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Abstrak :
Bakteri pendegradasi hidrokarbon dapat diisolasi dari lingkungan yang tercemar hidrokarbon salah satunya yaitu, habitat mangrove. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis kemampuan degradasi senyawa hidrokarbon dan memperoleh identitas isolat bakteri (SM 2-2) yang berasal dari habitat mangrove Suaka Margasatwa Muara Angke, Jakarta Utara. Pengukuran pertumbuhan isolat bakteri SM 2-2 dilakukan menggunakan metode Total Plate Count (TPC) dan analisis degradasi senyawa hidrokarbon menggunakan metode GC/MS. Karakterisasi isolat bakteri SM2-2 dilakukan dengan pengecatan Gram, pengamatan morfologi isolat serta uji aktivitas biokimia. Hasil pengukuran pertumbuhan menunjukkan bahwa isolat SM 2-2 memiliki jumlah CFU/mL tertinggi pada jam ke-12 sebesar 1,09 x1012 CFU/mL. Hasil analisis degradasi senyawa hidrokarbon menunjukkan bahwa isolat SM 2-2 mampu mendegradasi senyawa hidrokarbon alkana dengan panjang rantai karbon C15--C17 dengan persentase penurunan terbesar ditunjukkan pada rantai C16 (hexadecanoic acid) sebesar 27,56%. Hasil karakterisasi fenotipik bakteri menunjukkan isolat SM 2-2 memiliki karakteristik yang sama dengan genus Acinetobacter. ...... Hydrocarbon degrading bacteria can be isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated environment such as mangrove habitat. The objectives of this study is to analyze the hydrocarbon degrading capabilities of bacteria isolate SM 2-2 to degrade hydrocarbon and characterize of the bacteria isolate SM 2-2 obtained from mangrove habitat Suaka Marga Satwa Muara Angke, North Jakarta. Growth measurement was performed using Total Plate Count (TPC) and analysis of the degradation of hydrocarbons using GC/MS. Characterization of baterial isolate SM 2-2 was done with Gram stain and analysis of morphological and biochemical characteristics. Results show that isolate SM 2-2 displayed highest cell member at 1,09 x1012 CFU/mL in 12 hours. Analysis of hydrocarbon compound showed that isolate SM 2-2 is capable of degrading alkane hydrocarbons with C15--C17 carbon chain length. Largest decrease of hydrocarbon compounds was shown by hexadecanoic acid at a decrease of 27,56%. Phenotype characterization of isolate SM 2-2 indicates that the isolate belongs to genus Acinetobacter.

Abstrak :
Bakteri SM1_7 diketahui mampu mendegradasi senyawa hidrokarbon di dalam medium Bushnell-Haas dengan minyak diesel 1 v/v. Potensi bakteri SM1_7 diuji kembali dengan meningkatkan konsentrasi minyak diesel di dalam medium Bushnell-Haas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kemampuan degradasi senyawa hidrokarbon isolat bakteri SM1_7 dalam medium Bushnell-Haas yang ditambahkan minyak diesel 2 v/v. Pengukuran pertumbuhan bakteri dilakukan dengan metode total plate count dan analisis senyawa hidrokarbon menggunakan GC/MS. Hasil pengukuran pertumbuhan menunjukkan bahwa bakteri mampu tumbuh pada medium Bushnell-Haas dengan minyak diesel 2 v/v. Jumlah koloni bakteri SM1_7 meningkat dari 2,59 x 106 CFU/mL menjadi 8,66 x 108 CFU/mL setelah inkubasi 48 jam. Hasil analisis GC/MS menunjukkan bahwa terjadi degradasi senyawa alkana rantai lurus undecane sebesar 81,041, senyawa dodecane sebesar 37,180, dan senyawa tridecane sebesar 17,047. ......Bacterial Isolate SM1 7 has been shown to degrade hydrocarbons in Bushnell Haas with 1 diesel oil v v . The potential of bacteria isolate SM1 7 is reexamined by increasing concentration of hydrocarbon. The objective of this research is to observe the capability of bacteria isolate SM1 7 to degrade 2 diesel oil v v. Growth measurement was performed using total plate count method and analysis of hydrocarbon was carried out using GC MS. Results of growth measurements show that the bacterial isolate is capable of growing in Bushnell Haas medium with 2 diesel oil v v . The total number of bacteria increased from 2,59 x 106 CFU mL to 8,66 x 108 CFU mL after incubation period of 48 hours. Results of GC MS analysis show a decrease of linear alkane chain undecane 81,041, dodecane 37,18, and tridecane 17.047.

