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Abstrak :
Penulisan tesis ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya pertanggungjawaban pengganti atau dikenal dengan vicarious liability, yang diangkat dari kasus PT. Antam melawan Budi Said. Dalam kasus tersebut, meskipun perbuatan melawan hukum dilakukan oleh karyawan dari PT. Antam, namun PT. Antam tetap diharuskan untuk mengganti kerugian yang telah diderita oleh Budi Said. Bentuk penggantian tanggung jawab ini diterapkan kepada PT. Antam sebagai penjelmaan dari pasal 1367 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata. Penulisan ini menggunakan jenis penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kasus dari Putusan tingkat pertama, banding, kasasi, dan PK dari PT. Antam melawan Budi Said yang dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori kepastian hukum dan konsep vicarious liability. Dari hasil penelitian ini, dapat diketahui bahwa adanya disparitas antar putusan hakim dikarenakan belum diaturnya terkait dengan bentuk pembatasan dari vicarious liability. Bahwa penerapan doktrin vicarious liability dalam pasal 1367 ayat (3) agar dapat mewujudkan kepastian hukum, seharusnya perlu dibatasi dengan pula memberikan bentuk - bentuk spesifik sebagai syarat dari pemenuhan pembatasan atas pertanggungjawaban pengganti sebagaimana tertuang dalam pasal 1367 ayat (5). Kekalahan PT.Antam dalam putusan MA No 554 PK/Pdt/2023 tidak menutup kemungkinan dilakukan upaya hukum kembali. Dimana sesuai dengan SEMA No 4 Tahun 2016, maka PT. Antam dapat melakukan upaya hukum kembali berupa peninjauan kembali kedua dengan syarat melampirkan putusan yang saling bertentangan. ......The background to writing this thesis is the existence of vicarious liability, which is based on the case of PT. Antam against Budi Said. In this case, even though the unlawful act was committed by an employee of PT. Antam, but PT. Antam is still required to compensate for the losses suffered by Budi Said. This form of replacement of responsibility is applied to PT. Antam is an incarnation of article 1367 of the Civil Code. This writing uses a type of normative juridical research with a case approach from first level decisions, appeals, cassation, and PK from PT. Antam against Budi Said which was analyzed using the theory of legal certainty and the concept of vicarious liability. From the results of this research, it can be seen that there is disparity between judges' decisions because there is no regulation regarding the form of limitation of vicarious liability. That the application of the vicarious liability doctrine in article 1367 paragraph (3) in order to realize legal certainty, should need to be limited by also providing specific forms as a condition for fulfilling the limitations on vicarious liability as stated in article 1367 paragraph (5). PT Antam's defeat in Supreme Court decision No. 554 PK/Pdt/2023 does not rule out the possibility of taking legal action again. Where in accordance with SEMA No. 4 of 2016, PT. Antam can take legal action again in the form of judicial review II with the condition of attaching a conflicting decision.

