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"Alfa-glukosidase merupakan enzim yang menghidrolisis ikatan glikosida pada polisakarida kompleks menjadi monosakarida. Penghambatan enzim ini akan menunda absorbsi monosakarida ke dalam epitelium usus, sehingga menurunkan kadar gula darah postprandial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi penghambatan aktivitas alfa-glukosidase dari ekstrak biji Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen. Biji Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi, refluks, Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE), dan Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). Penetapan kadar flavonoid total dilakukan menggunakan metode kolorimetri AlCl3, dan kadar fenol total dilakukan menggunakan metode Folin Ciocalteu. Penghambatan aktivitas alfa-glukosidase dilakukan menggunakan p-Nitrofenil-α-D-Glukopiranosa (pNPG) sebagai substrat dan akarbosa sebagai standar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen ekstrak yang diperoleh dari metode maserasi, refluks, UAE, dan MAE secara berurutan adalah 5,41; 6,54; 7,12; dan 7,35%. Kadar flavonoid total yang diperoleh dari metode maserasi, refluks, UAE, dan MAE sebesar 15,59; 14,82; 15,24; dan 14,35 mgEK/g ekstrak, dan kadar fenol totalnya adalah 98,16; 88,5; 95,71; dan 87,63 mgEAG/g ekstrak. Ekstrak dari metode maserasi mempunyai penghambatan aktivitas yang paling kuat terhadap enzim alfa-glukosidase (IC50 = 84,44 μg/mL) dibandingkan dengan metode refuks, UAE, dan MAE (IC50 = 90,44; 86,87; dan 94,26 μg/mL).

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Alpha-glucosidase is an enzyme that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides into monosaccharides. Inhibition of this enzyme will reduce the absorption of monosaccharides into intestinal epithelium, resulting in a decrease of postprandial glucose levels. This study aims to determine the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen seeds extract. Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen seeds were extracted by maceration, reflux, Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE), and Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) methods. Total flavonoid content was measured using the AlCl3 colorimetric method. Total phenolic content was measured using Folin-ciocalteu method. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity was determined using p-Nitrophenyl-α-D-Glucopyranoside (pNPG) as substrate and Acarbose as a positive control. The yields obtained from the maceration, reflux, UAE, and MAE methods were 5.41; 6.54; 7.12; and 7.35%, respectively. The total flavonoid content obtained from the maceration, reflux, UAE, and MAE methods were 12.47; 15.59; 14.82; 15.24; and 14.35 mgQE/g extract, respectively, and the total phenolic content were 98.16; 88.5; 95.71; and 87.63 mgGAE/g extract. The maceration method extracts had the strongest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 84.44 μg/mL) compared to reflux, UAE, and MAE methods (IC50 = 90.44; 86.87; and 94.26 μg/mL)."

"Diabetes mellitus (DM) ditandai dengan tingginya kadar gula darah disertai dengan gangguan metabolisme karbohidrat, lipid dan protein sebagai akibat insufisiensi fungsi insulin. Dalam upaya mencari pengobatan alternatif dengan resiko yang sedikit untuk diabetes, beberapa ekstrak tanaman telah diuji aktivitas antidiabetesnya, salah satunya adalah biji Mahoni yang sudah digunakan oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penghambatan aktivitas alfa-glukosidase dan mengidentifikasi golongan senyawa kimia dari fraksi aktif ekstrak biji mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King). Penghambatan aktivitas alfaglukosidase diukur menggunakan Spektrofotometer. Hasil menunjukan bahwa fraksi yang memiliki penghambatan aktivitas alfa-glukosidase paling baik dengan nilai IC50 15,44 ppm adalah fraksi petroleum eter. Uji kinetika fraksi petroleum eter memiliki penghambatan kompetitif dan kandungan senyawa kimia yang terdapat didalam fraksi petroleum eter adalah senyawa terpen.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by high blood sugar levels along with impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins as a result of insufficiency of insulin function. In an effort to seek alternative treatment with little risk for diabetes, several plant extracts have been tested antidiabetic activity, one of which is Mahogany seeds that have been used by the people of Indonesia.

The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibitory activity of alpha-glucosidase and identify classes of chemical compounds from active fractions of mahogany seed (Swietenia macrophylla King) extract. The inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity is measure using Spectrophotometry.