Abstrak :
Bakteri pendegradasi hidrokarbon dapat diisolasi dari daerah yang tercemar hidrokarbon. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengisolasi bakteri pendegradasi hidrokarbon dan untuk mengetahui kemampuan isolat bakteri dalam mendegradasi senyawa hidrokarbon. Isolat bakteri B2 telah diisolasi dari sampel tanah pelabuhan Muara Angke. Pengukuran pertumbuhan dilakukan menggunakan metode Total Plate Count TPC dan analisa kemampuan degradasi hidrokarbon dilakukan dengan GC/MS. Hasil pengukuran pertumbuhan menunjukkan bahwa isolat bakteri B2 dapat tumbuh dalam medium dengan penambahan minyak diesel 1 v/v. Jumlah kenaikan koloni yang terbentuk dari 1,9x107 CFU/mL pada jam ke 0 menjadi 2,04x108 CFU/mL setelah inkubasi selama 120 jam. Hasil GC/MS menunjukkan 9 senyawa hidrokarbon yang terdegradasi adalah dodekana sebanyak 77,68, tridekana sebanyak 75,89, tetradekana sebanyak 62,86, pentadekana sebanyak 36,68, heksadekana sebanyak 48,77, heptadekana sebanyak 42,24, nonadekana sebanyak 37,11, tetrakosana sebanyak 42,01 dan naftalena sebanyak 69,36 . Karakterisasi bakteri dilakukan berdasarkan pengamatan mikroskopik, makroskopik dan reaksi biokimia. Hasil dari karakterisasi bakteri menunjukan bahwa isolat bakteri B2 diperkirakan berasal dari genus Bordetella. ......Hydrocarbon degrading bacteria can be isolated from hydrocarbon pollutedarea. The objectives of this experiment are to isolate hydrocarbon degrading bacteriaand to study the capability of bacterial isolate B2 in degrading hydrocarbon. BacterialIsolate B2 was isolated from Muara Angke soil in Bushnell Haas medium with 1 diesel fuel v v . Calculation of bacteria growth used the total plate count method whileanalysis of hydrocarbon degrading capability was examined by GC MS. The resultsshowed that bacteria B2 isolate was able to grow in media with addition of 1 dieselfuel v v. The total number of CFUs grew from 1,9x107 until 2,04x108 CFU mL. The result showed the degradation of 9 compounds, namely dodecane 77,68, tridecane75,89, tetradecane 62,86, pentadecane 36,68, hexadecane 48,77, heptadecane 42,24, nonadecane 37,11, tetracosane 42,01 and napthalene69,36 . Bacteria characterization was carried out by microscopic and macroscopicobservation and biochemical reaction. Characteritation showed that bacteria B2isolate is probably a member of the Genus Bordetella.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Alkana merupakan komponen senyawa hidrokarbon terbesar sebanyak 60% penyusun utama minyak bumi. Isolat bakteri potensial pendegradasi alkana telah diisolasi dari daerah perairan tercemar tumpahan minyak di Pulau Pari. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memeroleh isolat dengan kemampuan tinggi mendegradasi alkana. Pengukuran pertumbuhan isolat bakteri dilakukan pada ƛ 600 nm dan analisis degradasi alkana dengan metode GC/MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 15 isolat yang diuji pertumbuhannya dengan menggunakan paraffin oil terdapat 2 isolat mewakili dua tipe kurva pertumbuhan yaitu isolat 97 kelompok I dengan pertumbuhan K(+) rendah (OD < 0,1 pada hari ke-12) dan isolat 19 kelompok II dengan pertumbuhan K(+) tinggi (OD ≥ 0,5 pada hari ke-12). Analisis degradasi alkana menunjukkan penurunan luas area pada isolat 97 dengan kemampuan degradasi docosane (C22H46) paling tinggi sebesar 96,04% dan isolat 19 dengan kemampuan degradasi hexadecane (C16H34) paling tinggi sebesar 61,37%. Identifikasi molekuler menggunakan 16S rRNA menunjukkan isolat 97 sebagai Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica dan isolat 19 sebagai Vibrio alginolyticus. ABSTRACT
Alkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively. ;Alkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively. , Alkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively. ]

Abstrak :
