 formula, yaitu blangko yang tidak memiliki ekstrak, dan 3 formula lainnya dengan kadar ekstrak tembakau yang berbeda. Pengamatan organoleptis menunjukkan emulgel memberikan warna putih untuk blangko, putih kecoklatan dan semakin kecoklatan dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi ekstrak. Setelah dilakukan evaluasi, emulgel ekstrak tembakau stabil pada penyimpanan pada temperatur 4 2 C, 28 2 C, 40 2 C, dan stabil setelah dilakukannya cycling test dan uji mekanik. Dari sediaan yang memiliki kandungan ekstrak paling tinggi dilakukan uji penetrasi, jumlah kumulatif nikotin yang terpenetrasi dari sediaan emulgel adalah 14180,628 mg/cm. Fluks dari sediaan emulgel adalah 22,986 mg/cm2menit. Persentase nikotin yang terpenetrasi dari sediaan emulgel adalah 157,562 . Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, keempat formula sediaan emulgel stabil, dan kadar nikotin yang terpenetrasi tidak melebihi batas toksik. Namun, emulgel ini tidak memenuhi syarat sebagai antinyamuk, yaitu tidak boleh terpenetrasi.

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ABSTRACT
Beside for cigarrates manufacturing, Tobacco also can be used as mosquito repellent. Nicotine, d limone, indol, and pyridine contained in tobacco, can be used as alternative to substitute N,N Diethyl meta toluamide DEET dan Permethrine as mosquito repellent. But, as mosquito repellent, an active ingredients cannot be penetrated. This research 39 s objectives were to evaluate the formula and its stability, and to determine how much nicotin that penetrated. The emulgel was made into 4 different formulas 1 formula without tobacco extract and the others were differentiated by the concentration of the extract. Organoleptic observation of the emulgel was white and brownish white that getting darker along with the increasing of tobacco extract concentration. The emulgel of tobacco extract was stable at 4 2 C, 28 2 C, 40 2 C, after cycling test and sentrifugation test. From the highest concentration of tobacco extract of emulgel was tested its penetration ability. The total cumulative penetration, percentage of penetrated nicotine and flux of nicotine from emulgel dosage form was 14180.628mg cm, 157.562 , 22.986mg cm2minutes, respectively. It can be concluded that, the four Formulas of emulgel were stable and the percentage of penetrated nicotine was still below the toxic dose. But, this emulgel was not qualified as a mosquito repellent because it could be penetrated through skin.

Abstrak :
Data menunjukkan bahwa angka kejadian penyakit ISPA nasional selalu menunjukkan peningkatan setiap tahun.Tahun 2013 dengan Provinsi Jawa Tengah menempati posisi ketujuh dengan jumlah penderita ISPA terbanyak. Angka kejadian ISPA nonpneumonia selama 2011-2013 di Kota Magelang maupun di Puskesmas Kelurahan Magersari selalu menunjukkan peningkatan dengan sebagian besar penderita adalah balita. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar faktor risiko kualitas lingkungan fisik rumah (jenis lantai, atap, dinding, luas ventilasi, kepadatan hunian) dan pencemaran udara dalam rumah (keberadaan perokok dalam rumah, pengguaan anti nyamuk bakar, bahan bakar memasak dalam rumah)terhadap kejadian ISPA nonpneumonia pada balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Magersari, Kota Magelang, Jawa Tengah tahun 2013. Desain penelitian ini adalah case-control dengan masing-masing sampel berjumlah 50 balita. Case adalah balita yang menderita ISPA nonpneumonia dengan diagnosis dokter puskesmas, sedangkan control balita yang didiagnosis tidak menderita ISPA. Ada hubungan yang bermakna antara jenis lantai nilai p 0,000 &OR 15,881 ( 95% CI : 4,949-50,958), jenis atap nilai p 0,000 & OR 13,500 (95% CI 5,087-35,830), jenis dinding nilai p 0,000 &OR 17,484 ( 95% CI 6,314-48,415), kepadatan hunian, nilai p 0,000 & OR 12,250 (95% CI 4,652-32,258), keberadaan perokok dalam rumah nilai p 0,003 &OR 4,205 ((95% CI 1,692-10,448) dan penggunaan bahan bakar memasak nilai p 0,000 & OR 11,294 (95% CI 2,435-52,379).

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Nation health data show that the incidence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) always increased every years. 2013, with Central Java Province occupies was the seventh position with the highest number of patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI). The incidence of ARI nonpneumonia during 2011-2013 in the city of Magelang as well as in the Village Health Center Magersari always increase which most of the patientare are under five children . This study aims to determine how big the risk factors of physical quality of the home environment (type of floor, roof, walls, extensive ventilation, residential density) and indoor air pollution (presence of smokers in the home, using anti-mosquito, cooking fuel in the house) to nonpneumonia ARI incidence of under five children in the working area of Magersari health center, Magelang, Central Java in 2013. The Research design was a case-control study by each sample for 50 under five children. Case are under five with nonpneumonia ARI diagnosis by Megersari Helath Center doctors, whereas control are underfive children which not diagnosed with ARIs . There is a significant correlation between the type of floor p value 0.000 and OR 15.881 (95 % CI : 4.949 to 50.958), the type of roof p-value of 0.000 and OR 13,500 (95 % CI 5.087 to 35.830), the type of wall p-value of 0.000 and OR 17.484 (95 % CI 6.314 to 48.415), residential density, p-value 0.000 and OR 12,250 (95 % CI 4.652 to 32.258), the presence of smokers in the house p-value of 0.003 and OR 4.205 (95 % CI 1.692 to 10.448) and cooking fuel p value 0,000OR 11,294 (95 % CI 2.435 to 52.379).