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Abstrak :
Dalam penelitian ini nanopartikel Bi2O3, nanopartikel Fe2O3, dan nanobimetal oksida BiFeO3 telah berhasil disintesis menggunakan metode green synthesis dengan ekstrak daun okra. Kandungan metabolit sekunder yang terdapat dalam ekstrak daun okra seperti alkaloid digunakan sebagai agen penghidrolisa (sumber basa lemah -OH), sedangkan saponin dan flavonoid digunakan sebagai agen penstabil (capping agent). Hasil sintesis nanobimetal oksida BiFeO3 selanjutnya dikarakterisasi menggunakan UV-Vis RS, FTIR, XRD, SEM, dan TEM. Hasil karakterisasi TEM dari nanobimetal oksida BiFeO3 menunjukkan morfologi spherical dan cenderung beraglomerasi. Hasil karakterisasi TEM dari nanobimetal oksida BiFeO3 memiliki struktur kristal rhombhohedral dengan rata-rata ukuran kristal sebesar 14, 55 nm. Selanjutnya hasil karakterisasi UV-Vis DRS dari nanopartikel Bi2O3, nanopartikel Fe2O3, dan nanobimetal oksida BiFeO3 memiliki nilai energi bandgap berturut-turut 2,87 eV, 2,11 eV, dan 2,00 eV. Aktivitas fotokatalitik nanobimetal oksida BiFeO3 dalam mendegradasi methylene blue lebih baik dibandingkan dengan nanopartikel Bi2O3 dan nanopartikel Fe2O3 dengan persen degradasi berturut0turut sebesar 94,04 %, 67,11 %, dan 80,44 %. Kinetika fotodegradasi terhadap methylene blue menggunakan fotokatalis BiFeO3 mengikuti kinetika reaksi orde pseudo 1.

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In this research, Bi2O3 nanoparticles, Fe2O3 nanoparticles, and BiFeO3 nanobimetallic oxide have been successfully synthesized using green synthesis method with okra leaf extract. The content of secondary metabolites contained in okra leaf extracts such as alkaloids is used as a hydrolyzing agent (weak base source -OH), while saponins and flavonoids are used as stabilizing agents (capping agents). The results of the synthesis of BiFeO3 nanobimetallic oxide were then characterized using UV-Vis RS, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM. The results of TEM characterization of BiFeO3 nanobimetallic oxide show spherical morphology and tend to agglomerate. The results of TEM characterization of BiFeO3 nanobimetallic oxide have a rhombhohedral crystal structure with an average crystal size of 14.55 nm. Furthermore, the results of UV-Vis DRS characterization from Bi2O3 nanoparticles, Fe2O3 nanoparticles, and BiFeO3 nanobimetallic oxide have bandgap energy values respectively 2.87 eV, 2.11 eV and 2.00 eV. The photocatalytic activity of BiFeO3 nanobimetallic oxide in degrading methylene blue is better than that of Bi2O3 nanoparticles and Fe2O3 nanoparticles with percent degradation of 94.04%, 67.11%, and 80.44%, respectively. The kinetics of photodegradation against methylene blue using BiFeO3 photocatalysts follow the kinetics of first-order pseudo reaction.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Diabetes melitus adalah gangguan metabolik kronik yang ditandai dengan peningkatan gula darah. Salah satu mekanisme peningkatan gula darah didasari oleh adanya peningkatan aktivitas lipase, glukoneogenesis, dan akumulasi asam lemak bebas. Terapi farmakologi untuk menghambat lipase memiliki banyak efek samping dan akses fasilitas kesehatan terbatas untuk mendapatkan obat. Terapi pengobatan herbal seringkali menjadi terapi alternatif, salah satunya penggunaan okra atau Abelmoschus esculentus. Berdasarkan studi terdahulu, okra memiliki kandungan metabolik sekunder yang berperan dalam efek antidiabetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kandungan senyawa antioksidan dan aktivitas ekstrak buah okra dalam penghambatan enzim lipase. Metode: Ekstrak Abelmoschus esculentus diuji kandungan antioksidannya menggunakan metode DPPH (2,2-Difenil-1-pikrihidrazil). Setelah itu, dilakukan uji aktivitas inhibisi lipase ekstrak Abelmoschus esculentus secara in vitro. Hasil Ekstrak etanol dan etil astetat Abelmoschus esculentus memiliki nilai IC50 aktivitas antioksidan 202,43 ppm dan 494,54 ppm secara berurutan. Ekstrak etanol, heksana, dan etil asetat memiliki potensi inhibisi enzim lipase dengan nilai IC50 56,08 ppm, 98,07 ppm, dan 84,68 ppm secara berurutan. Kesimpulan: Abelmoschus esculentus memiliki kandungan antioksidan dengan potensi inhibisi enzim lipase yang masuk dalam kategori kuat. ......Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic syndrome which characterized by an elevation of blood sugar. One of the mechanism that cause elevation of blood sugar based on increasing lipase activity, gluconeogenesis, and accumulation of free fatty acid. Lipase inhibitor therapy has many side effects and there are limited health facilities access on obtaning the therapy. Herbal medicine often becoming an alternatives, one of which is okra or Abelmoschus esculentus. Based on former studies, okra contain secondary metabolic that play a role in antidiabetic. This study is aimed to measure antioxidant activity and lipase inhibitory activity in okra's extracts. Method: Antioxidant constituent in Abelmoschus esculentus extracts measured by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The extracts than tested for their in vitro inhibitory activity againts lipase enzyme as antidiabetic. Result: The IC50 of antioxidant constituent in ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Abelmoschus esculentus were 202.43 ppm and 494.54 ppm respectively. Ethanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts have a potention to inhibit lipase with IC50 56.08 ppm, 98.07 ppm, and 84.68 ppm respectively. Conclusion: Abelmoschus esculentus containts antioxidants and have a potention to inhibit lipase which include in strong category.

Abstrak :
Pengobatan diabetes seperti acarbose seringkali menimbulkan efek samping sehingga diperlukan pengembangan pengobatan diabetes dengan memanfaatkan bahan alam, seperti Abelmoschus esculentus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas enzim alfa amilase pada ekstrak buah okra. Buah okra diekstraksi dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol, etil asetat, dan n-heksana lalu dilakukan identifikasi senyawa kimia dengan metode GCMS kemudian dilakukan uji aktivitas inhibisi terhadap enzim alfa amilase secara in vitro. Hasil identifikasi senyawa kimia dari ekstrak etanol, etil asetat, dan heksana Abelmoschus esculentus menunjukkan bahwa n-Hexadecanoic acid merupakan senyawa yang memiliki kandungan tertinggi dengan persentase kandungan sebesar 18.16% untuk pelarut etanol, 19.26% untuk pelarut etil asetat, dan 14.72% untuk pelarut heksana. Nilai IC50 inhibisi alfa-amilase untuk ekstrak etanol, etil asetat, n-heksana secara berturut-turut yaitu 74.20 ± 4.62 μg/mL; 111.31 ± 3.55 μg/mL; 163.05 ± 21.27 μg/mL. Ekstrak Abelmoschus esculentus mengandung beberapa senyawa yang berpotensi menghambat aktivitas enzim alfa-amilase dan secara in vitro bisa menghambat aktivitas enzim alfa-amilase khususnya ekstrak etanol, tetapi aktivitas inhibisinya lebih rendah secara signifikan dibandingkan acarbose. ...... Diabetes treatments such as metformin and acarbose have many side effects so it is necessary to develop diabetes treatment using natural ingredients, such as Abelmoschus esculentus. The aim of this research is to determine the activity of amylase enzyme in okra extract. Okra was extracted using ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane then were identified the chemical compounds in Abelmoschus esculentus extract using GCMS. The extracts were also tested their in vitro inhibitory activity against alpha amylase enzyme. The results of chemical compounds from the ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of Abelmoschus esculentus showed that n-Hexadecanoic acid was the compound that had the highest content with a percentage of 18.16% for ethanol solvent, 19.26% for ethyl acetate solvent, and 14 ,72% for hexane solvent. The IC50 values of alpha-amylase inhibition for ethanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane extracts were 74.20 ± 4.62 μg/mL; 111.31 ± 3.55 μg/mL; 163.05 ± 21.27 μg/mL. Abelmoschus esculentus extract contains several compounds that have potential to inhibit alpha-amylase enzymes and it can also inhibit the activity of alpha-amylase enzyme especially ethanol extract, but the activity is significantly lower than acarbose.