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Abstrak :
Makalah ini mengulas bagaimana mekanisasi pertanian mempengaruhi Kamboja. Mekanisasi pertanian, lonjakan global mesin pertanian, muncul untuk mencukupi peningkatan permintaan produk pertanian akibat pertumbuhan populasi dan tingkat pendapatan dengan produksi pertanian yang efisien, lebih tinggi, dan produktif. Peningkatan inovasi teknologi yang sejalan dengan sektor pertanian menjadi perhatian penting di pasar pertanian Kamboja, yang mempunyai pengaruh positif dalam mendorong produksi yang lebih tinggi, kecukupan pangan, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Kapasitas pemanfaatan mekanisasi pertanian sangat penting untuk menentukan intensitas hasil produksi. Dengan volume ekspor pertanian yang tinggi, Kamboja produktif dalam memanfaatkan inovasi teknologi dalam produksi pertaniannya. Mekanisasi pertanian telah menggantikan input produksi manual, seperti sapi dan petani yang kurang terampil di Kamboja, dengan mesin untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan produktivitas pertanian, yang berkontribusi pada berkurangnya lapangan kerja di sektor pertanian. Untuk melindungi tenaga kerja, menghilangkan inefisiensi pasar dan kerugian akibat mekanisasi pertanian, pemerintah dapat menerapkan kebijakan pengurangan upah minimum dan subsidi yang menjadi solusi untuk mengatasi permasalahan berikut. ......This study assess how Agricultural Mechanisation affects Cambodia. Agricultural mechanisation, the global surge of agricultural machinery, arises to suffice the increasing demand of agricultural products due to the growing population and income level with an efficient, higher, and productive agricultural production. Improvement of technological innovation that coincides with the agricultural sector is an important concern in the agricultural market of Cambodia, which has a positive influence to promote higher production, food- sufficiency, and economic growth. Utilisation capacity of agricultural mechanisation is crucial to determine production output intensity. With high agricultural exports volume, Cambodia is productive in utilising technological innovations in their agricultural production. Agricultural mechanisation has been substituting manual production inputs, such as cattle and less skilled farmers in Cambodia, with machineries to increase agricultural efficiency and productivity, which contributes to a lower employment in the agricultural sector. To protect labours, eliminate market inefficiencies and losses due to agricultural mechanisation, the government can enforce the policy of minimum wage reduction and subsidy which serve as the solution to solve the following concerns.

Abstrak :
Lahan pertanian menjadi salah satu sumberdaya alam potensial terutama lahan pertanian kering yang lebih mendominasi wilayah Indonesia, termasuk di kabupaten Pacitan. Namun, pemanfaatan lahan pertanian kering belum optimal dan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir justru menunjukkan penurunan produksi. Salah satu penyebab turunnya produksi pertanian adalah keberadaan tumbuhan pengganggu. Tumbuhan pengganggu memberikan dominasi dan kompetisi pemenuhan unsur hara, air, cahaya, dan ruang tumbuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang pola pengendalian tumbuhan pengganggu di lahan kering yang tepat untuk mewujudkan pangan berkelanjutan. Metode yang digunakan adalah mixed method dengan cara observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan studi pustaka. Pengendalian tumbuhan pengganggu di Kecamatan Ngadirojo dan Kecamatan Sudimoro cukup beragam meliputi pengendalian kimia, mekanik, dan gabungan. Keanekaragaman tumbuhan pengganggu pertanian padi gogo termasuk kategori sedang dengan H = 2,99 (33 jenis dari 14 suku) dan keanekaragaman tumbuhan pengganggu tanaman kedelai termasuk kategori tinggi dengan H = 3,14 (37 jenis dari 15 suku). Tumbuhan pengganggu yang paling mendominasi adalah Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. Ex DC. Pola pertanian yang diterapkan petani di kawasan ini adalah padi gogo-palawija-palawija dan padi gogo-palawija-bera. Keberadaan tumbuhan pengganggu menurunkan produksi pertanian melalui mekanisme dominasi dan kompetisi dengan tanaman budidaya. Rancangan pengendalian yang tepat adalah berbasis siklus hidup. ......Agricultural land is the potential of natural resources, especially dryland, including in Pacitan. However, dryland management is not optimal, and in recent years it showed a decline production. The growth of weeds among agricultural crops is a pest that can decrease agricultural production. Weed provide fulfillment of domination and competition for nutrients, water, sunlight, and space to grow. This research aims to design patterns for weed management in dryland to achieve sustainable food. The method used is a mixed method by observation, in-depth interview, and case study. Weed management in Ngadirojo and Sudimoro district include chemical control, mechanical, and mixed control. The diversity of weed in rice crop is H = 2,99 (33 species from 14 family) and in soybean crop is H = 3,14 (37 species from 15 family). Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. Ex DC. is the most dominating this area. Agricultural patterns are applied farmers in this area are upland rice-crops-crops and upland rice-crops-fallow. The existence of weed to decline the agricultural production through a domination and competition with crops. The design of appropriate controls is life cycle approach.

