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Abstrak :
Pendahuluan Salah satu tantangan dalam tatalaksana fraktur saat ini adalah rekonstruksi fraktur dengan defek tulang yang luas, di mana dibutuhkannya restorasi alignment dan fiksasi yang stabil untuk keberhasilan rekonstruksi. Pada kasus fraktur dengan defek tulang tidak ada lagi komponen osteoinduksi dan osteokonduktif sehingga diperlukan penggunaan graft tulang ataupun tindakan transport tulang. Walaupun perkembangan teknologi dan kemajuan dalam pembedahan orthopaedi telah berkembang saat ini, hasil akhir dari penyembuhan tulang paska pembedahan pada beberapa kasus fraktur akan mengalami penyembuhan tulang yang kurang baik yang akhirnya akan menyebabkan defek ataupun non-union dari fraktur tersebut. Metode Desain penelitian adalah studi post test control group design. Sampel yang digunakan adalah dua puluh delapan tikus putih Sprague Dawley yang telah mengalami maturasi skeletal (8-12 minggu), dibagi menjadi empat kelompok, tiap tikus akan dilakukan tindakan fraktur dengan defek tulang pada tulang femur selebar 4mm, kemudian tikus dibagi berdasarkan implantasi yang diberikan, yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok implantasi amnion liofilisasi steril, kelompok implantasi xenograft morcalized bovine, dan kelompok implantasi kombinasi amnion dengan xenograft. Hewan coba akan dikorbankan setelah 8 minggu, kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan radiologis dan histopatologis dari fraktur. Evaluasi radiologis menggunakan skor menurut Lane dan Sandhu, evaluasi histopatologis menggunakan skor menurut Salkeld. Hasil Berdasarkan uji statistik non parametrik Kruskal-Wallis terhadap skor radiologis tulang pada minggu ke-8 paska pembedahan didapat nilai p 0,25. Secara statistik dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna perbandingan skor radiologis antara empat kelompok tersebut. uji statistik non parametrik Kruskal-Wallis pada skor histopatologis menurut Salkeld minggu ke-8 paska pembedahan didapat nilai p 0,001 secara statistik, dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna perbandingan skor histopatologis antara empat kelompok tersebut. Kesimpulan Skor radiologis pada implantasi amnion liofilisasi steril dibanding dengan kelompok kontrol pada fraktur dengan defek tulang tidak memberikan perbedaan bermakna, sementara skor histologis memberikan perbedaan percepatan penyembuhan bermakna pada implantasi amnion liofilisasi steril dibanding dengan kelompok kontrol. Skor radiologis dan histologis pada implantasi xenograft morcalized bovine dibanding kelompok kontrol tidak memberikan perbedaan percepatan penyembuhan bermakna. Skor radiologis pada implantasi kombinasi amnion liofilisasi steril dan xenograft morcalized bovine dibanding dengan kelompok kontrol tidak memberikan perbedaan bermakna, sementara skor histologis memberikan perbedaan percepatan penyembuhan bermakna dibanding dengan kelompok kontrol. ......Introduction One of the current chalenge on fracture treatment is reconstruction of fracture with critical size bone defect, where the restoration of the alignment dan stable fixation for succesfull result is necessary. bone graft or bone transport is usually needed for bone defect reconstruction because there isnt any osteoinductive and osteoconductive component on fracture with bone defect. Although new technologies and advances in orthopaedic surgery have enhanced fracture healing and surgical outcomes, there are fracture that continue to be deficient in bone repair or become non-union. Methode The research design is post test control group using twenty eight skeletally matured Sprague Dawley rats, divided into four groups, 4mm sized femoral defects were surgically created in the right femur of 28 rats. 7 rats were ran­domly assigned to each treatment group, in which the femoral defect was filled with sterile lyophilized amnion, morcalized bovine xenograft and combination. In the empty defect group (control group) defects were left empty. Animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks postoperatively. Then the radiologic and histopathologic examination were completed. Radiologic evaluation using Lane and Sandhu score, histologic evaluation using Salkeld score. Result Non parametric Kruskal-Wallis statistic analysis for the radiologic score 8 weeks postoperatively reveal p value 0,25 which mean there is no significance difference between four groups. However for the histopathologic score statistic analysis examination reveal the p value 0,001 which mean there are significance differences between four groups. The statistic analysis for histopathologic is then continued with Man Whitney analysis. Conclusion Regarding the radiologic score, amniotic membrane has similar radiological score to control, however the histopathologic score is better. Xenograft have similar radiological and histopathological score to the control. Combination of amniotic membrane with xenograft has better histopathological score to control. Although the radiologic score is similar.

