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Abstrak :
[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kekasaran, proses phosphating, serta ketebalan adhesive bonding terhadap ketahanan delaminasi komposit laminat. Variasi kekasaran substrat, yaitu pada rentang 5-8 μm dan 10-13 μm, variasi terhadap proses phosphating, yaitu ada yang melalui proses phosphating dan ada yang tidak, serta variasi ketebalan adhesive baik primer ataupun topcoat dengan rentang 1-5 μm, 6-10 μm, serta 11-15 μm. Pembentukan komposit laminat ini dilakukan melalui proses transfer moulding pada suhu 160 C selama 450 detik. Komposit laminat yang sudah terbentuk kemudian diuji peel-off untuk mengetahui kekuatan delaminasinya lalu dikarakterisasi dengan SEM-EDX. Hasil menunjukan bahwa kekasaran permukaan, lapisan zinc phosphate, serta ketebalan adhesive bonding mempengaruhi ketahanan delaminasi komposit laminat yang diinterpretasikan dengan kekuatan ikat antarlapisan dan visual delaminasi. Kekasaran optimum terjadi pada rentang 10-13 μm dengan kekuatan ikat 179,68 N dan visual delaminasi R-R sebanyak 35%. Adanya lapisan zinc phosphate memberikan nilai kekuatan ikat optimum sebesar 157,38 N dan visual delaminasi R-R sebanyak 50%. Ketebalan adhesive primer optimum terjadi pada rentang 1-5 μm dengan kekuatan ikat 163,35 N dan visual delaminasi R-R sebanyak 50%. Ketebalan adhesive topcoat optimum terjadi pada rentang 6-10 μm dengan kekuatan ikat sebesar 154,65 N dan visual delaminasi R-R sebanyak 41,6%.;This study aims to determine the effect of roughness, phosphating process, and the thickness of the adhesive bonding into delamination resistance of laminate composite. Variation of the substrate roughness are 5-8 μm and 10-13 μm. Some substrates are coated by zinc phosphate and other substrate are uncoated. Variations of the thickness of adhesive primer and adhesive topcoat are in a range of 1-5 μm, 6-10 μm, and 11-15 μm. The process of forming the laminate composite occurs through transfer molding process at 1600C in 450 seconds. Laminate composite that has been formed then tested by peel-off test to determine the strength of delamination. Visual of delamination was characterized by SEM-EDX. The results showed that the optimum surface roughness occurs in the range of 10-13 μm with bonding strength 179.68 N and 35% of R-R visual. The coated substrate has a higher bonding strength compared to uncoated substrate, which is 157.38 N and 50% of R-R visual. The optimum thickness of adhesive primer occurs in the range of 1-5 μm with bonding strength is 163.35 N and 50% of R-R visual. While the optimum thickness of adhesive topcoat occurs in the range of 6-10 μm with a bonding strength is 154.65 N and 41,6% of R-R visual;This study aims to determine the effect of roughness, phosphating process, and the thickness of the adhesive bonding into delamination resistance of laminate composite. Variation of the substrate roughness are 5-8 μm and 10-13 μm. Some substrates are coated by zinc phosphate and other substrate are uncoated. Variations of the thickness of adhesive primer and adhesive topcoat are in a range of 1-5 μm, 6-10 μm, and 11-15 μm. The process of forming the laminate composite occurs through transfer molding process at 1600C in 450 seconds. Laminate composite that has been formed then tested by peel-off test to determine the strength of delamination. Visual of delamination was characterized by SEM-EDX. The results showed that the optimum surface roughness occurs in the range of 10-13 μm with bonding strength 179.68 N and 35% of R-R visual. The coated substrate has a higher bonding strength compared to uncoated substrate, which is 157.38 N and 50% of R-R visual. The optimum thickness of adhesive primer occurs in the range of 1-5 μm with bonding strength is 163.35 N and 50% of R-R visual. While the optimum thickness of adhesive topcoat occurs in the range of 6-10 μm with a bonding strength is 154.65 N and 41,6% of R-R visual, This study aims to determine the effect