The result showed that fraction has the best inhibitory activity alpha-glucosidase with IC50 values of 15,44 ppm is petroleum ether fraction. Kinetics tested of petroleum ether fraction has a competitive inhibition and chemical compounds that consist in petroleum ether fraction is terpene."

"Research through a metabolomics approach is carried out withoutisolating a single active compound responsible for an activity. Empirically the root, stem, and leaf preparations of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz have long been used in traditional medicine such as the treatment of diabetes, eczema, pulmonary tuberculosis, herpes, hepatitis, and hypertension. This dissertation aims to evaluate compounds that have antioxidant and antidiabetic activity through inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity of plant R. Nasutus metabolomics and molecular tethering based liquid chromatography very high performance mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (KCKST SM/SM). The stages of research carried out include: (1) Extraction of leaves, flowers, and bark using 70% ethanol with ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction method. (2) Fractionation of selected extracts using centrifugation partition chromatography (PPP). (3) Testing of antidiabetic activity through the mechanism of alpha-glucosidase inhibition of selected extracts and their PPP fractions in vitro. (4) Testing of antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) method; ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) in vitro against extracts and PPP fractions whose alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity is very active and/or active. (5) Determination of metabolite profiles using KCKST SM/SM Q-Orbitrap on PPP fractions whose alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity is very active and/or active. (6) Chemometric analysis with multivariate data analysis using SIMCA software against metabolite area area data and bioactivity data. (7) Verification of compounds that contribute significantly as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase activity resulting from metabolomics by molecular tethering. This study obtained 10 active compounds in the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase in the KPS fraction of R. nasutus, namely compounds (5) bis(2-ethylhexyl) amines, (6) choline, (7) leu gly, (8) N-methyltanolamine phosphate, (11) N-methyldioctylamine, (14) dodesiltrimethethlammonium, (15) austalida J, (17) DL-β-leucine, (22) cemilicoisoflavone B, and (26) licoflavone B. In addition, 6 compounds (compounds 5, 8, 11, 14, 15, and 22) contributed significantly as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as well as very strong antioxidants with the FRAP method and 3 compounds (compounds 5, 11, and 15) with the CRAPC method.

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In the metabolomics approach, research is done without isolating any active compounds that cause activity. Empirically, preparations of the roots, stems, and leaves of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz have long been used in traditional medicine for such purposes as the treatment of diabetes, eczema, pulmonary tuberculosis, herpes, hepatitis, and hypertension. This dissertation aims to evaluate compounds with antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity by inhibiting the alpha-glucosidase activity of the plant R. nasutus using a metabolomics approach and molecular docking based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPL MS/MS). The stages of the research included: (1) extraction of leaves, flowers, and stem bark using 70% ethanol using an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. (2) Fractionation of selected extracts using centrifugation partition chromatography (CPC). (3) In vitro testing of antidiabetic activity through the mechanism of alpha-glucosidase inhibition of selected extracts and their CPC fractions. (4) Testing the antioxidant activity with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) in vitro against extracts and CPC fractions with highly active, active, or slightly active alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. (5) Determination of metabolite profiles using KCKST SM/SM Q-Orbitrap on CPC fractions with highly active or slightly active alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. (6) Chemometric analysis in the form of multivariate data analysis using SIMCA software on metabolite area data and bioactivity data. (7) Verification of compounds that contribute significantly as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase activity in metabolomics by molecular docking.This study obtained 10 active compounds in alpha-glucosidase inhibition in the R. nasutus CPC fraction, namely compounds (5) bis(2-ethylhexyl) amine, (6) choline, (7) leugly, (8) N-methylethanolamine phosphate, (11) N-methyldioctylamine, (14) dodecyltrimethylammonium, (15) austalide J, (17) DL-β-Leucine, (22) semilicoisoflavone B, and (26) licoflavone B. In addition, it was also found that six compounds (compounds 5, 8, 11, 14, 15, and 22) significantly contributed as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as well as very strong antioxidants with the FRAP method and three compounds (compounds 5, 11, and 15) with the CUPRAC method."

