Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Abstrak :
Keberadaan dari Bank Dunia dan kiprahnya di dunia internasional pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk menjaga kestabiian perekonomian dunia dan membantu negara-negara yang mengalami kesulitan ekonomi. Pada kenyataannya, seringkali kebijakan yang ditempuh oleh Bank Dunia, terutama terhadap negara dunia ketiga memunculkan adanya ludingan bagi dirinya sendiri. Salah satu pandangan negatif yang muncul adalah adanya anggapan bahwa agenda reformasi bagi perkembangan dunia internasional yang dicetuskan oleh Bank Dunia merupakan salah satu cara untuk mengideologi dan membungkam negara-negara dunia ketiga di kancah internasional. Tulisan ini merupakan suatu bentuk ana! is a terhadap peran dari Bank Dunia dalam perkembangan ekonomi internasional, seperti apakah Bank Dunia berusaha untuk mengideologi, apakah hal ini merupakan suatu hal yang penting untuk ditanggapi, dan apakah tindakan dari Bank Dunia berdampak pada hubungan internasional dan permasaiahan internasional lainnya.

Abstrak :
Abstrak
Around 1980 the Indonesian government launched a program of oil palm plantation development led by state owned plantation enterprises with some project finance. The program was named Nucleus Estates and Smallholders (NES) Projects and was funded by the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. In the early 1980s some state-owned enterprises constructed several oil palm estates in West Kalimantan Province under the NES scheme, almost all of which were located in Sanggau Regency. These estates are currently facing replanting problems, since the oil palm trees there are 25 to 30 years old and inevitably less productive. In the estates owned by smallholders, plasma farmers who have their estates near the nucleus estates owned by plantation companies, the replanting problems are more serious than company owned plantations because of smallholders difficulty with financing. In this paper, the author aims to introduce the results of field research regarding the replanting problems on plasma estates owned by smallholders by focusing on one stateowned oil palm estate in Sanggau Regency. For some years after 2007, the Revitalization Program of Estates was implemented in those estates. The program aimed to subsidize a part of the interest imposed on plasma farmers on loans for the revitalization of their old or damaged estates. The implementation of the program, however, was not smooth. The program was not a success because of the inefficiency of the so called United Management System as a way to manage plasma smallholders estates after replanting, and because the loan program for replanting did not take account of the estate owners financial capacity. Alternatives to the Revitalization Program would be possible if those factors were improved.

Abstrak :
Disertasi ini mencoba untuk mempelajari masalah Aspek Hukum Panjanjian Pinjaman Antara Republik Indonesia (RI) dan Bank Dunia (BD) Serta Penarapannya Dalam Hukum Nasional Indonesia. Perjanjian Pinjaman antara RI dan BD merupakan perjanjian internasional yang tunduk pada hukum internasional (pasal 10.01 G.C. IBRD/IDA). Perjanjian pinjaman itu mengatur masalah tentang pinjaman uang maka ketentuan- ketentuan yang terdapat dalam perjanjian itu mirip dengan perjanjian pinjaman kumersial. Perbedaannya dangan perjanjian komersial biasa adalah adanya ketentuan-ketentuan yang terdapat dalam perjanjian pinjaman antara RI dan BD yang tidak terdapat dalam perjanjian kmmersial biasa, yaitu menyangkut masalah-masalah pelaksanaan proyek yang diatur oleh hukum administrasi negara. Oleh karena itu dalam melakukan pendekatan atas perjanjian pinjaman antara RI dan BD dilakukan secara transnasiunal. Bank Dunia dalam memberikan pinjaman berkepentingan agar pinjamannya dipergunakan seefektif mungkin. Guna mencapai tujuan tersebut maka Bank Dunia membuat peraturan-peraturan yang dijadikan padoman dalam memberikan pinjaman. Peraturan-peraturan standar tadi misalkan General Condition (B.C.), y-,. Pedoman Prokuremen (G.P.) dan lain-lain. Ketentuan standar tadi marupakan ketentuan yang diperlakukan dalam perjanjian pinjaman, namun masih dapat dirundingkan untuk disesuaikan dengan sifat proyek yang dibiayai oleh pinjaman Bank Dunia. Adanya ketentuan- ketentuan dalam G.C. dan G.P, yang terdapat dalam perjanjian pinjaman ditambah adanya sistem Iifh cycle, maka BD dimungkinkan dapat campur tangan dalam pelaksanaan proyek. Hal ini tidak hanya manyangkut masalah teknis dan ekonomi, tetapi juga menyangkut masalah hukum. Perjanjian pinjaman antara RI dan BD merupakan perjanjian internasional yang langsung dapat berlaku setelah penandatanganan tanpa memerlukan ratifikasi oleh DPR. Hasil penelitian penulis menunjukkan bahwa perjanjian pinjaman RI dan BD didahulukan dari ketentuan perundang-undangan nasional (primat hukum internasional). Perjanjian pinjaman antara RI dan BD dalam suasana nasional masih diikuti oleh perjanjian lainnya, misalkan perjanjian penerusan dan perjanjian proyek. Masalah yang dihadapi dari penerapan perjanjian pinjaman antara RI dan BD adalah belum-adanya kemantapan dalam pengaturan nasional. Pengaturan pelaksanaan pinjaman luar negeri pengaturannya belum sesuai déngan rumitnya masalah yang dihadapi. Personil pelaksanaan proyek di lapangan banyak yang kurang memahami aturan-aturan yang harus dilaksanakan sesuai dengan perjanjian pinjaman. ......This dissertation is trying to study the problem on the legal aspects of the loan agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the world Bank and its implementation within the Indonesian National Law. The loan Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the World Bank constitutes an international agreement (article 10.10 G.C. IBRD/IDA). The loan agreement regulates problems concerning the loan, therefore the provisions reflected in the agreement are similar to those in commercial loan agreement. The differences with the normal commercial loan agreement are that in the loan agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the World Bank there are some regulations which do not appear in the normal commercial agreement, such as the regulations about the implementation of the project which are regulated by administration law. Therefore, the approach to study the loan agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the world Bank should be done through transnational approach. The World Bank in providing the loan has the interest that the loan should be used effectively. To achieve the said objectives, the world Bank made some provisions as a guidelines in providing loan. Those standard provisions are among others the General Condition (GC), Guidelines for Procurement (GP) etcetera. Those standard provisions have become the regulations applied in the loan agreement. However, it is negotiable in line with the nature of the project which are financed by the loan from the World Bank. The existence of those standard Drovisions (GC, GP) which appear in the loan agreement together with the life cycle system made possible for the world Bank to intervene in the execution of the financed projects. This was not only effecting the technical and economic matters but also involving legal matters. The loan agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the World Bank is an international agreement which shall be directly come into force after signing, without ratification by the parliament. The result of my research shows that loan agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the World Bank is given high priority vis a vis the national law (primate of international law). The application of the loan agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the World Bank in our national law is still followed by other agreements, such a subsidiary loan agreement and project agreement. The problems exist from the implementation of the loan agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the World Bank have shown that there is no stability in the national regulations. The regulation of the execution of the foreign loan is not yet in line with the complexity of the problems faced. The executors at almost all fields mostly are not familiar with the regulations which have been done according to the provisions of the loan agreement.