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"Treatment of pulp bleaching effluent using Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) and Suspended Carrier Biofilm (SCB) systems have been carried out. Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) and Suspended Carrier Biofilm (SCB) reactors were run on the Hydraulic. Retention Time (HRT) of 12 hours, respectively. Micronutrient solution containing some traces elements was added into feed wastewater of UASB reactor to accelerate the growth of granular sludge. Sludge characteristics of UASB and activeted sludge reactors were observed and analyzed. Settling rate of granular reactor was also measured. Effluent of UASB reactor was treated further in Susoended Carrier Biofilm (SCB) reactor. Concentration of COD, TSS and AOX parameters both influent and effluent of UASB reactor as well as suspended carrier biofilm (SCB) reactor were analyzed. Result revealed that UASB reactor run on the Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 12 hours could remove COD up to 90 % and AOX up to 84 %. Addition of micronutrient solution has accelerated the growth of granular sludge. Dark-brownesh color of granular sludge with the diameter of 1-4 mm having settling rate of 70-120 m/hr has been formed. SCB reactor as post-treatment could remover COD of 85%, TSS of 73 % and AOX of 76%. Sequential UASB and SCB reactor could increase the effectivity of pulp and paper mill wastewatertreatment with the removal of dissolved and suspended organic pollutant more than 94%."

"The organic complex compound contained in pulp and paper's mill wastewater such as lignin and cellulose is difficult to be degraded, that causes low biodegradability of aerobic microorganism in high organic loading rate actinated sludge system. Xylanase and cellulase aplication experiment on activated sludge system process had taken in batch process, aimed to enchance organic complex com[pound's biodegradation effectivity. The experiment used a combination of pulping's wastewater (black liquor) and paper's mill waste to have COD+1500 mg/L. The treatment variations are: activated sludge concentrations (MLSS), enzyme dosages, and residence time. Activated sludge concentrations are MLSS 0, 2000, and 4000 mg/L, xylanase and cellulase's dosages are control, 50 and 100 ppm. and residence time are 12, 18, and 24 hours. This experiment yield highest COD reduction of 35,55% in activated sludge with 50 ppm xylanase application, where 50,96% reached with 100 ppm cellulase application, both occurred in MLSS 2000 mg/L and residence time 24 hours. Compared with control whose only reached COD reduction of 31,12 %, xylanase enchanced the reduction 4,43 % when cellulase enhanced 19,84%."

"Lumpur merupakan produk sampingan utama yang dihasilkan dari proses pengolahan air limbah. Di Indonesia, seringkali lumpur yang dihasilkan belum terolah secara maksimal dan hanya berakhir di TPA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengolah lumpur aktif IPAL domestik (WAS) guna mengetahui potensi energi dari biogas yang dihasilkan melalui proses anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion (AD) merupakan teknologi pengolahan lumpur yang terbukti efektif untuk pemulihan sumberdaya dan konversi limbah menjadi energi. Eksperimen ini dilakukan menggunakan substrat lumpur IPAL Setiabudi dan inokulum digestat sampah makanan dengan rasio 1:1 (berdasarkan VS). Reaktor yang digunakan merupakan reaktor batch sederhana dan proses berlangsung selama lebih dari 20 hari. Pengujian karakterisasi dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah proses AD untuk parameter pH, COD, TS dan VS, rasio C/N, serta biogas (CH4 dan CO2). Dalam penelitian ini, biogas yang dihasilkan sebanyak 31 ± 2,43 mL CH4/gVS, dengan komposisi biogas yang diukur menggunakan gas chromatography menunjukkan konsentrasi metana sebesar 69,06 ± 1,4%. Sementara itu, nilai energi yang dihasilkan oleh lumpur IPAL tergolong rendah bila dibandingkan dengan gas alam, yaitu sebesar ±0,00224 kWh per m3. Meskipun demikian, hasil ini masih layak untuk diimplementasikan serta diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut menggunakan rasio S:I yang variatif, penggunaan ko-substrat hingga pre-treatment untuk meningkatkan potensi energi yang dimiliki oleh WAS.

