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"This study examines marketing system of rice, emphasizing on horizontal and vertical integration of paddy and rice, both at regional and world market. The study also anlyzes price stabilization pf appady at farm level and rice at consumer level, and examines domestic buffer stocks managed by rice. Econometric metdhos of vector autoregressive (VAR) and vector error correction model (VECM) are emplyed in this study. The results show that marketiung system of rice in Indonesia is very straightforward, involving commodity flow from paddy farmers, collector traders, rice millers, wholesalers, distributors, retail traders, and rice consumers. Rice markets in five major regions in Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Bali Nusa Tenggara showed horizontal market integration during the New Order regime (1968-1997)m albeit not in full integration. Rice markets were segmented during free-trade period (1998-2000), and during a managed-open market period (2001-2004). Vertical integration between paddy and ricve market only occurred during the New Order. Also, during that period, paddy price was relatively more stable than rice price in all three regimes. The study suggests that regulation in rice import should be continued, and policies on production improvmenet, land reform, and food diversification deserve more budget allocation. The government should develop regional price procurement system and strengthen rice buffer stock at regional level."

"Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengetahui hubungan, arah hubungan, dan seberapa efektif kontribusi yang diberikan antara instrumen moneter Islam dengan cadangan likuiditas perbankan syariah. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode VAR/VECM. Analisis deskriptif dengan VAR/VECM ini menggambarkan hubungan yang terjadi antara instrumen moneter Islam yaitu SBIS, Fasbis, dan IMA terhadap cadangan likuiditas, dan juga mengetahui arah hubungan serta kontribusi yang diberikan antara instrumen moneter Islam dengan cadangan likuiditas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa antara variabel SBIS, Fasbis, IMA, dan likuiditas tidak memiliki hubungan dalam jangka panjang melainkan hubungan jangka pendek. Antara SBIS dan Fasbis, serta antara IMA dan SBIS memiliki hubungan dua arah. Sedangkan lainnya hanya memiliki hubungan satu arah saja. Dan kontribusi yang diberikan variabel SBIS dipengaruhi oleh faktor dirinya sendiri sebesar 100%, Fasbis sebesar 98%, IMA sebesar 94.5% dan Cadangan Likuiditas sebesar 41%.

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This study aim to see and analysis how correlation between Islamic monetary instrument to distribution liquidity reseve and its effectiveness contribution of Islamic banking in Indonesia. Method on this study is descriptive with quantitative approach. To get the purpose of this study, the analysis used Vector Auto Regression (VAR)/ Vector Error Correction Method (VECM). Descriptive analysis with VAR/VECM is to describe correlation between Islamic monetary instrument are SBIS, Fasbis, IMA and liquidity reserve. Furthermore, to direction of correlation and contribution between Islamic monetary instrument to liquidity reserve.

The result of this study showed that SBIS, Fasbis, IMA and liquidity reseve did not have long-term correlation but short-term correlation. Between SBIS to Fasbis, and IMA to SBIS have two-way correlation. While, another variable have one-way correlation. Contribution made by SBIS, Fasbis, IMA, and liquidity reserve to theirselves respectively 100%, 98%, 94,5%, and 41%."

"The trnasmission of monetary policy has been an area of abundant economic research in many countries. The financial system links monetary policy and the real economy..."

"The contemporary dual monetary system is characterized by interest system in conventional system and the profit-and-loss sharing (PLS) system in Islamic system,where each of them has a different behavior in influencing the money demand and the monetary stability....."

"Sierra Leone mengalami masalah trade defisit yang persisten. Saat ini terdapat kekosongan literatur yang mengungkap bagaimana interaksi antara variabel makroekonomi telah mempengaruhi trade defisit di Sierra Leone dengan data yang relatif terkini dan metode yang dapat mengatasi isu non-stationarity dan interaksi dinamis antar variabel. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji hubungan antara neraca perdagangan, inflasi, dan nilai tukar Sierra Leone dengan menggunakan data kuartalan dari Q1 tahun 2005 hingga Q3 tahun 2023. Fokusnya adalah pada pemahaman bagaimana nilai tukar dan inflasi berdampak pada neraca perdagangan Sierra Leone baik dalam jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, model VAR/VECM digunakan untuk menangkap interaksi dinamis antara neraca perdagangan, nilai tukar, dan inflasi. Kemudian metode Kausalitas Granger digunakan untuk menentukan urutan yang paling tepat di antara variabel-variabel makroekonomi dalam model, dilanjutkan dengan analisis Impulse Response Function (IRF) untuk menguji hipotesis tentang respons neraca perdagangan terhadap guncangan nilai tukar dan inflasi. Hasil empiris mengkonfirmasi adanya kointegrasi, yang menunjukkan keseimbangan jangka panjang antara neraca perdagangan, nilai tukar, inflasi, dan variabel makroekonomi lainnya seperti tingkat PDB riil dan perbedaan suku bunga. Selain itu, analisis dinamis dengan metode IRF mendukung hipotesis kurva-J di Sierra Leone dan mengkonfirmasi bahwa inflasi dapat menurunkan kinerja neraca perdagangan. Temuan-temuan ini menunjukkan perlunya Sierra Leone menerapkan strategi komprehensif yang tidak hanya bertujuan untuk menyesuaikan nilai tukar tetapi juga mengendalikan inflasi guna memperbaiki neraca perdagangan dan meningkatkan stabilitas perekonomian eksternal.

