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"Kerang hijau merupakan suatu sumber bahan makanan yang cukup banyak dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat Indonesia karena kerang hijau tersebut tersebar secara luas di sepanjang pesisir wilayah Indo-Pasifik. Kerang hijau akuatik ini sangat rentan terkontaminasi logam berat mengingat asupannya yang bersifat filter feeder dan sifatnya yang menetap sessile . Hal ini menyebabkan mudahnya logam berat terakumulasi di dalam tubuh kerang. Pencegahan ataupun usaha yang dilakukan untuk mengurangi tingkat pencemaran logam perlu untuk dilakukan, sehingga dilakukan proses depurasi logam yang ada di daging kerang khususnya pada ion logam timbal Pb. Metode peluruhan yang dilakukan dengan dua cara yaitu dengan cara pengaliran dengan air secara berulang flow rate dan perendaman dengan dua macam asam yaitu asam asetat dan asam sitrat dan dilakukan analisis kadar logam dengan menggunakan intrumentasi Spektroskopi Serapan Atom SSA dan analisis kadar protein dengan metode Kjeldahl serta dilakukan pemodelan untuk mengetahui akumulasi ion logam Pb dalam sampel uji. Didapatkan nilai penurunan sebesar 18,46 mg/kg pada depurasi dengan pengaliran air, 20,91 mg/kg untuk depurasi asam asetat 2,25 , dan 16,96 mg/kg untuk depurasi asam sitrat 2,25 . Kadar protein pada kerang hijau mengalami penurunan terbesar didapat setelah proses depurasi pengaliran air sebesar 5,29.

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The green mussel is a source of food which quite widely used by the people of Indonesia because the green mussel are widely spread along the coast of the Indo Pasific region. This aquatic green mussel is very susceptible to heavy metal contamination considering it rsquo s filter feeder intake and it rsquo s sedentary nature sessile . It makes easy for heavy metals to accumulate in the body of mussel. Prevention or attempts made to reduce the level of metal pollution need to be done. One of the efforts made is the process of depuration.

The depuration method are done by two ways. The ways are drainage with water repeatedly flow rate and immersion with two kinds of acids, acetic acid and sitric acid. Then, analyzed the metal content by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS and protein contetnt analysis using Kjeldahl method and modelling to know the accumulation of Lead ions in the test sample. The lowest concentration decrease in depuration of water drainage was 18,46 mg kg, deposition of immersion from acetic acid was 20,91 mg kg, deposition of immersion from sitric acid was 16,96 mg kg. The higher protein content of green mussel after depuration of water drainage was 5,29."

"ABSTRACTOsteoporosis merupakan suatu penyakit metabolik pada tulang yang ditandai dengan menurunnya kepadatan massa tulang. Pengobatan osteoporosis dapat dilakukan dengan menambahkan kadar kalsium Ca3 PO4 2 berukuran nano. Ca3 PO4 2 merupakan mineral yang terdapat pada tulang dan berfungsi untuk membangun dan memperkuat tulang dan gigi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efektifitas penambahan Ca3 PO4 2 ndash;nano yang dapat diserap oleh tulang dan melihat struktur kristal yang terbentuk pada tulang setelah diberi purifiet diet dengan penambahan Ca3 PO4 2 ndash;nano. Purifiet diet untuk pakan tikus diberi Ca3 PO4 2-nano dengan variasi komposisi 0,5X, 1,0X dan 1,5X dari kebutuhan normal. Kemudian tikus dipanen setiap dua minggu untuk diambil tulang belakangnya. Pengujian yang dilakukan pada tulang belakang tikus dengan menggunakan Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS , serta X-Ray Diffraction XRD . Nilai efektif dari kebutuhan kalsium yang diperlukan tulang berada pada nilai 0,5X. Kandungan Ca mengalami kenaikan sedangkan kandungan Mg cenderung fluktuatif. Struktur kristal yang terbentuk merupakan tipe heksagonal dari hidroksiapatit dengan ukuran butir yang kecil. Parameter kisi kristal hidroksiapatit yang diperoleh adalah a = 9,50 dan nilai c = 6,83.