Abstrak :
ILUC is the abbreviation for Indirect Land Use Change. ILUC predictions mainly depend on the assumptions about how the additional agricultural demand for biomass production is covered. But iLUC due to agricultural growth varied strongly in the past among the different regions worldwide. Therefore, we analyzed the correlation between the development of the agricultural production and the land use changes and investigated which options (expansion of the agricultural area, increasing productivity, forest clearing etc.) supplied the feedstock demand for the growing agriculture sector in the past. Our investigations altogether show what the essential option for the increase of the biomass production has been and how it is related to the intensification of the usage of existing agricultural area, globally and even in countries with a high deforestation rate. Besides this the analysis of the main drivers of land use change in the past due to agriculture growth is essential for iLUC predictions and prevention policy. One driver was the loss of agricultural land in important areas all over the world. Our analysis shows that governance has a central influence on the development of land use. If the decoupling of production increase from the expansion of agricultural area for biomass production into nature areas wants to be achieved, it will have to happen via governance in the relevant countries. Therefore, instruments have to be developed and implemented that are able to regulate land use sophistically corresponding to the individual countries.

Abstrak :
Peningkatan Produksi pertanian di Jember Lebih banyak terjadi setelah dikenalkannya teknologi Pancausaha Tani oleh Pemerintah. Walaupun teknologi itu baru dikenal dan dilaksanakan oleh petani di Jember pada tahun 1969, tetapi kualitas dan pengetahuan petani dengan cepat menunjukkan adanya peningkatan. Meningkatnya kualitas dan pengetahuan membawa pengaruh terhadap kinerja petani, yang nantinya dapat meningkatkan produksi pertanian sebagai akibat dari penguasaan teknologi. Permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini ialah Bagaimanakah produksi pertanian di Jember dengan diterapkannya Pancausaha Tani? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Peningkatan Produksi pertanian di Jember sampai dengan akhir tahun 1984, serta ingin meneliti dan menganalisis pengaruh yang ditimbulkan oleh teknologi Pancausaha Tani, terhadap kualitas dan kinerja petani selama tahun 1963 -1984_ Manfaat yang diharapkan ialah dapat memberi sumbangan, guna memperkaya khasanah ilmu pengetahuan sejarah nasional. Penelitian ini dilakukan bulan September 1998 sampai dengan bulan Juni 1999, dengan studi lapangan. Tempat penelitian ini ialah di Kabupaten Jember, Propinsi Jawa Timur. Langkah yang ditempuh ialah mengumpulkan data dengan menggunakan metode dokumenter, disertai wawancara dengan nara sumber terpilih, kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik logika komparatif induktif. Kesimpulan yang dapat diperoleh berdasarkan pembahasan ialah dengan diperkenalkannya teknologi Pancausaha Tani dan berbagai perangkatnya, menjadikan meningkatnya produksi pertanian, meningkatnya pendapatan petani, dan membaiknya perekonomian di Jember pada umumnya.

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the Technology of Agriculture and the Development of the Peasant's Economy in JemberThe enhancement of agricultural production in Jember increases more rapidly after the technology of the peasants- five efforts, the so called `Pancaussaha Tani' is introduced by the government. Although the technology was recognized and brought into action by the peasants in jember 1969, their knowledge and quality show rapid progress. The enhancement of quality and knowledge may influence the intensity of the peasants work that will increase the agricultural production as the effect of their mastery of technology. The problem to discuss in the research deal with how the agricultural production in Jember is as the `Pancaussaha Tani' has been applied. The research purpose is to know The enhancement of the agricultural production in Jember up to the end of 1984, and to investigate and analyse the effect of the `Pancaussaha Tani' on the quality and intensity of the peasants' work during period of 1963-1984. The expected use is to contribute the enrichment of the scientific knowledge about the national history. The research fieldwork was conducted in September 1998 - June 1999. The research lacotion was in the regency of Jember, east Java. The researh procedures are to collect the data by the documentary method and the interview with some selected expert, and then analyse the data by using the method of inductive - comparative logic. The obtained conclusion is based on the on the discussion of the technological inovation of the `Pancaussaha Tani' and all its instruments that result in The enhancement of agricultural production and increase of the peasants' income, and in general the economical improvement in Jember.

Abstrak :
This research analyses about how and how far the transformation of agricultural production system and agrarian structure within cacao-base peasant community imply to social differentiation. The research uses a "multiple case study" approach in four cocoa peasant communities, i.e.:two communities in Central Sulawesi and the other two in Nangroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). The result shows that capitalism enters the communities by permeating (not eliminating) through various new activities, and than produced a transitional agricultural production (particularly takes form as temporary holding), has resulted in a social differentiation in peasant community called as unequal stratification of cocial structure of peasant community. This social is differentiated in many layers from a single status layer (land owners, tillers and labor) to combination of layers (of those three statuses). Moreover, this emerging social structure is also accompanied by a further inequality in agrarian resource ownership.