"Diabetes mellitus merupakan salah satu penyakit dengan penderita yang cukup banyak di dunia. Indonesia sendiri merupakan negara yang menempati urutan keempat dengan jumlah penderita diabetes terbanyak sedunia. Berbagai pengobatan selalu dikembangkan untuk menurunkan jumlah penderita diabetes tiap tahunnya, salah satu pilihan adalah pengobatan herbal. Berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman dari suku Clusiaceae memiliki khasiat sebagai anti diabetes, Calophyllum hosei Ridl. merupakan salah satunya. Dalam penelitian ini, C. hosei akan diteliti lebih lanjut khasiatnya terhadap penghambatan alfa-glukosidase yang akan menentukan apakah tanaman ini memiliki khasiat sebagai anti diabetes. Ekstrak etanol dari tanaman C. hosei difraksinasi menggunakan pelarut n-heksan, etil asetat, dan butanol sehingga dihasilkan fraksi bertingkat. Fraksi-fraksi tersebut kemudian diuji aktivitas penghambatan alfa-glukosidase menggunakan alat spektrofotometri multiwell dengan panjang gelombang 405 nm untuk menentukan nilai persen inhibisi yang akan digunakan untuk menentukan nilai IC50. Fraksi yang berpotensi memiliki khasiat kemudian dipisahkan dengan menggunakan kromatografi kolom dengan pelarut bertingkat. Subfraksi yang dihasilkan kemudian diuji aktivitas penghambatan alfa-glukosidase untuk menentukan nilai persen inhibisi. Subfraksi yang paling tinggi persen inhibisinya kemudian akan dicari nilai IC50. Fraksi n-heksan, etil asetat, butanol dan air masing-masing memiliki IC50 sebesar 327,88; 119,4; 34,43 dan 102,33 ppm. Sedangkan subfraksi teraktif memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 84,36 ppm. Akarbose yang digunakan sebagai pembanding memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 91,17 ppm.

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Diabetes mellitus is a disease with a lot of patients in the world. Indonesia itself is a country that ranks fourth in the number of diabetics worldwide. Various treatments have always been developed to reduce the number of people with diabetes each year, alternative options such as herbal medicine is one of them. A lot of experiences shown that plants from family clusiaceae have a efficacy as an antidiabetic drug, one of them is Calophyllum hosei Ridl. In this study, C. hosei will be further examined efficacy against inhibition of alpha-glucosidase that will determine whether this plant has efficacy as an anti diabetic drug. The ethanol extract from plant C. hosei Ridl. is fractionated by using a funnel to obtain fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. Fractions are then tested as alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity as a parameter using a multiwell spectrophotometry with a wavelength of 405 nm to determine the percent inhibitory values that will be used to determine the IC50 value. Faction that has potential, which is ethyl acetate fraction, then isolated using column chromatography with solvent that gradually rising its polarity. Subfractions then tested using alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity as a parameter to determine the percent inhibition values. Subfraction with highest percent inhibitory then used as a sample to determine the IC50 value. Fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water each have IC50 of 327.88; 119.4; 34.43 and 102.33 ppm. While the most active subfraction from ethyl acetate fraction has IC50 value of 84.36 ppm. Acarbose, which has used as a comparator, has IC50 value of 91.17 ppm."

