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"Anaerobik digester pada umumnya mengolah limbah organik menggunakan kotoran ternak mentah untuk menjadi biostarter. Potensi untuk mengembangkan penggunaan agen biostrater hasil modifikasi berbentuk kering belum umum dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi produksi biogas dari inokulum hasil liofilisasi berbahan dasar kotoran sapi dan kuda menggunakan reaktor anaerobik digester. Periode pengukuran untuk mengukur produksi biogas selama 14-21 hari ini dilakukan di laboratorium. Eksperimen ini menggunakan dua buah reaktor dengan inokulum kotoran mentah dan empat buah reaktor dengan inokulum hasil liofilisasi. Teknik liofilisasi terbukti efektif dalam mempertahankan kondisi kotoran mentah agar lebih tahan lama dan mengurangi bau tidak sedap karena secara fisik kadar air dari dalam bahan inokulum telah berkurang drastis dari 71-75% kadar air menurun hingga tersisa 14,12% dan 9,43% kadar air pada masing-masing inokulum hasil liofilisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa campuran kotoran sapi dan kuda mentah sebagai reaktor blanko menghasilkan biogas dengan parameter CH4 yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan reaktor yang menggunakan inokulum hasil liofilisasi. Pada keseluruhan periode pengukuran reaktor blanko (0) dan reaktor A menunjukkan hasil produksi biogas sebesar 3,894 mL/gVS dan 4,931 mL/gVS sedangkan untuk reaktor B dan C didapatkan gas metana sebesar 1,524 mL/grVS dan 0,279 mL/grVS. Kemudian untuk reaktor D dengan hasil liofilisasi mampu menghasilkan total produksi gas metan 13,169 mL/grVS dalam satu periode pengukuran akhir sedangkan reaktor E tidak sama sekali menghasilkan gas metana. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya penelitian selanjutnya untuk menentukan komposisi yang lebih cocok dalam pengaplikasian inokulum hasil liofilisasi dalam reaktor anaerobik digester supaya dapat menghasilkan biogas yang lebih optimal.

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Anaerobic digesters generally process organic waste using raw livestock manure to become a biostarter. The potential to develop the use of modified biostrater agents in dry form is not yet common practice. This research aims to evaluate the potential for biogas production from lyophilized inoculum made from cow and horse manure using an anaerobic digester reactor. The measurement period for measuring biogas production is 14-21 days and is carried out in the laboratory. This experiment used two reactors with raw feces inoculum and four reactors with lyophilized inoculum. The lyophilization technique has proven to be effective in maintaining the condition of raw manure so that it lasts longer and reduces unpleasant odors because physically the water content of the inoculum material has been reduced drastically from 71-75% water content decreasing to remaining 14.12% and 9.43% levels. water in each inoculum resulting from lyophilization. The research results showed that a mixture of raw cow and horse manure as a blank reactor produced biogas with better CH4 parameters compared to reactors using lyophilized inoculum. During the entire measurement period, the blank reactor (0) and reactor A showed biogas production results of 3.894 mL/gVS and 4.931 mL/gVS, while for reactors B and C, methane gas was obtained at 1.524 mL/grVS and 0.279 mL/grVS. Then reactor D with lyophilization results was able to produce a total methane gas production of 13,169 mL/grVS in one final measurement period, while reactor E did not produce any methane gas at all. Therefore, further research is needed to determine a more suitable composition for applying the lyophilized inoculum in an anaerobic digester reactor so that it can produce more optimal biogas."

"Minimnya informasi terkait waktu tinggal substrat di dalam digester untuk menghasilkan gas yang optimum menjadikan salah satu permasalahan dalam pengoperasian digester anaerobik, sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian terkait waktu tinggal. Penelitian terhadap waktu tinggal ini dilakukan dalam reaktor berukuran 51 L dengan sistem batch selama 40 hari dengan perbandingan substrat lumpur tinja:sampah makanan:sampah kebun adalah 1:1:1 dan dilakukan pengecekan karakteristik awal substrat setelah pencampuran.Berdasarkan penelitian didapatkan hasil bahwa C/N substrat adalah 12,5 dengan TS sebesar 1,25%. Biogas maksimum yang dihasilkan terjadi pada waktu tinggal 40 hari yaitu sebanyak 127,13 L per kg VS dengan persentase metan sebesar 37,4% dan persentase penghilangan COD sebesar 73,5%. Namun, pada penelitian ini belum dapat menentukan waktu tinggal optimum dikarenakan belum adanya fluktuasi dari produksi gas.