Abstrak :
Anti rat amniotic protein antibody was developed by immunization of rabbits with total rat amniotic protein as antigen in Freund's adjuvant. This antibody could react with both male rat serum and amniotic proteins. To obtain the pure anti AFP antibody, rabbit anti serum was loaded on an affinity chromatography column which contain agarose, activated by carbodiimide, and male rat serum protein immobilized. Eluat containing protein that was not reacting with immobilized male rat serum was collected in 2 mL fractions. Each fraction was measured. The first 8 fraction give a peak. The range of protein concentration were about 0,35 - 4,51 mg/mL. The range of anti rat .AFP antibody titre were 40 - 1280. The conclusion is that the anti rat amniotic protein antibodies contain the antibody againts rat AFP. The anti rat AFP antibody could reacted or detected the AFP in amniotin fluid proteins that was not in the adult male rat serum. The conclusion is that the anti rat amniotic protein antibodies contain the antibody againts rat AFP. The anti rat AFP antibody can react or detect the AFP in the amniotic fluid protein that is not in the adult male rat serum.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Ulkus kornea adalah salah satu penyakit infeksi mata yang banyak ditemukan di negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. Tatalaksana ulkus kornea bakteri konvensional umumnya dapat menimbulkan jaringan parut kornea permanen yang dapat menurunkan tajam penglihatan. Penggunaan transplantasi membran amnion (TMA) pada ulkus kornea dapat mempercepat proses penyembuhan dan mengurangi terbentuknya jaringan parut kornea. Membran amnion diduga menjadi kerangka baru dan mengekspresi beberapa komponen biologis yang berperan membantu proses epitelisasi dan pembentukan jaringan parut di kornea. Tujuan: Mengetahui dan membuktikan perbedaan perubahan klinis pada kelompok TMA dan terapi standar (non-MA) pada pasien dengan ulkus kornea bakteri, perbedaan perubahan kadar protein TNF-, MMP-9, TGF-β1 di air mata dan ekspresi mRNA TNF-, MMP-9, TGF-β1, dan TGF-β2 di air mata dan kornea. Metode: Penelitian tahap pertama, dilakukan penilaian klinis sebelum dan sesudah pada grup TMA dan terapi standar (non-TMA) dengan menilai tajam penglihatan, waktu epitelisasi total, waktu pembentukan sikatrik total dan derajat sikatrik serta uji kadar protein TNF-, MMP-9, TGF-β1 di air mata dengan pemeriksaan ELISA. Penelitian tahap kedua, dilakukan pemeriksaan ekspresi mRNA TNF-, MMP-9, TGF-β1, dan TGF-β2 di air mata dan kornea dengan pemeriksaan quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Hasil: Hasil penelitian pertama, pada grup TMA terjadi perbaikan yang signifikan bermakna pada tajam penglihatan (p=0.001), waktu epitelisasi total (p=0.002), waktu terbentuk sikatrik total (p=0.005), dan derajat sikatrik (p=0.001) dibandingkan grup non-TMA. Hasil kadar proteinTNF-, MMP-9, dan TGF-β1 di air mata tidak terjadi perubahan yang bermakna sebelum dan sesudah dan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kedua grup (p>0.005). Pada hasil penelitian kedua, ekspresi mRNA TNF-α menurun paling tinggi pada grup TMA (0.824 ± 0), MMP-9 meningkat paling tinggi pada grup TMA (66.698 ± 24.948), TGF-β1 meningkat paling tinggi pada grup TMA (34.425 ± 14.025), sedangkan TGF-β2 mengalami peningkatan tertinggi pada grup non-TMA (114.049 ± 55.344). Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbaikan klinis yang signifikan pasca TMA, sejalan dengan ekspresi gen dari molekul yang terkait ditandai dengan penurunan inflamasi, re-epitelisasi yang lebih cepat, dan pengurangan pembentukan sikatrik. Kadar protein dan ekspresi gen molekul inflamasi di air mata tidak dapat dijadikan penanda untuk proses yang terjadi di kornea.

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Background: Corneal ulcer is one of ocular infection disease that is commonly found in developing country like Indonesia. The conventional treatment for bacterial corneal ulcer usually causes the forming of permanent corneal scar which results in decrease of visual acuity. The use of amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) in corneal ulcer is believed can shorten the healing process and reduce corneal scar. Amniotic membrane is expected to become as a new scaffold and have several biological properties that play a role in epithelization process and fibrotic tissue formation. Objective: To evaluate and establish the clinical differences on amniotic membrane transplantation and standard therapy of patients with bacterial corneal ulcer, and laboratory evaluation of protein level and mRNA expression changes of TNF-, MMP-9, TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in tears and corneal tissue. Method: This study was divided into two phases on two groups of AMT and standard therapy group (non-AMT). On the first phase, clinical evaluation was examined include visual acuity, total duration of epithelization, total duration of scar formation and the degree of corneal scar, along with laboratory of protein level of TNF-, MMP-9, TGF-β1 in tears with ELISA. On the second phase, mRNA expression of TNF-, MMP-9, TGF-β1, and TGF-β2 in tears and cornea were examined with quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Result: The result of first phase on TMA group showed significant improvement on visual acuity (p=0.001), total duration of epithelization (p=0.002), total duration of scar formation (p=0.005), and cicatrix degree (p=0.001) compared to non-TMA group and a non-significant result on protein level of TNF-, MMP-9, TGF-β1 in tears on both groups (p>0.005).On the second phase, mRNA expression of TNF-showed the highest decrease on TMA group (0.824 ± 0), MMP-9 showed the highest increase on group TMA (66.698 ± 24.948),TGF-β1 expression increased the highest on TMA group (34.425 ± 14.025), whereas TGF-β2 showed the highest result on non-TMA group (114.049 ± 55.344). Conclusion: There was significant clinical improvement observed in TMA group parallel with related molecular genetic expression, indicated decreasing of inflammation, faster re-epithelization, and less dense scar formation. Protein level and genetic molecular expression in tears are poor predictors of processes occurring in the cornea.