"ABSTRAKAlfa-glukosidase merupakan enzim yang dapat menghidrolisis ikatan glikosidik pada oligosakarida menjadi monosakarida (glukosa, fruktosa, dan galaktosa). Penghambatan enzim ini akan mengurangi penyerapan monosakarida sehingga terjadi penurunan kadar glukosa postprandial. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, ekstrak etanol 80% daun mingaram (Caphalomappa malloticarpa J.J.Sm.) menunjukkan penghambatan aktivitas alfa-glukosidase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji penghambatan aktivitas alfa-glukosidase pada ekstrak etanol 80% yang difraksinasi menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah refluks dengan pelarut etanol 80% dan dilanjutkan dengan fraksinasi partisi menggunakan corong pisah dengan pelarut polaritas gradien. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sampel aktif dengan penghambatan alfa-glukosidase adalah ekstrak etanol dan fraksi etil asetat (dibandingkan dengan acarbose, IC50 acarbose 46,16 g/mL). Ekstrak etanol 80% memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 21,345 ± 3,27 g/mL dan fraksi etil asetat memiliki IC50 sebesar 31,595 ± 3,97 g/mL. Sedangkan fraksi n-heksana dan metanol menghasilkan nilai IC50 yang lebih besar dari standar, yaitu 181.855 ± 9,54 dan 95,6 ± 6,91 g/mL. Kandungan total fenol dalam ekstrak etanol 80%, fraksi n-heksana, fraksi etil asetat, dan fraksi metanol daun mingaram berturut-turut adalah 613,79; 591.80; 874,96; dan 566,14 mgGAE/gr sampel. Peningkatan kadar fenol total tidak sebanding dengan nilai IC50 penghambatan alfa-glukosidase. Fraksinasi tidak menurunkan nilai IC50 penghambatan alfa-glukosidase jika dibandingkan dengan nilai IC50 ekstrak awal.ABSTRACTAlpha-glucosidase is an enzyme that can hydrolyze glycosidic bonds in oligosaccharides into monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and galactose). Inhibition of this enzyme will reduce the absorption of monosaccharides resulting in a decrease in postprandial glucose levels. In a previous study, 80% ethanol extract of mingaram (Caphalomappa malloticarpa J.J.Sm.) leaves showed inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity. This study aimed to test the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity in 80% ethanol extract fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as solvents. The extraction method used was reflux with 80% ethanol solvent and continued with partition fractionation using a separating funnel with a gradient polarity solvent. The test results showed that the active samples with alpha-glucosidase inhibition were ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction (compared to acarbose, IC50 acarbose 46.16 g/mL). The 80% ethanol extract had an IC50 value of 21.345 ± 3.27 g/mL and the ethyl acetate fraction had an IC50 of 31.595 ± 3.97 g/mL. Meanwhile, the n-hexane and methanol fractions produced IC50 values ​​that were greater than the standard, namely 181,855 ± 9.54 and 95.6 ± 6.91 g/mL. The total phenol content in 80% ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and methanol fraction of mingaram leaves were 613.79; 591.80; 874.96; and 566.14 mgGAE/gr sample. The increase in total phenol content was not proportional to the IC50 value of alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Fractionation did not decrease the IC50 value of alpha-glucosidase inhibition when compared to the IC50 value of the initial extract."

"Diabetes mellitus adalah penyakit yang ditandai oleh tingginya kadar gula darah dan telah banyak diderita oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Pengobatan tradisional untuk penyakit diabetes dilakukan menggunakan berbagai macam tanaman obat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji adanya aktivitas penghambatan enzim α-glukosidase pada 15 jenis tanaman yang secara tradisional digunakan sebagai antidiabetes. Pengujian dilakukan secara in vitro terhadap ekstrak etanol tanaman menggunakan enzim α-glukosidase dan substrat P-Nitrofenil-α-D-Glukopiranosida yang menghasilkan produk paranitrofenol. Produk tersebut diukur serapannya menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada λ 400 nm. Parameter adanya aktivitas penghambatan yang dimiliki oleh ekstrak ditunjukan oleh nilai %inhibisi dan IC50. Hasil pengujian aktivitas penghambatan enzim α-glukosidase menunjukkan bahwa hampir semua ekstrak memiliki aktivitas penghambatan, kecuali buah belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) dan umbi wortel (Daucus carota L.), sedangkan ekstrak yang memiliki daya penghambatan terbaik adalah kulit batang kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmanii (Nees & T.Nees) Blume) dengan nilai IC50 2,11 μg/mL, diikuti oleh kulit batang jamblang (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeel) dengan nilai IC50 3,78 μg/mL, kulit batang bidara laut (Strychnos lucida R.Br.) dengan nilai IC50 5,40 μg/mL, dan bunga cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry) dengan nilai IC50 5,78 μg/mL. Golongan senyawa yang dikandung oleh ekstrak tanaman yang memiliki aktivitas penghambatan yang tinggi adalah glikosida dan tanin.