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Sludge is a major byproduct generated from the wastewater treatment process. In Indonesia, the sludge produced often remains inadequately treated and ends up in landfills. This study aims to treat domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) activated sludge (WAS) to determine the energy potential of the biogas produced through the anaerobic digestion process. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a proven sludge treatment technology for resource recovery and waste-to-energy conversion. This experiment was conducted using sludge from Setiabudi WWTP and food waste digestate inoculum of ratio 1:1 (VS-based). The reactor used was a simple batch reactor and the process was carried out for over 20 days. Characterization tests were performed before and after the AD process for parameters such as pH, COD, TS and VS, C/N ratio, and biogas (CH4 and CO2). In this study, the biogas produced amounted to 31 ± 2.43 mL CH4/gVS, with the biogas composition measured using gas chromatography showing a methane concentration of 69.06 ± 1.4%. Meanwhile, the energy value generated by the WAS was relatively low compared to natural gas, at ±0.00224 kWh per m3. Despite that, these results are still feasible for implementation and further research is needed using varied S:I ratios, co-substrate and pretreatment methods to enhance the energy potential of WAS."

"[ABSTRAKProtein biomassa mikroba diharapkan menjadi sumber protein tambahan besar selama krisis pangan Limbah lumpur aktif telah dilaporkan mengandung nutrisi penting dan potensial sebagai pengganti protein non konvensional Protein terdiri dari asam amino dengan mengetahui cara efisien mengekstrak asam amino dari limbah lumpur aktif sangat penting untuk meningkatkan pemahaman produksi protein intraseluler dari air limbah Terdapat tiga metode yang diusulkan untuk mengevaluasi ekstrak asam amino dan asam amino bebas dari dua sumber lumpur limbah sintetis dan asli Metode 1 menggunakan ultrasonication untuk solubilisasi dan 32 wt HCl untuk 16 jam hidrolisis Metode 2 dibedakan menjadi dua metode solubilisasi a Alkali ultrasonication dan b Hanya alkali dilanjutkan dengan 6N HCl untuk 24 jam hidrolisis Metode 1 menghasilkan sedikit lebih tinggi dari ekstraksi total asam amino dengan total konten asam amino g g MLVSS 28 6 dan 24 0 dibandingkan dengan Metode 2a dengan 29 3 dan 21 6 untuk limbah sintetis dan limbah asli masing masingnya Secara signifikan Metode 2b memberikan hasil terendah dengan 11 6 pada limbah asli Dalam kesimpulan umum untuk skala limbah asli Metode 1 memberikan hasil yang terbaik untuk ekstraksi asam amino.