of roughness, phosphating process, and the thickness of the adhesive bonding into delamination resistance of laminate composite. Variation of the substrate roughness are 5-8 μm and 10-13 μm. Some substrates are coated by zinc phosphate and other substrate are uncoated. Variations of the thickness of adhesive primer and adhesive topcoat are in a range of 1-5 μm, 6-10 μm, and 11-15 μm. The process of forming the laminate composite occurs through transfer molding process at 1600C in 450 seconds. Laminate composite that has been formed then tested by peel-off test to determine the strength of delamination. Visual of delamination was characterized by SEM-EDX. The results showed that the optimum surface roughness occurs in the range of 10-13 μm with bonding strength 179.68 N and 35% of R-R visual. The coated substrate has a higher bonding strength compared to uncoated substrate, which is 157.38 N and 50% of R-R visual. The optimum thickness of adhesive primer occurs in the range of 1-5 μm with bonding strength is 163.35 N and 50% of R-R visual. While the optimum thickness of adhesive topcoat occurs in the range of 6-10 μm with a bonding strength is 154.65 N and 41,6% of R-R visual]

Abstrak :
Penyambungan adhesive dewasa ini semakin banyak digunakan, mulai dari industri pesawat udara sampai pada penggunaan di rumah tangga. Hal ini disebabkan oleh keunggulan-keunggulan yang dimiliki oleh penyambungan adhesive tersebut. Namun, pada pemakaiannya sering diperoleh hasil yang kurang memuaskan. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor yang berhubungan dengan sifat-sifa! hasil sambungan adhesive. Di antara faktor-faktor yang dapat menyebabkan sifat-sifat yang kurang balk pada sambungan adalah: ketidaktepatan pemilihan bahan adhesive, ketebalan lapisan adhesive, temperatur curing, waktu curing, panjang overlap, dan persiapan permukaan bahan yang akan disambung. Oleh karena itu, pada kesempatan ini, penulis mencoba meneliti adhesive paduan-epoxy, sebagai bahan adhesive untuk menyambung lembaran baja karbon rendah SPCC-SD dan pengaruh panjang overlap serta waktu curing terhadap kekuatan tank-geser dan kelupas sambungan adhesive. Yang kemudian dilanjutkan pada analisa makro hasil pengujian tarik-geser dan kelupas tersebut. Hasil penelrtian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan panjang overlap dan waktu curing cenderung meningkatkan kekuatan sambungan adhesive.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pemanfaatan limbah industri biodiesel di Indonesia masih terbatas karena nilai ekonomi dari limbah gliserol yang rendah dan membutuhkan proses purifikasi. Pada penelitian ini limbah gliserol (crude gliserol) dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan utama dalam pembuatan poliuretan adhesive. Gliserol direaksikan dengan phthalic anhydride dan asam oleat untuk menjadi poliol. Poliol yang didapat kemudian disintesis menjadi poliuretan adhesive dengan mereaksikan nya dengan isosianat Polymeric Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (PMDI). Crude gliserol divariasikan dengan gliserin teknis untuk mendapatkan lima variasi konsentrasi poliol. Uji lap- shear strength dan tensile test dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat uji mekanik yang telah dirancang oleh penulis untuk untuk melihat apakah performa poliuretan adhesive cukup bagus sehingga dapat mendekati performa poliuretan adhesive komersil. Hasil yang didapatkan, semakin tinggi konsentrasi gliserin teknis yang digunakan, kekuatan mekanik yang dihasilkan semakin besar. Waktu curing yang optimal terjadi pada waktu tiga hari. PU-2, PU-3, PU-4 dan PU-5 mampu mengungguli performa PU adhesive komersil dari segi kekuatan tarik. Perlakuan pemberian asam&basa dilakukan untuk melihat chemical resistance dari adhesive. Hasil yang didapatkan kekuatan mekanik adhesive mengalami penurunan setelah pemberian asam&basa dilakukan. Pada perlakuan basa, kekuatan mekanik adhesive yang dihasilkan lebih rendah dibandingkan pada perlakuan pemberian asam.