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Diabetes mellitus is a disease with high blood glucose levels, and this is one of the common diseases in Indonesia. A traditional medication for diabetes mellitus did by using the medicinal plants. The aim of this research was to determine an α-glucosidase inhibiting activity from 15 ethanolic extracts of Indonesian medicinal plants that had been used for diabetes mellitus. The method was an in vitro model using α?glucosidase and P-Nitrophenyl-α-D-Glucopyranoside as enzyme and substrate that produced p-nitrophenol. The product was measured by Spectrophotometer UV-Vis at λ 400 nm. The parameters of inhibiting activity were indicated by the values of % inhibition and IC50. The results indicated that almost of the extracts have inhibiting activity, except the Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruits and the Daucus carota L. tubers. The high activities are belong to the cortexes of Cinnamomum burmanii (Nees & T.Nees), Blume, Syzygium cumini L., Strychnos lucida R.Br. and the flowers of Syzygium aromaticum L. with IC50 value of 2.11 μg/mL, 3.78 μg/mL, 5.40 μg/mL, and 5.78 μg/mL. The phytochemical screening indicated that the extracts with high inhibiting activity contain glycosides and tannins as their chemical compounds."

"Penelitian mengenai aktivitas antidiabetes pada tanaman salah satunya adalah melalui uji penghambatan alfa glukosidase. Tanaman Buni (Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng) telah diketahui dapat menghambat alfa glukosidase dengan nilai IC50 pada fraksi etil asetat dari kulit batang sebesar 5,73 ppm. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengisolasi dan mengelusidasi senyawa yang berasal dari fraksi kulit batang Buni yang dapat menghambat alfa glukosidase secara in vitro dibandingkan dengan standar akarbose dan miglitol. Uji in vitro menunjukkan nilai IC50 akarbose dan miglitol sebesar 5,75 dan 59,76 ppm, sedangkan fraksi etil asetat dinyatakan sebagai fraksi teraktif dengan nilai IC50 19,33 ppm. Fraksi tersebut menghasilkan 3 isolat yang dielusidasi menggunakan spektrofotometer IR, MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, dan 2D-NMR. Struktur kimia isolat ditentukan melalui spektrum yang diperoleh dan dibandingkan dengan literatur, sehingga disimpulkan bahwa isolat 1, 2, dan 3 adalah friedelin, β-sitosterol, dan asam betulinat. Uji penghambatan enzim secara in vitro menunjukkan nilai IC50 isolat 1, 2, dan 3 masing-masing sebesar 19,51; 49,85; dan 18,49 ppm. Isolat 3 sebagai isolat teraktif dikonfirmasi aktivitasnya secara in silico dengan penambatan molekuler menggunakan program AutoDock4.2 sehingga diperoleh nilai ∆G sebesar -7,98 kkal/mol dan Ki sebesar 2,13 mM.

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Antidiabetic activity from plants can be figured by the inhibitory activity of alpha-glucosidase assay. Buni (Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng) has been found as inhibitor alpha-glucosidase with IC50 values ​​in the ethyl acetate fraction of the stem barks 5.73 ppm. This study aimed to isolate and elucidate the chemical compounds from the bark of Buni which inhibit alpha-glucosidase by in vitro methode with acarbose and miglitol as standards. In vitro assay showed IC50 values ​​of acarbose and miglitol are 5.75 and 59.76 ppm, while the IC50 value of ethyl acetate fraction is 19.33 ppm. Three isolates were elucidated by IR, MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and 2D-NMR. The chemical structures of the isolates were identified by the spectrum then compared with literatures which concluded that isolate 1, 2, and 3 are friedelin, β-sitosterol, and betulinic acid. In vitro assay showed IC50 values ​​of isolate 1, 2, and 3 are 19.51; 49.85; and 18.49 ppm, respectively. Isolate 3 as the most active isolate confirmed its activity with in silico methode by molecular tethering using AutoDock4.2 program, which obtain the value of ΔG -7.98 kcal/mol and Ki 2.13 mM."