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Sierra Leone experiences a persistent trade deficit problem. Currently, there is a vacuum in the literature employing recent data and suitable approaches to address the issue of non-stationarity and dynamic interaction between macroeconomic variables in influencing the trade deficit in Sierra Leone. This study examines the relationship between Sierra Leone's trade balance, inflation, and exchange rate using quarterly data from 2005 Q1 to 2023 Q3. The focus is on understanding how the exchange rate and inflation impact Sierra Leone's trade balance in both the short and long term. To achieve this, the study utilizes the VAR/VECM model to depict the dynamic interaction between the trade balance, exchange rate, and inflation. It also employs Granger Causality analysis to determine the most appropriate ordering among the macroeconomic variables in the model and Impulse Response Function (IRF) analysis to test the hypotheses regarding the trade balance response to exchange rate shocks and inflation. The empirical results confirm the existence of cointegration, indicating a long-term balance between the trade balance, exchange rate, inflation, and other macroeconomic variables such as GDP growth and interest rate differentials. Moreover, the dynamic prediction analysis using the IRF method supports the J-curve hypothesis in Sierra Leone and suggests that inflation can reduce the performance of the trade balance. These findings highlight the need for Sierra Leone to implement a comprehensive strategy to adjust the exchange rate and curb inflation to improve the trade balance and enhance external economic stability. "

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa hubungan antara BI Rate sebagai variabel kebijakan dengan suku bunga di pasar keuangan yang meliputi suku bunga deposito, suku bunga kredit, IHSG, dan suku bunga obligasi pemerintah. Sebagai salah satu bentuk pengujian terhadap transmisi kebija kan moneter yang berjalan melalui jalur suku bunga.Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji kausalitas Granger dan metode Vector Auto Regression (VAR).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh BI Rate kepada suku bunga perbankan berjalan tidak langs ung yaitu melalui perantara suku bunga SBI. Sementara, BI Rate tidak mempunyai hubungan dengan fluktuasi IHSG, tetapi BI Rate mempunyai pengaruh kuat terhadap suku bunga obligasi pemerintah.

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This research analysis is to find out the relationships between BI Rate, as a monetary policy variable, with financial market interest rate, that is banking interest rate, bond interest rate, dan capital market index (IHSG). This research is to aim as a test for the monetary policy transmissions mechanism through nterest rate channel. For the research we using Granger causality and Vector Auto Regression (VAR) method.As the results, we found that BI Rate have a indirect power to influence banking interest rate with SBI as the intermedia ry. Meanwhile, BI Rate have no power to influence capital market index, but have a power to influence the bond interest rate."

"Penelitian ini menganalisa pengaruh harga bahan bakar minyak Eceran dan Industri (premium dan solar) terhadap indeks harga kelompok komoditi pembentuk indeks harga konsumen (IHK) dan pengaruh antar indeks harga tujuh kelompok komoditi tersebut. Dengan menggunakan Vector Autoregression - Vector Error Correction Model (VAR-VECM) untuk melihat pengaruh kejutan dan kontribusi tiap-tiap variabel terhadap respon dan variabilitas variabel lainnya pada periode bulan Januari 2004 sampai dengan Desember 2008. Berdasarkan analisa impulse respon, harga bahan bakar minyak berpengaruh terhadap indeks harga kelompok komoditi pembentuk indeks harga konsumen (IHK). Pengaruhnya positif terhadap IHK rata-rata sebesar 1,263%. Hal ini bermakna bahwa harga bahan bakar minyak premium eceran berpengaruh positif mendorong meningkatnya IHK rata-rata sebesar 1,263%. Pengaruh terbesar berasal dari kejutan harga bahan bakar minyak premium eceran yang mendapat respon indeks harga kelompok komoditi rata-rata sebesar 1,052%. Kejutan harga bahan bakar minyak industri secara kumulatif mendapat respon indeks harga kelompok komoditi rata-rata sebesar 0,370%. Hal ini bermakna bahwa harga bahan bakar minyak industri berpengaruh positif mendorong meningkatnya IHK rata-rata sebesar 0,370%. Pengaruh terbesar berasal dari kejutan harga bahan bakar minyak solar yang mendapat respon indeks harga kelompok komoditi rata-rata sebesar 0,297 %. Berdasarkan analisa Variance Decomposition, kontribusi harga bahan bakar minyak industri kepada varian indeks harga kelompok komoditi rata-rata sebesar 7,82%. Kontribusi variabel harga bahan bakar minyak eceran lebih berperan dalam varian indeks harga kelompok komoditi dibandingkan harga bahan bakar minyak industri yaitu rata-rata sebesar 23,55%.

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This study analyzed the influence of retail and industrial fuel prices (gasoline and diesel fuel) to the commodity group price index of forming index consumer price index (CPI) and the effect of inter seven commodity groups price index. Using Vector Autoregression - Vector Error Correction Model (VARVECM to see the impact of shocks and the contribution of each variable to The response and variance of the other variables in the period January 2004 until December 2008. Based on Impulse Response Analysis, the result is fuel prices influence the price index of commodity groups to forming the consumer price index (CPI). The influence is positive averaged 1,263 on the CPI. This means that retail premium fuel prices encourage positive average increase of CPI 1,263% . The biggest influence comes from the premium oil price shock, which received responses the commodity groups price index average 1,052. Respond of commodities price index to industrial gasoline prices shocks average 0.370%. This means that industry fuel prices have encouraged positive CPI increased an average of 0.370%. The biggest influence comes from the premium oil price shock, which received responses the commodity groups price index average 0.297%. Based on Variance Decomposition Analysis, the contribution of industrial fuel prices to variance of commodity group price index average 7.82%. The contribution of retail fuel prices a greater role in changing the variance of the commodity group price index compared to the industry in fuel prices which averaged 23.55%."