Abstrak :
Pembaharuan utang (Novasi) merupakan salah satu upaya Peralihan utang atas terjadinya kredit macet yang disebabkan oleh tidak terpenuhinya pembayaran kredit oleh debitur. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai peralihan utang dari debitur lama kepada debitur baru yang seharusnya dilakukan dengan persetujuan kreditur namun dalam kasus ini pembaharuan utang yang dilakukan tanpa persetujuan kreditur, Peralihan utang dari debitur lama kepada debitur baru dengan persetujuan kreditur dikenal sebagai Novasi Subjektif Pasif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keabsahan pembebanan jaminan fidusia, surat outstanding utang sebagai alat bukti peralihan hak, serta keabsahan eksekusi yang dilakukan oleh kreditur secara sepihak dengan bantuan Pihak Kepolisian dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Solok Nomor 11/Pdt.G/2019/PN SLK. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian Doktrinal, yang dilakukan berdasarkan norma hukum yang terdapat dalam peraturan tertulis serta norma dalam masyarakat. Permasalahan yang diajukan kepada pengadilan adalah Pertama, terkait keabsahan pembebanan jaminan fidusia , pembebanan jaminan fidusia tidak sah dalam perkara ini dikarenakan dilakukan dengan akta dibawah tangan, sedangkan seharusnya dibuat dengan akta notaris dalam bahasa Indonesia yang berbentuk Akta Jaminan Fidusia. Kedua, terkait keabsahan surat outstanding utang sebagai alat bukti peralihan hak, Novasi subjektif pasif seharusnya dilakukan dengan persetujuan kreditur secara tertulis, surat outstanding utang bukan merupakan alat bukti peralihan hak yang sah dikarenakan tidak sesuai dengan syarat-syarat perjanjian dalam Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata dimana tidak terkandung di dalamnya pernyataan bahwa utang tersebut beralih dari debitur lama kepada debitur baru. Ketiga, terkait keabsahan eksekusi jaminan fidusia oleh kreditur secara sepihak dengan bantuan pihak kepolisian, eksekusi jaminan fidusia secara langsung tidak dapat dilakukan oleh penerima fidusia atau kreditur dengan bantuan dari pihak kepolisian tanpa diterbitkannya surat pelaksanaan eksekusi oleh Pengadilan Negeri. Namun, dalam hal terjadinya tindak pidana yaitu pengalihan objek jaminan fidusia tanpa persetujuan tertulis dari penerima fidusia maka dapat dilaporkan kepada pihak kepolisian untuk dilakukan penyitaan. ......Debt renewal (Novation) is one attempt to transfer debt to the occurrence of bad credit caused by non-fulfillment of credit payments by the debtor. This study discusses the transfer of debt from the old debtor to the new debtor which should be done with the creditor's approval, but in this case the debt renewal was carried out without the creditor's approval. The transfer of debt from the old debtor to the new debtor with the creditor's approval is known as Passive Subjective Novation. This study aims to analyze the legitimacy of imposing fiduciary guarantees, outstanding debt securities as evidence of the transfer of rights, and the validity of executions carried out by creditors unilaterally with the assistance of the police in the Solok District Court Decision Number 11/Pdt.G/2019/PN SLK. The research method used is doctrinal research based on legal norms contained in written regulations and societal norms. The problems submitted to the court are, First, related to the legitimacy of the imposition of fiduciary guarantees, the imposition of fiduciary guarantees is invalid because it was carried out under an underhand deed. In contrast, it should have been drawn up with a notarial deed in Indonesian as a Deed of Fiduciary Guarantees. Second, regarding the validity of the outstanding debt certificate as evidence of the transfer of rights, passive subjective novation should be carried out with the approval of the creditor in writing, and the outstanding debt certificate is not valid evidence of the transfer of rights because it is not following the terms of the agreement in Article 1320 of the Civil Code which does not contain in it a statement that the debt was transferred from the old debtor to the new debtor. Third, regarding the validity of executing fiduciary guarantees by creditors unilaterally with the assistance of the police, direct execution of fiduciary guarantees cannot be carried out by fiduciary recipients or creditors with assistance from the police without issuing a letter of execution by the District Court. However, if a crime occurs, namely the transfer of the fiduciary guarantee object without the written consent of the fiduciary recipient, it can be reported to the police for confiscation.