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ABSTRACT
Low market price of crude glycerol in Indonesia is caused by low utilization of biodiesel industrial waste because it needs a purification process. The research will use crude glycerol, oleic acid, and phthalic anhydride to make a polyol. The polyol is used for making polyurethane adhesive by reacting it with Polymeric Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (PMDI). In this research, crude glycerol is varied with glycerin tech to produce five variations of polyol. Lap shear-strength and tensile test is done to test the mechanical strength of polyurethane wood adhesive whether it could give the excellent adhesion, hence it could approach the performance of commercial polyurethane adhesive. The result tells us PU-5 adhesive gives the highest mechanical strength. The optimum curing time occurs in day 3. PU-2, PU-3, PU-4 and PU-5 able to surpass the mechanical strength of commercial PU adhesive in tensile strength form. Adhesive system is immersed in acid and base solution to test the chemical resistance of adhesive. After acid and base treatment, the mechanical strength of adhesive was decreasing. In base treatment, the mechanical strength of adhesive is lower than in acid treatment.

Abstrak :
This 2nd edition is a complete revision with an update of the methods that have been investigated recently and that are now fully accepted by the adhesion community. Themes that are now treated in more detail include for example hybrid adhesives used for automotive applications, ecofriendly surface treatments, damage mechanics, joint durability prediction and functionally graded joints. There is also a new chapter related to the application of adhesives in the oil industry. Besides these content changes, there has been a complete revision of all chapters in terms of text, figures, tables and references for a more didactic character of this reference book. The Handbook of Adhesion Technology is intended to be the definitive reference in the field. Essential information is provided for all those concerned with adhesion, which is a phenomenon of interest in diverse scientific disciplines and of importance in a wide range of technologies. Therefore, this book includes the background science (physics, chemistry and materials science), engineering aspects and industry-specific applications. It is arranged in a user-friendly format with ten main sections: theory of adhesion, surface treatments, adhesive and sealant materials, testing of adhesive properties, joint design, durability, manufacture, quality control, applications and emerging areas. Each section contains about five chapters written by internationally renowned authors who are authorities in their fields. This book offers a quick, but authoritative, description of topics in the field of adhesion and the practical use of adhesives and sealants. Scientists and engineers of many different backgrounds who need to have an understanding of various aspects of adhesion technology will find it highly valuable. These will include those working in research or design, as well as others involved with marketing services. Graduate students in materials, processes and manufacturing will also want to consult it.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama perendaman denture adhesive cream terhadap kuat rekat resin akrilik polimerisasi panas. Krim pada plat akrilik direndam dalam akuades selama 15 detik, 30 detik, dan 60 detik, kemudian kuat rekat diukur dengan alat PASCO-Economy Force Sensor CI-6476. Uji analisis statistik menggunakan Anova one-way. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Kuat rekat meningkat dengan p<0,05 pada perendaman selama 15 detik dan 30 detik, sedangkan kuat rekat menurun dengan p<0,05 pada perendaman selama 60 detik. Disimpulkan bahwa krim yang direndam dalam akuades lebih dari 30 detik tidak dapat meningkatkan kuat rekat resin akrilik polimerisasi panas.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of immersion time of denture adhesive cream in distilled water to the acrylic resin's adhesive strength. Cream on acrylic plate was immersed in distilled water for 15 seconds, 30 seconds, and 60 seconds. Adhesive strength was measured by PASCO-Economy Force Sensor CI-6476. Statistic analysis using one-way ANOVA showed that adhesive strength were significantly increased after immersion in 15 seconds and 30 seconds, and significantly decreased after immersion in 60 seconds. It was concluded that denture adhesive cream couldn't increase the acrylic resin's adhesive strength after immersed more than 30 seconds.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pemanfaatan limbah industri biodiesel di Indonesia masih terbatas karena nilai ekonomi dari crude glycerol sangat rendah dan membutuhkan proses purifikasi, oleh karena itu pada penelitian ini crude glycerol dimanfaatkan menjadi adhesive poliuretan. Penelitian yang dilakukan akan membuat poliol dari gliserol, asam oleat, dan phthalic anhydride. Poliol yang didapat disintesis menjadi poliuretan adhesive dengan mereaksikan poliol dengan senyawa isosianat polymeric Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (pMDI). Adhesive yang telah diaplikasikan dibiarkan melalui proses curing dalam jangka waktu bervariasi untuk melihat waktu curing paling optimal. Beberapa sistem adhesive kemudian diberi perlakuan asam dan basa untuk mengetahui resistensi terhadap keadaan asam dan basa. Performa steel adhesive poliuretan akan dilihat berdasarkan kekuatan mekaniknya, oleh karena itu akan dilakukan uji shear-strength test dan T-peeling test untuk melihat apakah crude glycerol dapat memberikan daya adhesi yang bagus, sehingga dapat mendekati performa produk komersil yang ada di pasaran. Berdasarkan hasil uji mekanik yang dilakukan, adhesive dari gliserol teknis memiliki kekuatan mekanik paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi lain. Variasi waktu curing menunjukkan tujuh hari adalah waktu curing yang menghasilkan kekuatan mekanik tertinggi. Variasi treatment yang menghasilkan kekuatan mekanik tertinggi adalah dengan larutan detergen dan amplas. Pemberian asam dan basa menunjukkan basa membuat kekuatan mekanik adhesive berkurang banyak dibandingkan dengan asam.