"Diabetes merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan global yang tumbuh paling cepat di abad ke-21. Obat antidiabetes dengan berbagai mekanisme kerja telah banyak di produksi. Namun, sebagian besar penderita diabetes menggunakan tanaman untuk pengobatan alternatif karena merasa efek sampingnya lebih kecil dibandingkan obat antidiabetes. Tanaman yang telah terbukti berpotensi sebagai antidiabetes diantaranya adalah Caesalpinia sappan (secang), Andrographis paniculata (sambiloto), dan Syzygium cumini (jamblang). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antidiabetes dari kombinasi ekstrak etanol herba sambiloto, daun jamblang, dan kayu secang secara in vitro dengan penghambatan enzim alfa-glukosidase dan DPP-IV (Dipeptidil-peptidase IV). Kombinasi ketiga ekstrak dibuat dalam bentuk granul dan sediaan akhir berupa kapsul. Formula terbaik dilanjutkan untuk pengujian stabilitas selama 3 bulan. Caesalpinia sappan menunjukkan aktivitas paling kuat dalam menghambat enzim alfa-glukosidase dan DPP-IV dengan nilai masing-masing sebesar IC50 9,60 ± 1,05 µg/mL dan 59,98 ± 6,84%. Sementara, ekstrak kombinasi menghasilkan IC50 64,21 ± 1,37 µg/mL terhadap penghambatan alfa-glukosidase dan 45,14 ± 12,71% untuk penghambatan DPP-IV. Formulasi paling efisien adalah F1 yang menggunakan Avicel PH 101 dengan komposisi paling rendah. F1 memperoleh carr’s index 14,40 ± 1,38% dan hausner’s ratio 1,17 ± 0,02. Setelah penyimpanan tiga bulan, adanya perbedaan fisik. Kadar senyawa penanda turun setelah penyimpanan dua minggu. Namun, terjadi kenaikan setelahnya untuk brazilin dan andrografolid. Aktivitas penghambatan alfa-glukosidase berlangsung fluktuatif selama masa penyimpanan, namun mengarah pada peningkatan IC50. Caesalpinia sappan memiliki aktivitas paling kuat terhadap penghambatan alfa-glukosidase dan DPP-IV serta sediaan kapsul cenderung stabil selama penyimpanan 3 bulan. 

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Diabetes is one of the fastest growing global health problems of the 21st century. Antidiabetic drugs with various mechanisms of action have been produced. However, most diabetics use plants as alternative medicine because its side effects are lower than antidiabetic drugs. Plants that have been shown to have potential as antidiabetic are Caesalpinia sappan, Andrographis paniculata, and Syzygium cumin. This study aims to examine the antidiabetic activity in vitro of the combination of ethanol extract of those three plants by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV enzymes. The combination of the three extracts was made in the form of granules in capsule. The best formula was continued for stability testing for 3 months. Caesalpinia sappan showed the strongest activity in inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV enzymes with IC50 values of 9.60±1.05 µg/mL and 59.98±6.84%, respectively. Meanwhile, the combined extract obtained an IC50 of 64.21±1.37 µg/mL for alpha-glucosidase inhibition and 45.14±12.71% for DPP-IV inhibition. The most efficient formulation was F1 which use Avicel PH 101 with the lowest composition. F1 obtained a carr's index of 14.40±1.38% and a hausner's ratio of 1.17±0.02. After three months of storage, there was changed in physical appearance. The content of marker compounds decreased after two weeks of storage. However, there was a subsequent increase for brazilin and andrographolide. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity fluctuated during storage but led to an increasing in IC50. Caesalpinia sappan extract has the strongest activity against alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV inhibition and capsule tend to be stable for 3 months of storage."

"Diabetes mellitus (DM) adalah suatu penyakit gangguan metabolik yang ditandai dengan kondisi hiperglikemia. Salah satu pengobatan untuk diabetes adalah dengan menghambat enzim alfa-glukosidase sehingga dapat mengurangi kadar glukosa darah post prandial. Garcinia daedalanthera Pierre adalah salah satu tanaman yang berasal dari Famili Clusiaceae yang sebelumnya diketahui memiliki aktivitas penghambatan alfa glukosidase dan antioksidan pada bagian daunnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji penghambatan alfa-glukosidase serta uji antioksidan dengan metode DPPH pada ekstrak n-heksana, etil asetat dan metanol dari kulit batang Garcinia daedalanthera Pierre yang sebelumnya diperoleh melalui maserasi bertingkat. Sebelum dilakukan uji, terlebih dahulu dilakukan beberapa optimasi suhu untuk memperoleh kondisi optimum pengujian. Untuk uji penghambatan alfa-glukosidase digunakan λ 400 nm, pH 6,8, suhu 39ºC, substrat 5 mM dan enzim 0,045 U/mL untuk pengujian sesuai hasil optimasi. Sedangkan untuk uji antioksidan, digunakan λ 519 nm. Hasil menunjukan bahwa ekstrak teraktif yang memiliki kemampuan untuk menghambat aktivitas enzim alfa-glukosidase adalah ekstrak etil asetat dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 21,881 μg/mL yang juga merupakan ekstrak teraktif dalam uji antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 14,486 μg/mL. Pada uji penapisan fitokimia menunjukan bahwa, ekstrak etil asetat sebagai ekstrak teraktif memiliki kandungan senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, glikosida, tanin dan antrakuinon.