Abstrak :
Dewasa ini lingkungan bisnis bergerak kesuatu arah persaingan yang semakin ketat dan kompleks, sehingga mendorong timbulnya kesadaran akan pentingnya kualitas pelayanan. Strategi bersaing untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan pasar telah bergeser, dari Sellers Market ke Buyers Market. Oleh karena itu untuk memenangkan persaingan pasar, orientasi strategi pelayanan diwujudkan agar dapat menciptakan kepuasan pelanggan (customer satisfaction) melalui penyampaian produk atau jasa yang berkualitas dengan harga bersaing. Untuk mengetahui tingkat kepuasan pelanggan pada pengadaan dan penyaluran sarana produksi pertanian (saprotan) khususnya benih padi P.T. Pertani (Persero) di Kabupaten Karawang Propinsi Jawa Barat, maka dilakukan penelitian ini. Adapun jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif. Sedangkan untuk mengukur tingkat kepuasan pelanggan digunakan metode Servqual (Service Quality), yang terdiri dari lima klompok; yaitu : (1) tampilan fisik (tangibles), (2) kemampuan mewujudkan janji (reliability), (3) sikap tanggap dalam memberi pelayanan (responsiveness), (4) kemampuan memberikan jaminan pelayanan (assurance), dan (5) kemampuan memahami kebutuhan pelanggan (empathy). Jumlah responden dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 100 orang, terdiri dari 86 orang dari Kelompok Tani, 12 orang dari Kios Sarana Produksi Pertanian (Saprotan), dan 2 orang dari Tempat Pelayanan Koperasi (TPK)/ KUD. Akhirnya penulis menyimpulkan bahwa kualitas pelayanan P.T. Pertani (Persero) dalam pengadaan dan penyaluran saprotan khususnya benih padi, masih belum dapat memuaskan pelanggan. Hal ini terjadi karena persepsi pelanggan terhadap kualitas pelayanan masih dibawah tuntutan harapan pelanggan. Berdasarkan kesimpulan tersebut diatas, penulis menyarankan beberapa hal pokok antara lain : untuk memenangkan persaingan pasar maka orientasi peningkatan kualitas pelayanan harus diwujudkan untuk menciptakan kepuasan pelanggan, dalam rangka meningkatkan kepuasan pelanggan maka benih padi yang diragukan kualitasnya hendaknya diuji ulang, dan untuk menanamkan budaya mau dan mampu melayani maka pelatihan dan penyegaran mengenai salesmanship dan manajemen pemasaran tetap diperlukan.

Abstrak :
The objective of this study is to find out the impact of economic crisis to labor opportunities and to identify the major commodities of agricultural sector in Sulawesi. By using the Input-Output analysis, the economic crisis have given the negative impact by 14.8 percent, and decreasing the labor opportunities in Sulawesi. The decreasing also accured almost at aech sector, except mining. Agricultural sector decreased by 15.7 percent. The role of agricultural sector is very important to appropriate labor opportunities. Therefore, every effort to increase the capability of agricultural sector in creating employments are important. One the effort is to choose the strategic commodities. The study shows that the commodities which have greater labor obsorptien are: rice, corn, orange, onion, garlic and sea fish.

Abstrak :
This paper primarily attempts to detect the trend in the present upshots of global warming temperature data. It has been done through the estimation of the long memory fractional parameter using a simulation technique in the presence of additive outilers which stands as wild observations generated in the atmosphere due to global warming. Then the study investigates empirically the impact global warming on the particular aspect of global agricultural production. Based on Monte Carlo simulations, a data generating process is applied here additive outliers are generated in a discrate way. Observed facts reveal that additive outliers affect the bias and the MSE of the estimated fractional parameter. The size of the additive outliers in data generating process has also important effects on the estimated fractional parameter depending on the value of true fractional parameter. The result exhibits a non-trend or a natural cyclical variability influenced by a stochastic process in the case of climate change behavior with wild observations (outilers) that produce contradictory outcome of profound uncertainties againts the case of true world temperature data trend. The results of empirical investigations assert that in the late 21 century unabated global warming would have a negative impact on global agricultural production in the aggregate and the impact could be severe if carbon fertilization benefits (enhancements of yields in a carbon-rich environment) do not materialize, especially if water scarcity limits irrigation. In addition, if warming would not halt in the 2080s, but would continue on a path toward still higher global temperature in the composition of agricultural damage could be more severe. The study also shows that the composition of agricultural effects is likely to be seriously unfavorable to developing countries with the most severe losses in Africa, Latin America and India.