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ABSTRACTOsteoporosis is a metabolic disease in bones identified by the decreasing of bone mass. The treatment of osteoporosis can be done by adding the level of nano sized calcium Ca 3 PO4 2. The Ca 3 PO4 2 is a mineral contained in the bones to build and strengthen the teeth and bones. The purposes of this research were discovering the effectivity of added nano sized Ca 3 PO4 2 that was absorbed by the bones and identifying the crystalline structure formed at the bone after being given purified diet with the addition of nano sized Ca 3 PO4 2. The purified diet as the food for rats was given with varied compositions of 0.5X, 1.0X and 1.5X of nanosized Ca 3 PO4 2 from the normal requirement. The rats were harvested in every two weeks then their spines were investigated. The characterizations applied for the rat rsquo s spine were Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS and X Ray Diffraction XRD . The effectivity value of the varied composition was found in 0.5X. The calcium content was increasing, while the magnesium content tended to be fluctuating. The crystalline structure was identified as hexagonal from hydroxyapatite with very small grain size. The lattice parameters of hidroxyapatite were a 9,50 and c 6,83."

"The spectral intensity of direct and scattered solar radiation is of fundamental importance for various studies in civil engineering, agriculture, solar power generation, and radiation budget estimation. In this paper, we describe a ground-based, wide-spectral-range sensor that can be used for measuring spectral intensities both in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. The measurements are conducted either with artificial light sources or direct/scattered solar radiation. The measured spectra yields information on the absorption features of atmospheric gases such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor, as well as aerosol optical properties in the atmosphere. Relatively weak absorption of nitrogen dioxide is measured with the technique of differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), whereas aerosol, carbon dioxide, and water vapor amounts are measured by matching the observed spectra with simulated ones. Both High Resolution Transmission (HITRAN) and Moderate Resolution Atmospheric Transmission (MODTRAN) database/codes are used to derive column amounts of absorbing molecular species and to characterize aerosol optical properties."

"In this research, a layered-recurrent artificial neural network (ANN) using the back-propagation method was developed for simulation of a fixed-bed industrial catalytic reforming unit called Platformer. Ninety-seven data points were gathered from the industrial catalytic naphtha reforming plant during the complete life cycle of the catalytic bed (about 919 days). Ultimately, 80% of them were selected as past horizontal data sets, and the others were selected as future horizontal ones. After training, testing, and validating the model with past horizontal data, the developed network was applied to predict the volume flow rate and research octane number (RON) of the future horizontal data versus days on stream. Results show that the developed ANN was capable of predicting the volume flow rate and RON of the gasoline for the future horizontal data sets with AAD% (average absolute deviation) of 0.238% and 0.813%, respectively. Moreover, the AAD% of the predicted octane barrel levels against the actual values was 1.447%, which shows the excellent capability of the model to simulate the behavior of the target catalytic reforming plant."

"A significant and convenient approach to detection and analysis of biological, environmental and agricultural items is the harnessing of features in widely available smartphones to create field-deployable scientific instruments, allowing measurements to be made onsite and in real-time. This book will cover a number of self-contained smartphone instruments with the particular focus on spectroscopic-based measurements. Measurement and analysis on precision of such low-cost instrumentations are provided to compare with more expensive commercial equipment.This book also discusses some limitations, possible recommendations and scopes for further instrumentations using smartphones and other smart devices. Particularly, the opportunity to integrate the devices into the global Internet-of-Things (IoT) platform will be discussed. Researchers and instrumentation designers in optical and photonic sensing, smart and IoT-based sensing, biological and environmental analysts, agricultural, and food quality researchers (and public health authorities) will find this book useful as reference. Students in science and engineering disciplines for teaching and educational purposes will also find this book useful as a secondary textbook."