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ABSTRACT
Low market price of crude glycerol in Indonesia is caused by low utilization of biodiesel industrial waste. Other than in food and pharmacy industry, glycerol can be used as polyurethane adhesive ingredients. The research will use crude glycerol, oleic acid, and phthalic anhydride to make polyol. The polyol then used to make polyurethane adhesive by reaction with Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate (pMDI). Curing time are varied to find out curing optium time of adhesive. Acid and base treatment the given to some of adhesive system to find out chemical strength of the adhesive. Steel adhesive performance will be seen from its mechanical properties. Shear strength and T-peeling test is done to test mechanical properties of steel adhesive from crude glycerol to find out if the adhesive can meet the performance of commercial adhesive. Based on mechanial test results, adhesive with technical grade glycerol has the highest mechanical strength than other gkycerol concentration used. Curing time variation showed that seven days curing result the highest mechanical strength of the adhesive. Surface treatment variation showed that with detergent solution and emery paper give adhesive the highest mechanical strength. Acid base treatment showed that base reduce mechanical strength of adhesive more than acid treatment.;;;

Abstrak :
Penelitian mengenai pengaruh penambahan bahan pengisi atau filler berupa bahan pati dan bahan kaolin terhadap peningkatan kekuatan rekat Polivinil Asetat (PVAc) telah dilakukan. Penambahan filler dilakukan dengan dua kondisi yang berbeda yakni filler tanpa pemanasan dan filler yang melibatkan pemanasan. Pada setiap kondisi, dilakukan variasi komposisi filler yang ditambahkan ke PVAc antara lain 1%, 3% dan 5%. Terkhusus untuk kondisi filler dengan pemanasan, filler dilarutkan dengan akuades dengan temperatur 70-80 °C serta kecepatan pengadukan 300 rpm selama 60 menit. Pencampuran PVAc dengan berbagai variasi komposisi filler pati dan kaolin dilakukan dengan kecepatan agitasi 300 rpm selama 60 menit. Pengujian kekuatan rekat sampel dilakukan berdasarkan ASTM D905-03 tentang uji kuat geser dan diperoleh hasil kekuatan rekat PVAc meningkat seiring penambahan filler pati dan kaolin hingga batas komposisi 3%, lalu untuk komposisi filler sebanyak 5% kekatan rekat yang dihasilkan menurun. Evaluasi beberapa parameter juga dilakukan dalam penelitian ini yang meliputi, pengukuran pH, densitas, viskositas, dan kandungan padatan (solid content). Beberapa metode karakterisasi juga dilakukan yakni FTIR, SEM dan PSA. Spektrum FTIR menunjukkan adanya kemiripan antara PVAc murni dan PVAc yang dilakukan penambahan filler, dengan adanya sedikit pergesaran serta penambahan spektrum dan intensitas puncak. Hasil SEM menunjukkan morfologi partikel filler pati dan kaolin yang tersebar dan mengisi pori matriks PVAc. Seiring penambahan komposisi filler, hasil PSA menunjukkan peningkatan ukuran rata-rata diameter partikel dari 2,12 μm hingga 6,29 μm. ......Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) has been studied to find out what happens when fillers like starch and kaolin are added to make the glue stronger. Filler were added in two different ways: with or without heat. In each condition, different amounts of filler were mixed into the PVAc, such as 1%, 3%, and 5%. For the filler condition with heating, the filler was mixed with distilled water at 70–80°C and 300 rpm for 60 minutes. The PVAc was mixed with different combinations of starch and kaolin filler at a speed of 300 rpm for 60 minutes. The shear strength test of the samples was carried out according to ASTM D905-03, and the results showed that adding starch and kaolin fillers increased the adhesive strength of PVAc up to a composition limit of 3%. After that, the adhesive strength actually went down at a composition limit of 5%. Several parameters, such as pH, density, viscosity, and solid content, were also measured as part of this study. FTIR, SEM, and PSA were also used to figure out what the material was like. With a small shift and spectrum addition, the FTIR spectrum shows that pure PVAc and PVAc with filler added are generally similar. The SEM results showed the shape of the starch and kaolin filler particles, which were scattered and filled the holes in the PVAc matrix. When more filler is added to PVAc, the PSA results show that the average particle size was increased from 2,12 µm to 6,29 µm. 