Abstrak :
Perbuatan melawan hukum dalam perkara No.64/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Tjk ini telah memenuhi perbuatan melawan hukum yang dimana diatur dalam unsur unsur melawan hukum pada pasal 1365 KUH Perdata. Walaupun bezitter menguasai dalam tenggat waktu (Daluwarsa) yaitu lebih dari 30 tahun tetapi bezitter tidak mempunyai itikad baik pada pasal 1963 KUH Perdata untuk memberikan dan mengosongkan obyek sengketa, yang dimana pihak penggugat secara sah mempunyai kepemilikan hak atas tanah tersebut yang diajukan ke Pengadilan Negeri Tanjungkarang. Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini ialah yuridis normatif dan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder yang dimana sumbernya berasal dari perpustakaan. Penelitian ini memiliki dua rumusan masalah yang diantaranya yaitu bagaimanakah ketentuan hukum yang mengatur tentang perbuatan melawan hukum atas penguasaan sebidang tanah yang telah mencapai daluwarsa menurut ketentuan KUHPerdata, dan bagaimanakah perlindungan hukum terhadap bezitter yang tidak beritikad baik. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah para tergugat telah melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum didalamnya unsur-unsurnya yaitu pada pasal 1365 KUH Perdata dan juga melanggar Undang-undang Nomor 51 Tahun 1960 tentang larangan menggunakan tanah tanpa izin atau kuasa yang sah. ......The unlawful act in case No.64/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Tjk has fulfilled the unlawful act which is regulated in the elements of unlawfulness in article 1365 of the Civil Code. Even though the bezitter within the deadline (expired), namely more than 30 years, the bezitter does not have the good faith in Article 1963 of the Civil Code to give and empty the object of dispute, in which the plaintiff legally has ownership of the land rights that were submitted to the Tanjungkarang District Court. The method used in this research is normative juridical and the data used in this research is secondary data which comes from the library. This research has two formulations of the problem which include What are the legal provisions governing acts against the law on the possession of a plot of land that has reached expiration according to the provisions of the Civil Code, and then How is the legal protection against bezitters who do not have good intentions. The conclusion of this study is that the defendants have committed unlawful acts in its elements, namely in Article 1365 of the Civil Code and also violated Law Number 51 of 1960 concerning the prohibition of using land without the rightful permission or legal proxy.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini berfokus pada tanggung jawab dan sanksi hukum terhadap notaris dengan studi pada putusan Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya Nomor 963/Pdt.G/2016/PN.Sby. Dalam putusan tersebut, notaris dinyatakan melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum, karena akta yang dibuat di hadapan notaris memuat keterangan palsu. Dalam hal ini, notaris telah melanggar kewajiban hukumnya sebagai seorang pejabat umum. Untuk itu, permasalahan yang diangkat adalah mengenai tanggung jawab keperdataaan notaris, yang telah membuat dan menerbitkan Akta Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli dan Kuasa Menjual tanpa sepengetahuan dari pemilik tanah dan sanksi hukum terhadap notaris. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut digunakan metode penelitian hukum yuridis normatif, dengan bahan hukum yang diperoleh melalui studi dokumen, yang selanjutnya dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil analisis yang diperoleh adalah notaris bertanggung jawab bahwa perbuatan notaris dinyatakan sebagai perbuatan melawan hukum dan membatalkan akta yang telah dibuat dan diterbitkan notaris, disertai sanksi hukum untuk mengganti kerugian denda sejumlah uang, berdasarkan Pasal 1365 KUH Perdata. Kemudian, sanksi hukum terhadap notaris, selain sanksi perdata, notaris memenuhi kriteria untuk dijatuhi sanksi administrasi peringatan tertulis yang diberikan oleh Majelis Pengawas Wilayah, berdasarkan Pasal 5 ayat (1) huruf b Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Nomor 61 Tahun 2016. Sanksi pidana, berupa sanksi penjara paling lama 4 (empat) tahun 8 (delapan) bulan, berdasarkan Pasal 266 ayat (1) jo. 56 ayat (1) jo. 57 ayat (1) KUH Pidana, akibat membantu menyediakan sarana untuk melakukan suatu tindak pidana, dengan membuat dan menerbitkan akta yang memuat keterangan palsu. ......This research focuses on legal responsibilities and sanctions against notaries with a study on the decision of the District Court Surabaya Number 963/Pdt.G/2016/PN. Sby. In the ruling, the notary is declared to have committed an act against the law, because the deed made before the notary contains false information In this case, the notary has violated his legal obligations as a public official. Therefore, the