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The lack of information regarding the substrate residence time in the digester to produce optimum gas has affected to an appearance of certain problems in the operation of an anaerobic digester, so it is necessary to study related residence time. Research on the residence time in the reactor was done by measuring 51 L in a batch system for 40 days with a ratio of substrates, fecal sludge:food waste:garden waste is 1: 1: 1 and checking the initial characteristics of the substrate after mixing.

Based on the research, it showed that the C/N substrate is 12,5 with 1,25% TS. Biogas produced maximum occur at the time of stay of 40 days was as much as 127,13 per kg VS L with a percentage of 37,4% methane and COD removal percentage of 73,5%. However, this study have not been able to determine the optimum detention time fluctuations due to the lack of gas production."

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ABSTRACTAnaerobic technology has become widely accepted by the environmental industry as a cost-effective alternative to the conventional aerobic process. In addition, with the intrinsic advantages of energy saving, reduced sludge yield, and production of biofuel, anaerobic process will be the favored green treatment technology for sustainable environment in years to come.Written by 40 renowned experts from 13 countries/regions, this book consists of 18 chapters compiling state-of-the-art information on new developments in various aspects of anaerobic technology. These include development of new types of reactors, uses of molecular techniques for microbial studies and mathematical modeling, productions of bio-hydrogen by fermentation and microbial electrolysis cell, as well as broadening applications to the treatment of municipal wastewater, effluents from chemical industry and agricultural wastes with high lignocellulose content. "

"Flora mikroorganisme merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam optimalisasi proses berlangsungnya anaerobic digestion. Biostarter merupakan bahan penyedia flora mikroorganisme pendegradasi yang berperan dalam proses penguraian limbah organik. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk menganalisis pengaruh jenis inokulum dengan penggunaan biostarter berupa kotoran sapi, rumen sapi, EM4, OrgaDec, PROMI terhadap kinerja proses dan hasil penyisihan Total Solids (TS), Volatile Solids (VS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), dan produksi volume biogas. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) yang dilakukan selama 48 hari menggunakan substrat berupa sampah organik dari UPS Universitas Indonesia dan inokulum dengan enam variasi sampel yaitu kotoran sapi, rumen sapi, EM4 dan molase, EM4 dan zat pengaya, OrgaDec dan zat pengaya, serta PROMI dan zat pengaya. Dimana inokulum sebelumnya melalui proses aklimatisasi dengan laju beban organik sebesar 10 kg-VS/m3-hari dan diikuti dengan proses degasifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 5 gram substrat berupa sampah makanan dari UPS Universitas Indonesia dapat dikonversi menjadi biogas dengan volume 4,37 mL/48 hari (menggunakan EM4 dan Molase); 6,91 mL/48 hari (menggunakan rumen sapi); 7,24 mL/16 hari (menggunakan PROMI dan Zat Pengaya); 14,39 mL/16 hari (menggunakan OrgaDec dan Zat Pengaya); 22.37 mL/48 hari (menggunakan EM4 dan Zat Pengaya); serta 261.25 mL/48 hari (menggunakan Kotoran Sapi). Hasil uji analisis statistik menggunakan One Way ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan penggunaan inokulum mepengaruhi nilai persentase TS Reduction dan VS Reduction (p < 0,05), dimana inokulum berupa campuran biostarter PROMI dan zat pengaya memiliki nilai persentase reduksi TS dan VS terbesar. Di samping itu, hasil uji statistik dengan menggunakan Independent T-Test menunjukkan bahwa biostarter komersial dalam inokulum dapat meningkatkan persentase TS Reduction (p < 0,05) dengan menggunakan anaerobic digestion metode BMP.

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Microbial flora is one of significant aspects in optimization of the anaerobic digestion process. Biostarter is material that provides microbial flora which has role in organic waste degradation. The aim of this study was to find out and analyze the effect of inoculum type with the use of biostarter such as cow manure, cow rumen, EM4, OrgaDec, PROMI on process performance and removal of Total Solids (TS), Volatile Solids (VS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and production of biogas volume. This study conducted with Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) method for 48 days using organic waste from Unit Pengolahan Sampah Universitas Indonesia as substrate and inoculum with six sample variations—such as cow manure; cow rumen; EM4 and molasses; EM4 and enrichment ingredients; OrgaDec and enrichment ingredients; PROMI and enrichment ingredients, which those inoculums were previously acclimated (with organic loading rate in the amount of 10 kg-VS/m3-day) and were followed with degassing process. The results of this study showed that 5 grams of substrate, namely food waste from Unit Pengolahan Sampah Universitas Indonesia can be converted into biogas with a volume of 4,37 mL/48 days (using EM4 and molasses); 6,91 mL/48 days (using cow rumen); 7,24 mL/16 days (using PROMI and enrichment ingredients); 14,39 mL/16 days (using OrgaDec and enrichment ingredients); 22,37 mL/48 days (using EM4 and enrichment ingredients); and 261,25 mL/48 days (using cow manure). The results of statistical analysis using One Way ANOVA showed that the difference in the use of inoculums influenced the value of the percentage of TS Reduction and VS Reduction (p < 0,05), where the inoculum in the form of a mixture of PROMI biostarter and enrichment ingredients had the highest TS and VS reduction percentage values. In addition, the results of statistical test using the Independent T-Test showed that commercial biostarter in the inoculum can increase the percentage of TS Reduction (p < 0.05) by anaerobic digestion with BMP method.