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Diabetes melitus (DM) merupakan salah satu penyakit metabolik kronis dengan jumlah penderita tertinggi di dunia. DM tipe 2 mencakup 90% kasus DM. Hiperglikemia pada DM tipe 2 menyebabkan kerusakan sel beta pankreas dan resistensi insulin. Salah satu opsi pengobatan DM tipe 2 adalah inhibitor alfa-glukosidase seperti acarbose. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) merupakan tanaman obat yang digunakan untuk pengobatan diabetes melitus di Turki dan banyak ditemukan di Indonesia. Penelitian yang menguji efek inhibisi buah okra terhadap alfa-glukosidase masih belum umum. Metode: Buah okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) merah diekstraksi menggunakan 3 pelarut dengan polaritas berbeda, yaitu etanol, etil asetat, dan heksana. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji fitokimia dan uji inhibisi ekstrak terhadap alfa-glukosidase secara in vitro dengan kontrol positif acarbose untuk menentukan persentase inhibisi dan nilai IC50. Hasil: Ekstrak etanol, etil asetat, dan heksana buah okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder flavonoid, triterpenoid, alkaloid, tanin (hanya etanol), glikosida (hanya etanol), dan steroid (hanya etil asetat dan heksana). Dari ketiga ekstrak, ekstrak etanol buah okra memiliki nilai IC50 terendah sebesar 72,038 ± 27,852 μg/mL, diikuti dengan ekstrak etil asetat sebesar 107,330 ± 3,025 μg/mL, dan ekstrak heksana sebesar 193,618 ± 18,514 μg/mL dengan kontrol positif acarbose sebesar 0,978 ± 0,326 μg/mL. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak buah okra terbukti mengandung flavonoid, triterpenoid, dan alkaloid serta tambahan tanin dan glikosida pada ekstrak etanol yang berpotensi sebagai inhibitor alfa-glukosidase. Ekstrak etanol, etil asetat, dan heksana buah okra memiliki kemampuan inhibisi alfa-glukosidase namun lebih rendah dari acarbose. ......Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the chronic metabolic diseases with the highest number of prevalence in the world. Type 2 DM covers 90% of DM cases. Hyperglycemia in type 2 DM leads to damage to pancreatic beta cells and insulin resistance. One of the treatment options for type 2 DM is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor such as acarbose. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Turkey and is widely found in Indonesia. Studies testing the inhibition effect of okra fruit on alpha-glucosidase are still not common. Method: Red okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fruits were extracted using 3 solvents with different polarities, namely ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. Furthermore, phytochemical tests and in vitro inhibitory activity tests against alpha-glucosidase were carried out compared to acarbose to determine the inhibition percentage and IC50 value. Result: Ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of okra fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus) contain secondary metabolites of flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, tannins (only ethanol), glycosides (only ethanol), and steroids (only ethyl acetate and hexane). Of the three extracts, okra fruit ethanol extract had the lowest IC50 value of 72.038 ± 27.852 μg/mL, followed by ethyl acetate extract of 107.330 ± 3.025 μg/mL, and hexane extract of 193.618 ± 18.514 μg/mL with acarbose as positive control of 0.978 ± 0.326 μg/mL. Conclusion: Okra fruit extract has been shown to contain flavonoids, triterpenoids, and alkaloids as well as additional tannins and glycosides in ethanol extracts that have the potential to be alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of okra fruit have alpha-glucosidase inhibition ability but are lower than acarbose.