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ABSTRACTMicrobial biomass protein is expected to be the major supplementary protein sourceduring the food crisis. Waste activated sludge (WAS) has been reported to containimportant nutrients and is potential as non-conventional protein substitutes.Proteins are composed of amino acids, by knowing how to efficiently extract aminoacids from WAS is crucial to improve the understanding of intracellular proteinproduction from wastewater. Three methods were proposed to evaluate the aminoacids and free amino acids extraction from two sludge sources; lab and full-scalesludge. Method 1 utilised ultrasonication for solubilisation and 32 wt% HCl for16h hydrolysis. Method 2 differentiate to two solubilisation methods; a). Alkaline+ ultrasonication and b). Alkaline only, followed by 24h hydrolysis with 6N HCl.Method 1 gave slightly higher result of total amino acids extraction with a totalamino acids content (g/g MLVSS) 28.6% and 24.0% compared to Method 2a with29.3% and 21.6%, for lab scale and full scale sludge, respectively. Significantly,Method 2b gave lowest result with 11.6% in full scale sludge. In general conclusionfor full scale sludge, Method 1 gave the best result for amino acids extraction.; Microbial biomass protein is expected to be the major supplementary protein sourceduring the food crisis. Waste activated sludge (WAS) has been reported to containimportant nutrients and is potential as non-conventional protein substitutes.Proteins are composed of amino acids, by knowing how to efficiently extract aminoacids from WAS is crucial to improve the understanding of intracellular proteinproduction from wastewater. Three methods were proposed to evaluate the aminoacids and free amino acids extraction from two sludge sources; lab and full-scalesludge. Method 1 utilised ultrasonication for solubilisation and 32 wt% HCl for16h hydrolysis. Method 2 differentiate to two solubilisation methods; a). Alkaline+ ultrasonication and b). Alkaline only, followed by 24h hydrolysis with 6N HCl.Method 1 gave slightly higher result of total amino acids extraction with a totalamino acids content (g/g MLVSS) 28.6% and 24.0% compared to Method 2a with29.3% and 21.6%, for lab scale and full scale sludge, respectively. Significantly,Method 2b gave lowest result with 11.6% in full scale sludge. In general conclusionfor full scale sludge, Method 1 gave the best result for amino acids extraction.; Microbial biomass protein is expected to be the major supplementary protein sourceduring the food crisis. Waste activated sludge (WAS) has been reported to containimportant nutrients and is potential as non-conventional protein substitutes.Proteins are composed of amino acids, by knowing how to efficiently extract aminoacids from WAS is crucial to improve the understanding of intracellular proteinproduction from wastewater. Three methods were proposed to evaluate the aminoacids and free amino acids extraction from two sludge sources; lab and full-scalesludge. Method 1 utilised ultrasonication for solubilisation and 32 wt% HCl for16h hydrolysis. Method 2 differentiate to two solubilisation methods; a). Alkaline+ ultrasonication and b). Alkaline only, followed by 24h hydrolysis with 6N HCl.Method 1 gave slightly higher result of total amino acids extraction with a totalamino acids content (g/g MLVSS) 28.6% and 24.0% compared to Method 2a with29.3% and 21.6%, for lab scale and full scale sludge, respectively. Significantly,Method 2b gave lowest result with 11.6% in full scale sludge. In general conclusionfor full scale sludge, Method 1 gave the best result for amino acids extraction., Microbial biomass protein is expected to be the major supplementary protein sourceduring the food crisis. Waste activated sludge (WAS) has been reported to containimportant nutrients and is potential as non-conventional protein substitutes.Proteins are composed of amino acids, by knowing how to efficiently extract aminoacids from WAS is crucial to improve the understanding of intracellular proteinproduction from wastewater. Three methods were proposed to evaluate the aminoacids and free amino acids extraction from two sludge sources; lab and full-scalesludge. Method 1 utilised ultrasonication for solubilisation and 32 wt% HCl for16h hydrolysis. Method 2 differentiate to two solubilisation methods; a). Alkaline+ ultrasonication and b). Alkaline only, followed by 24h hydrolysis with 6N HCl.Method 1 gave slightly higher result of total amino acids extraction with a totalamino acids content (g/g MLVSS) 28.6% and 24.0% compared to Method 2a with29.3% and 21.6%, for lab scale and full scale sludge, respectively. Significantly,Method 2b gave lowest result with 11.6% in full scale sludge. In general conclusionfor full scale sludge, Method 1 gave the best result for amino acids extraction.]"

"ABSTRAKProses pelapisan logam atau elektroplating merupakan salah satu rangkaian proses dalam industri otomotif yang menghasilkan limbah dengan kandungan logam berat Cu yang cukup tinggi. Pada penelitian ini kandungan Cu mencapai 16.9 mg/L. Penyisihan logam berat Cu dilakukan dengan metode adsorpsi dengan menggunakan adsorban Extracellular Polymeric Substance EPS yang diekstraksi dari limbah lumpur aktif. Ekstraksi EPS dilakukan dengan cara fisika sentrifugasi pada 6000 rpm selama 20 menit. Pada penelitian ini, percobaan adsorpsi dilakukan secara batch dengan metode two-level full factorial design dengan rentang dosis adsorban 6 ndash; 12 g/l dan rentang waktu kontak 120 ndash; 240 menit guna mendapatkan dosis adsorban dan waktu kontak optimum. Penyisihan optimum didapatkan dengan kombinasi adsorban EPS 10 g/l dengan waktu 210 menit, dimana adsorpsi secara batch mampu menyisihkan Cu sebanyak 56.98 . Data isotherm adsorpsi Cu menunjukkan kecocokan dengan model isotherm Freundlich dengan kapasitas adsorpsi qe = 0.0868 mg/g. Data kinetika adsorpsi menunjukkan kecocokan dengan pseudo-second order model dengan nilai laju kinetika kcu = 0.218 g/mg.menit.