Bioremediasi menggunakan bakteri pendegradasi hidrokarbon, merupakan salah satu solusi alternatif pengendalian pencemaran tanah oleh senyawa hidrokarbon. Isolat bakteri HL8_5 telah diisolasi dari tanah habitat mangrove. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis kemampuan biodegradasi senyawa hidrokarbon oleh isolat bakteri HL8_5 dan mengetahui karakter fenotipik isolat bakteri. Pengukuran pertumbuhan isolat bakteri HL8_5 dilakukan dengan metode viable plate count, analisis degradasi senyawa hidrokarbon dilakukan dengan gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS), dan karakterisasi isolat bakteri dilakukan melalui pengecatan Gram serta perngamatan karakter morfologi dan biokimia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isolat bakteri HL8_5 mampu tumbuh dalam medium Bushnell-Haas dengan penambahan 1% (v/v) minyak diesel dan mengalami peningkatan jumlah populasi bakteri dari 6,98 x 107 CFU/mL hingga 1,08 x 1010 CFU/mL setelah inkubasi selama 48 jam. Analisis GC/MS menunjukkan bahwa senyawa 9-octadecenoic acid mengalami degradasi terbesar oleh isolat bakteri HL8_5 hingga mencapai 40,33% dalam waktu 48 jam, diikuti oleh senyawa tetracosane (9,43%) dan tricosane (4,94%). Hasil karakterisasi fenotipik menunjukkan bahwa isolat bakteri HL8_5 merupakan bakteri dari famili Enterobacteriaceae. ...... Bioremediation using hydrocarbon degrading bacteria, is one of the alternative solutions for handling soil contamination by hydrocarbons. Bacteria isolate HL8_5 has been isolated from soil mangrove habitat. The objective of this study is to analyze the biodegradation capabilities of bacteria isolate HL8_5 on hydrocarbons and to observe the phenotype characters of bacteria isolate. Growth of bacteria isolate HL8_5 was measured using viable plate count, analysis of hydrocarbon degradation carried out by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and characterization was done by observing Gram reaction and observation of morphological and biochemical characters. The results show that bacteria isolate HL8_5 is able to grow in the Bushnell-Haas medium with addition of 1% (v/v) diesel oil and exhibit increase in the number of bacteria population from 6.98 x 107 CFU/mL to 1.08 x 1010 CFU/mL after 48 hours incubation. The GC/MS analysis shows that 9-octadecenoic acid has the largest degradation by bacteria isolate HL8_5 up to 40.33% within 48 hours, followed by tetracosane (9.43%) and tricosane (4.94%). The phenotypic characterization indicates that bacteria isolate HL8_5 is a bacteria from family Enterobacteriaceae.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penggunaan minyak cengkeh sebagai antioksidan alami terbatas dalam makanan, karena baunya yang menyengat. Bau menyengat minyak cengkeh berasal dari senyawa fenolik eugenol yang jumlahnya cukup besar didalam minyak cengkeh. Namun, dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, minyak atsiri yang tidak signifikan mengandung komponen fenolik telah diklaim memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang relevan. Aktivitas antioksidan dari senyawa non-fenolik ini dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai studi perbandingan kekuatan antioksidannya dengan senyawa fenolik yang kadarnya sangat besar di dalam minyak cengkeh, sehingga dapat berkontribusi untuk memperpanjang umur simpan makanan mudah teroksidasi. Untuk menganalisis aktivitas antioksidan senyawa non-fenolik diperlukan pemisahan dengan metode ekstraksi cair-cair, ektraksi fase padat dan kromatografi kolom. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis senyawa volatil yang terdapat dalam minyak cengkeh Manado dan Toli-Toli, memisahkan senyawa fenolik dan non-fenolik serja uji aktivitas antioksidan. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu pada analisis minyak cengkeh Manado dan Toli-Toli terdapat 36 senyawa. Pemisahan senyawa fenolik eugenol dengan ekstraksi cair-cair, diperoleh penurunan eugenol optimum dengan 87,5 mmol NaOH 4 . Metil salisilat dan kavikol tidak terdeteksi setelah ekstraksi. Dua senyawa yaitu ? -ylangen dan kavikol asetat berhasil diidentifikasi setelah ektraksi. Pemisahan dengan kolom kromatografi dan ekstraksi fase padat masing-masing menghasilkan 3 fraksi yang setelah diuji aktivitas antioksidannya ternyata fraksi yang hanya mengandung senyawa non-fenolik masih memiliki aktivitas antioksidan namun cukup rendah apabila dibandingkan dengan senyawa fenolik.

