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Abstrak :
(+)-2,2?-Epicytoskyrin A, a bis-anthraquinone isolated from fungal endophyte Diaporthe sp. GNBP-10 associated with Uncaria gambir Roxb., was investigated for its antifungal activity. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against 22 yeast strains and three filamentous fungi. The MICs of (+)-2,2?-epicytoskyrin A ranged from 16 to 128 μg/mL, which exhibited lower activity than the antifungal nystatin. A study of the mechanism of action revealed similar effects of (+)-2,2?-epicytoskyrin A and nystatin on Candida tropicalis at their MICs (16 and 8 μg/mL, respectively) and 2 times of the MIC. Both compounds caused cytoplasmic material and ion leakages on fungal cell, which were characterized by an increase in absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm as well as Ca2+ and K+ ion concentrations. The morphology of the fungal cells after (+)-2,2?-epicytoskyrin A treatment was observed under a scanning electron microscope. The control cells, which were not treated with either (+)-2,2?- epicytoskyrin A or nystatin, showed a smooth surface, while the cells treated with either (+)-2,2?-epicytoskyrin A or nystatin shrank and displayed a donut-like shape. More shrinkage was observed in the 2 times MIC concentration and even more in the cells exposed to nystatin. The action of (+)-2,2?-epicytoskyrin A was proposed through membrane disruption.

Aktivitas Antijamur (+)-2,2?-Episitoskirin A dan Aksi Disrupsi Membran. (+)-2,2?-Episitoskirin A, suatu senyawa bis-antrakuinon yang diisolasi dari jamur endofit Diaporthe sp. GNBP-10 yang berasosiasi dengan Uncaria gambier Roxb., telah diuji aktivitas antifungi-nya. Metode mikrodilusi cair digunakan untuk menentukan konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) terhadap 22 strain khamir dan tiga strain kapang. KHM dari (+)-2,2?-episitoskirin A berkisar antara 16 hingga 128 μg/mL, menunjukkan aktivitas yang lebih rendah dibandingkan antijamur nistatin. Studi terhadap mekanisme kerja dari senyawa uji menunjukkan bahwa (+)-2,2?-episitoskirin A dan nistatin memiliki efek yang serupa terhadap Candida tropicalis pada konsentrasi KHM (16 dan 8 μg/mL) dan dua kali KHM-nya. Keduanya menyebabkan terjadinya kebocoran material sitoplasmik dan ion pada sel khamir yang ditandai dengan meningkatnya absorban pada panjang gelombang 260 nm dan 280 nm, serta meningkatnya konsentrasi ion Ca2+ dan K+. Morfologi dari sel khamir setelah diberi perlakuan diamati di bawah Scanning Electron Microscope. Sel kontrol yang tidak diberi perlakuan, baik dengan (+)-2,2?-episitoskirin A maupun nistatin, menunjukkan permukaan yang halus, sementara sel yang diberi perlakuan dengan (+)-2,2?-episitoskirin A dan nistatin masing-masing mengalami pengerutan dan berbentuk seperti donat. Pengerutan sel ini bertambah pada konsentrasi 2 kali KHM dan semakin bertambah pada sel yang diberi perlakuan dengan nistatin. Dari studi yang dilakukan, mekanisme kerja dari (+)-2,2?-episitoskirin A diduga melalui perusakan pada membran sel.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
The objective of this study was to compare the anthraquinone content of cassod tree leaves, golden shower pods and noni roots that were determined in the form of free anthraquinone and anthraquinone glycoside by Soxhlet and decoction extraction method. The anthraquinone compounds were identified by the Borntrager reaction. The determination of anthraquinone UV-Visible spectrophotometry at 325nm was used. The results show that the highest anthraquinone content in the golden shower pods with 70% (v/v) ethanol was 193.79mg/g dry plant. The suitable solvent for the anthraquinone glycoside extracts was 80% (v/v) ethanol for the cassod tree leaves. In the testing of birds, 1% of the extracted golden shower pods that cover the seeds for food consumption showed a lower amount than that consumed in the control group (p <0.05).