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Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder disease characterized by hyperglycemic condition. One of the medicinal treatment to cure diabetes is to inhibit the alpha-glucosidase enzyme activity, so it will reduce post-prandial blood sugars level. Garcinia daedalanthera Pierre is one of Clusiaceae Family plants which is known having an alpha-glucosidase and antioxidant activity on that leaves part.

This research was aimed to test the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and antioxidant activity using DPPH method from n-heksan, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Garcinia daedalanthera Pierre stem barks which obtained from extraction with maceration before. The optimization have been done before the test to get an optimum condition for the tests. A wavelength of 400 nm, pH 6,8, temperature 39ºC, substrat concentration of 5 mM, and unit enzyme concentration of 0,025 U/mL were used for an alpha-glucosidase inhibition test. In the other hand, a wavelength of 519 nm was used for antioxidant test.

The result showed that ethyl acetate extract is both the most active extract that inhibit alpha-glucosidase activity with IC50 21,881 μg/mL and on antioxidant test with IC50 value 14,486 μg/mL. Phytochemical screening showed that ethyl acetate as the most active extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and anthraquinones. "

"Diabetes melitus merupakan gangguan kelenjar endokrin kronis yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia yakni kadar gula darah meningkat akibat pankreas tidak dapat memproduksi insulin yang cukup atau sel-sel tubuh tidak dapat merespon insulin yang dihasilkan. Kondisi hiperglikemia juga dapat menghasilkan radikal bebas yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan oksidatif pada biomolekul seperti protein, lipid, dan DNA yang secara signifikan dapat menjadi penyebab penyakit diabetes maupun memperparah komplikasinya. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan senyawa obat yang dapat memberikan efek dalam menurunkan kadar glukosa darah sekaligus bermanfaat sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji secara in vitro efek penghambatan α-glukosidase, yaitu enzim yang berperan dalam pencernaan karbohidrat, serta mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH pada ekstrak n-heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol daun Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. Kedua uji dilakukan dengan menggunakan Microplate Reader. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etil asetat memiliki nilai IC50 teraktif, yaitu 25,314 μg/mL untuk uji penghambatan α-glukosidase dan 12,369 μg/mL untuk uji aktivitas antioksidan. Selanjutnya, dilakukan penapisan fitokimia pada ekstrak etil asetat daun Garcinia fruticosa dan didapat kandungan beberapa golongan senyawa kimia seperti alkaloid, flavonoid, glikosida, tanin, dan saponin.

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, which blood sugar levels rise due to the pancreas unable to produce enough insulin or the body's cells can?t respond to the insulin that is produced. Hyperglycemic conditions can also generate free radicals which can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and DNA which can significantly cause diabetes or worsen the complications. Therefore, it is necessary to find drug compounds that can give an effect in lowering blood glucose levels while giving antioxidant benefits at the same time.

This study aims to test the in-vitro inhibitory effect of α-glucosidase, an enzyme involved in the digestion of carbohydrates, and determine the antioxidant activity using DPPH method of Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb leaves n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methonal extract. Both tests were done by using the Microplate Reader.

The test results showed that the ethyl acetate extract had the most actuve IC50 values, ie 25.314 mg/mL of α-glucosidase inhibition test and 12.369 mg/mL on the antioxidant activity test. Furthermore, the phytochemical screening was done on the ethyl acetate extract of Garcinia fruticosa leaves and several some classes of phytochemical compounds were found, which were alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and saponins."