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"The maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), which is the gold standard for anaerobic energy metabolism capacity, requires multiple tests for evaluation that impose a heavy load on subjects. The maximal accumulated blood lactate (AbLa) concentration is also a measure of anaerobic energy metabolism capacity, and is related to the accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD). Thus, AOD has been estimated by using AbLa (3.0 mL02 * kg-1 * mM"1), but it is unclear if this coefficient is suitable for measurement of supramaximal running of athletes. The purpose of this study was to clarify the estimated expression of AOD by using AbLa from the relationship between MAOD and AbLa during supramaximal running in middle-distance run¬ners. Eleven male middle-distance runners (800m running velocity: 425.3 ± 7.3 m-min'1) took part in this study. They performed three running tests (maximal, submaximal and supramaximal running test) to evaluate MAOD and AbLa. MAOD and AbLa were 56.6 ± 6.0 mL02 * kg'1 and 9.9 ± 1.1 mmolL'1, respectively. We observed a significant positive relationship between MAOD and AbLa (r = 0.73); the regression line equation was y = 3.58x + 18.6. Results showed that the AOD per mM of the AbLa of athletes was 3.58 mL02*kg 1, which was 19% higher than the conventional coefficient value."

"Lumpur merupakan produk sampingan utama yang dihasilkan dari proses pengolahan air limbah. Di Indonesia, seringkali lumpur yang dihasilkan belum terolah secara maksimal dan hanya berakhir di TPA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengolah lumpur aktif IPAL domestik (WAS) guna mengetahui potensi energi dari biogas yang dihasilkan melalui proses anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion (AD) merupakan teknologi pengolahan lumpur yang terbukti efektif untuk pemulihan sumberdaya dan konversi limbah menjadi energi. Eksperimen ini dilakukan menggunakan substrat lumpur IPAL Setiabudi dan inokulum digestat sampah makanan dengan rasio 1:1 (berdasarkan VS). Reaktor yang digunakan merupakan reaktor batch sederhana dan proses berlangsung selama lebih dari 20 hari. Pengujian karakterisasi dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah proses AD untuk parameter pH, COD, TS dan VS, rasio C/N, serta biogas (CH4 dan CO2). Dalam penelitian ini, biogas yang dihasilkan sebanyak 31 ± 2,43 mL CH4/gVS, dengan komposisi biogas yang diukur menggunakan gas chromatography menunjukkan konsentrasi metana sebesar 69,06 ± 1,4%. Sementara itu, nilai energi yang dihasilkan oleh lumpur IPAL tergolong rendah bila dibandingkan dengan gas alam, yaitu sebesar ±0,00224 kWh per m3. Meskipun demikian, hasil ini masih layak untuk diimplementasikan serta diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut menggunakan rasio S:I yang variatif, penggunaan ko-substrat hingga pre-treatment untuk meningkatkan potensi energi yang dimiliki oleh WAS.

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Sludge is a major byproduct generated from the wastewater treatment process. In Indonesia, the sludge produced often remains inadequately treated and ends up in landfills. This study aims to treat domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) activated sludge (WAS) to determine the energy potential of the biogas produced through the anaerobic digestion process. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a proven sludge treatment technology for resource recovery and waste-to-energy conversion. This experiment was conducted using sludge from Setiabudi WWTP and food waste digestate inoculum of ratio 1:1 (VS-based). The reactor used was a simple batch reactor and the process was carried out for over 20 days. Characterization tests were performed before and after the AD process for parameters such as pH, COD, TS and VS, C/N ratio, and biogas (CH4 and CO2). In this study, the biogas produced amounted to 31 ± 2.43 mL CH4/gVS, with the biogas composition measured using gas chromatography showing a methane concentration of 69.06 ± 1.4%. Meanwhile, the energy value generated by the WAS was relatively low compared to natural gas, at ±0.00224 kWh per m3. Despite that, these results are still feasible for implementation and further research is needed using varied S:I ratios, co-substrate and pretreatment methods to enhance the energy potential of WAS."