Abstrak :
Tujuan: mengetahui jumlah pelepasan Bispheno-A (BPA), yakni substansi yang memiliki efek sitotoksis pada Resin Adhesif Ortodonti, setelah perendaman larutan obat kumur Klorheksidin Glukonat dan saliva buatan. Metode Penelitian: 66 lempeng silindris Resin Adhesif Ortodontik direndam dalam dua larutan berbeda yaitu , (1) Klorheksidin Glukonat dan (2) Saliva buatan. Perendaman dilakukan pada beberapa waktu berbeda yaitu, 1 jam, 7 hari, dan 30 hari. Dihitung pelepasan BPA pada kedua kelompok menggunakan metode Liquid Chromathography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Hasil: Diperoleh pelepasan BPA dari Resin Adhesif Ortodonti pada larutan obat kumur Klorheksidin Glukonat 1 jam: 0,21 ng/ml, 7 hari: 0,32 ng/ml, 30 hari: 0,78 ng/ml, sedangkan pada saliva buatan 1 jam: 0,19 ng/ml, 7 hari: 0,53 ng/ml, 30 hari: 1,41 ng/ml. Kesimpulan: Jumlah BPA yang terlepas dari Resin Adhesif Ortodonti pada perendaman larutan obat kumur Klorheksidin Glukonat dan saliva buatan selama 1 jam, 7 hari dan 30 hari, berada di bawah dosis toleransi harian BPA (< 1.52 ng/mL). ......Objective: to determine the amount of BPA, cytotoxic substance found in orthodontic adhesive resin, after immersion in a solution of chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash and artificial saliva. Research Methods: 66 Orthodontic adhesive resin cylindrical plates were immersed in two different solutions: (1) Chlorhexidine Gluconate, (2) artificial saliva, for 1 hour, 7 days, 30 days. In each experimental group, the BPA release in the solution was calculated using LC- MS/MS. The release of BPA in both groups was calculated using the Liquid Chromathography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: The release of BPA from Orthodontic Adhesive Resin was obtained in the Chlorhexidine Gluconate mouthwash solution, 1 hour: 0.21 ng/ml, 7 days: 0.32 ng/ml, 30 days: 0.78 ng/ml, while in artificial saliva, 1 hour: 0.19 ng/ml, 7 days: 0.53 ng/ml, 30 days: 1.41 ng/ml. Conclusion: The amount of BPA released from the Orthodontic Adhesive Resin by immersion in a solution of Chlorhexidine Gluconate mouthwash and artificial saliva for 1 hour, 7 days and 30 days, was below the daily tolerated dose of BPA (< 1.52 ng/mL).