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ABSTRACT
The use of clove oil as a natural antioxidant is limited in food, because of its stinging smell. The stinging smell of clove oil comes from the phenolic compound eugenol which is quite large in clove oil. However, in recent years, significant volatile essential oils containing phenolic components have been claimed to have antioxidant activity that is relevant. The antioxidant activity of this non phenolic compound can be utilized as a comparative study of its antioxidant strength with a very large amount of phenolic compounds in clove oil, thus contributing to prolong the storage life of food. To analyze the antioxidant activity of non phenolic compounds required separation by liquid liquid extraction method, solid phase extraction and column chromatography. This study aims to analyze the volatile compounds contained in Manado and Toli Toli clove oil, separating phenolic and non phenolic compounds as well as antioxidant activity test. The results obtained are the analysis of clove oil Manado and Toli Toli there are 36 compounds. Separation of phenolic eugenol compounds by liquid liquid extraction, obtained an optimum eugenol reduction with 87.5 mmol NaOH 4 . Methyl salicylate and chavicol are not detected after extraction. Two compounds were identified after extraction, ylangen and chavicol acetate. Separation with column chromatography and solid phase extraction each yielded 3 fractions which, after being tested for their antioxidant activity, found that the fraction containing only non phenolic compounds still had antioxidant activity but lower when compared to phenolic compounds.

Abstrak :
Bakteri yang berpotensi mendegradasi hidrokarbon dapat diperoleh dari tanah yang tercemar hidrokarbon. Penelitian bertujuan mendapatkan isolat bakteri dari sampel tanah tercemar hidrokarbon dan mengetahui kemampuan isolat bakteri tersebut dalam mendegradasi hidrokarbon. Isolasi dilakukan menggunakan medium Ilyina dkk. (2003). Identifikasi dilakukan dengan mengamati sifat morfologi dan aktivitas biokimia, sedangkan analisis hasil degradasi hidrokarbon dilakukan dengan GC/MS. Sebanyak 3 dari 9 isolat yang diperoleh dipilih untuk melihat kemampuan degradasi hidrokarbon, yaitu DT2 (Pseudomonas), DT5 (Citrobacter) dan DT8 (Enterobacter). Isolat DT2 dipilih untuk analisis hidrokarbon karena memiliki pertumbuhan paling baik dalam medium BSM + 1% hidrokarbon. Hasil pengukuran berat ekstrak minyak solar setelah penambahan Isolat DT2 menunjukkan penurunan sebesar 32,5%. Hasil analisis sisa senyawa hidrokarbon memperlihatkan penurunan luas area yang mengindikasikan penurunan konsentrasi senyawa yang diduga merupakan hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester dan n-heneicosane masing-masing sebesar 97,66% dan 96,79%. Hydrocarbon degrading potential bacteria can be isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated soil. This research aims to obtain bacterial isolates from hydrocarbon contaminated soil and study the hydrocarbon degradation capabilities of selected isolates. Isolation was carried out using Ilyina et al. (2003) medium. Bacterial identification was performed based on morphological and biochemical characterizations, while GC/MS was used for analysis of hydrocarbon degradation capabilities. Nine isolates were obtained and three of them were selected to examine hydrocarbon degradation capability, namely DT2 (Pseudomonas), DT5 (Citrobacter) and DT8 (Enterobacter). The DT2 isolate was selected for analysis of hydrocarbon degradation because it has the highest growth in BSM medium + 1% hydrocarbon. The results from weight measurements of diesel oil extract after the addition of DT2 isolates showed a decrease of 32.5%. The results of hydrocarbon degradation analysis showed decrease in the area that indicate a decrease in concentration of compounds suspected to be hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester and n-heneicosane respectively 97.66% and 96.79%.