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ABSTRAKMetal coating process or electroplating process is one of the series of processes in the automotive industry that produces waste with high enough heavy metal copper Cu content. In this study, Cu content reached 16.9 mg.L. Heavy metal removal of Cu is done by adsorpstion method using Extracellular Polymeric Substance EPS adsorbents extracted from waste activated sludge. EPS extraction was performed by physics method centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 20 min. In this experiment, adsorption were conducted with batch adsorption with two level full factorial design method with adsorbant dosage range of 6 ndash 12 g l and contact time range of 120 ndash 240 min to get the optimum adsorbant dosage and optimum contact time. The results of this research is the optimum combination of EPS dose of 10 g l, and contact time of 210 min, in which Cu is able to be removed approximately 56.98 . Cu adsorption isotherm data shows compatibility with Freundlich isotherm model with adsorption capacity qe 0.0868 mg g. The adsorption kinetics data showed suitability with Pseudo second order model with kinetics rate kcu 0.218 g mg.menit."

"Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pupuk dan produk fosfor lainnya, eksploitasi fosfor tambang dilakukan secara besar-besaran. Lumpur aktif dari Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) mempunyai potensi besar untuk dijadikan sumber fosfor baru. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi optimum dan pengaruh karakteristik lumpur aktif terhadap pelepasan fosfor dari senyawa kalsium fosfat, yaitu hidroksiapatit (HAP). Penelitian ini juga mencari laju reaksi sebagai dasar penentuan dimensi reaktor. Sebelum melakukan eksperimen, dilakukan simulasi menggunakan Visual MINTEQ 3.1 untuk menentukan kondisi ideal pelepasan fosfor. Eksperimen dilakukan menggunakan reaktor batch dengan variasi nilai pH dan waktu kontak. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa semakin rendah nilai pH, maka pelepasan fosfor semakin tinggi sehingga nilai pH 4 dinilai menjadi nilai pH yang paling efektif. Sedangkan berdasarkan waktu kontak, dengan rentang waktu 120 menit, telah terjadi proses pelarutan dan presipitasi secara dinamis sampai mencapai titik kesetimbangan, yaitu menit ke-30. Karakteristik dari lumpur aktif juga dapat mempengaruhi pelepasan fosfor. Kalsium, sebagai kandungan logam tertinggi di lumpur aktif berdasarkan pengujian, berperan penting karena kemudahannya untuk terikat dengan fosfat dan membentuk senyawa baru sehingga menurunkan konsentrasi fosfor pada larutan. Sedangkan, nilai TSS/VSS pada lumpur aktif dianggap tidak mempengaruhi secara signifikan. Intervensi pada proses presipitasi maupun pelepasan fosfor terjadi pada nilai TSS/VSS yang sangat tinggi. Adapun laju reaksi dihitung menggunakan kesetimbangan massa dan didapatkan koefisien laju reaksi tertinggi pada pH 4, yaitu 0,00339/menit.

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Mining phosphorus exploitation is carried out on a large scale to meet the demand for fertilizers and other phosphorus products. Activated sludge from the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) has great potential to be used as a new source of phosphorus. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the optimum conditions and the effect of activated sludge characteristics on the release of phosphorus from calcium phosphate compounds, namely hydroxyapatite (HAP). This research is also looking for the rate of reaction as a basis for determining the dimensions of the reactor. Before experimenting, a simulation was carried out using Visual MINTEQ 3.1 to determine the ideal conditions for the release of phosphorus. Experiments were carried out using a batch reactor with pH values and contact time variations. The experimental results show that the lower the pH value, the higher the release of phosphorus, so a pH value of 4 is considered the most effective. Meanwhile, based on the contact time, with a period of 120 minutes, a dynamic dissolution and precipitation process has occurred until it reaches an equilibrium point, which is 30 minute. The characteristics of the activated sludge can also affect the release of phosphorus. Calcium, as the highest metal content in activated sludge based on testing, plays an important role because of its ease in bonding with phosphates and forming new compounds thereby reducing the concentration of phosphorus in solution. Meanwhile, the value of TSS/VSS in activated sludge is considered not to have a significant effect. Intervention in the process of precipitation and release of phosphorus occurs at very high TSS/VSS values. The reaction rate was calculated using a mass balance and the highest reaction rate coefficient was obtained at pH 4, which was 0.00339/minute."