Abstrak :
Pelepasan perekat medis pada lanjut usia (lansia) berisiko tinggi menyebabkan medical adhesive-related skin injury (MARSI). Pemberian bahan topikal, NaCl 0,9%, vaselin album, dan alkohol 70%, dalam proses pelepasan diduga dapat mengurangi adhesi kulit dengan plester. Untuk mengetahui apakah penambahan bahan-bahan tersebut dalam prosedur pelepasan perekat medis berbahan dasar akrilat efektif mengurangi kejadian MARSI pada lansia, suatu uji klinis acak tersamar tunggal dilakukan pada penghuni sebuah panti werdha di Jakarta. Subjek yang dipilih berdasarkan kriteria penerimaan (usia 3 60 tahun) dan penolakan (tidak memiliki kelainan kulit, tidak menggunakan obat antiinflamasi, imunosupresan, antihistamin, atau tidak ada riwayat alergi terhadap plester dan bahan uji) serta bersedia berpartisipasi menjalani penempelan perekat medis akrilat pada empat lokasi di kedua tungkai atas sisi ekstensor. Sejumlah 75 orang subjek penelitian (SP) dengan 300 lokasi uji terpilih berdasarkan teknik convenience sampling dan mengikuti seluruh rangkaian prosedur hingga penelitian selesai. Pada hari ketiga, perekat dilepas dengan atau tanpa penambahan bahan topikal sesuai dengan kode randomisasi yang tidak diketahui oleh peneliti (blinding). Perubahan skor skin irritation scoring systems (SISS), nilai transepidermal water loss (TEWL), dan indeks eritema pada mexameter yang merupakan parameter MARSI diukur pada tiap-tiap lokasi uji. MARSI teramati pada 52% SP atau 20,7% lokasi perlakuan (26,7% NaCl 0,9%, 20% vaselin album, 17,3% alkohol 70%, dan 18,7% kontrol; p=0,501). Perubahan skor SISS dan indeks eritema antar kelompok tidak bermakna secara statistik. Perubahan nilai TEWL lebih kecil pada kelompok perlakuan NaCl 0,9% (1 g/m2/jam; p<0,001) dan vaselin album (1 g/m2/jam; p<0,001) dibandingkan kontrol. Disimpulkan bahwa penambahan bahan topikal dalam proses pelepasan perekat medis akrilat di hari ketiga pada kulit lansia tidak terbukti mengurangi kejadian MARSI. Tetapi, penambahan NaCl 0,9% dan vaselin album secara bermakna mengurangi kerusakan sawar kulit yang ditimbulkannya. Waktu pengamatan penelitian ini sangat pendek karena dilakukan dalam masa pandemi Covid-19 untuk membatasi interaksi dengan lansia sebagai populasi rentan. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan karena MARSI umumnya terjadi setelah pemakaian jangka panjang dan berulang. ......The removal of medical adhesives in the elderly risks causing medical adhesive-related skin injury (MARSI). Application of topical agents, 0.9% NaCl, vaseline album, or 70% alcohol, could possibly reduce adhesion between the skin and the tape. To determine if application of 0.9% NaCl, vaselin album, or 70% alcohol while removing medical adhesives was effective in reducing MARSI in geriatrics, a randomized, single- blind trial was conducted in a nursing home in Jakarta. Subjects were recruited based on inclusion (age 360 years old) and exclusion criteria (having no skin disorder, not taking anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, or antihistamines, and not known allergy to adhesives and the topical agents). Seventy-five subjects gave consent to this study. Acrylic medical adhesives were applied on four areas on extensor thighs. On day three, they were removed with or without using the topical agents based on randomized allocation code unknown to the investigators. Changes in MARSI parameters, i.e. skin irritation scoring systems (SISS), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and erythema index by mexameter were measured in each of trial area. MARSI was observed in 52% subjects or 20.7% areas (26.7% 0.9% NaCl, 20% vaselin album, 17.3% 70% alcohol, and 18.7% control; p=0,501). Change in SISS score and erythema index among experimental groups were not statistically significant. The change of TEWL value was significantly smaller in 0.9% NaCl group (1 g/m2/hour; p<0,001) and vaselin album (1 g/m2/hour; p<0,001) than control. We concluded that application of topical agents in aiding acrylic medical adhesive removal on day three in the elderly was not proven to reduce MARSI. However, the addition of 0.9% NaCl or vaselin album was shown to confer significantly less damage to the skin barrier. The observation time was very short due to Covid-19 pandemic to limit interaction with the elderly as vulnerable population. Further research is needed to confirm these preliminary findings before they can be generalized because MARSI prevention generally occurs after long-term use and repeated removal.