issue raised is about the civil responsibility of the notary, who has made and issued a Deed Commitment of Sale and Purchase Agreement and Selling Authorization without the knowledge of the landowner and legal sanctions against notaries. To answer the problem is used normative juridical legal research methods, with legal material obtained through the study of documents, which are then analyzed qualitatively. The result of the analysis obtained is that the notary is responsible that the notary act is declared as an act against the law and cancel the deed that has been made and issued by the notary, accompanied by legal sanctions to compensate for the loss of a fine of some money, based on Article 1365 of the Civil Code. Then, legal sanctions against notaries, in addition to civil sanctions, notaries meet the criteria to be sentenced to administrative sanctions written warning given by the Regional Supervisory Assembly, based on Article 5 paragraph (1) letter b of Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights No. 61 of 2016. Criminal sanctions, in the form of prison sentences maximum 4 (four) years 8 (eight) months, based on Article 266 paragraph (1) jo. 56 paragraph (1) jo. 57 paragraph (1) Criminal Code, as a result of helping provide means to commit a criminal act, by making and issuing a deed containing false information

Abstrak :
Skripsi ini membahas mengenai perbuatan melawan hukum dalam suatu tindak pelanggaran desain industri yang telah diatur dalam Undang-Undang No. 31 Tahun 2000 Tentang Desain Industri. Dalam melakukan penelitian, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan yang bersifat yuridis-normatif dan tipologi bersifat deskriptif. Permasalahan dalam skripsi ini adalah bilamana penggunaan desain oleh pihak ketiga dapat dikatakan sebagai perbuatan melawan hukum, bagaimana pengaturan perbuatan melawan hukum pada pelanggaran desain industri menurut hukum perdata, dan bagaimana pertimbangan hakim dalam memutus perkara perbuatan melawan hukum pada putusan Mahkamah Agung No. 435 K/Pdt-Sus-Hki/2013. Kesimpulan atas permasalahan tersebut adalah suatu penggunaan desain oleh pihak ketiga dapat dikatakan sebagai perbuatan melawan hukum apabila penggunaan desain tersebut sama persis atau sama secara substansial dan penggunaan tersebut dilakukan secara sengaja dan tanpa hak. Pengaturan perbuatan melawan hukum dalam pelanggaran hak desain industri terdapat pada Pasal 46 ayat (1) UU Desain Industri yang mengacu pada Pasal 9 ayat (1) UU Desain Industri dan Pasal 26 ayat (1) TRIPs. Perihal pertimbangan putusan Mahkamah Agung No. 435 K/Pdt-Sus-Hki/2013 yang menguatkan putusan Pengadilan Niaga tersebut terdapat sedikit kekuranglengkapan namun telah tepat dalam hal menentukan ganti rugi.

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This thesis discusses the unlawful act in infringement of industrial design that has been regulated in Law No. 31 of 2000 about Industrial Design. In conducting this research, the writer uses juridicial-normative library research methods and the typology is descriptive. The problem in this thesis is when the use of the design by third parties can be regarded as an unlawful act, how the regulation, and how the consideration of judges in deciding the case on the Supreme Court Decision No. 435 K/Pdt-Sus-HKI/2013. The conclusion to these problems is a use of the design by third parties can be considered as an unlawful act when the design is exactly or substantially the same, and the use of the design has to be intentional and without right. The regulation for unlawful act in industrial design infringement contained in Article 46 (1) Industrial Design Act that refers to Art. 9 (1) Industrial Design Act and Art. 26 (1) TRIPs. Regarding consideration of the Supreme Court Decision No. 435 K/Pdt-Sus-HKI/2013 is a little sketchy, but has been precise in terms of determining the compensation.

Abstrak :
[ ABSTRAK
Saham Perseroan Terbatas Tertutup merupakan benda yang dapat dipindahkan kepemilikannya melalui perjanjian hibah dan/atau perjanjian jual beli. Pemindahan hak atas saham melalui perjanjian ini harus tunduk pada persyaratan dan juga tata cara yang diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan maupun Anggaran Dasar Perseroan agar sah secara hukum. Apabila syarat-syarat tersebut tidak terpenuhi maka pemindahan hak atas saham itu dapat dikatakan sebagai sebuah perbuatan melawan hukum, sebagaimana dapat ditemui dalam putusan No. 604/Pdt.G/2011/PN.Jkt.Sel. Dua permasalahan utama yang akan dibahas dalam penulisan ini adalah bagaimana tata cara pemindahan hak atas saham Perseroan Terbatas Tertutup melalui perjanjian jual beli dan hibah serta bentuk perbuatan melawan hukum yang terjadi dalam perkara di atas. Penulisan dalam skripsi ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan metode penelitian kepustakaan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis skripsi ini, pelanggaran unsur esensialia dalam suatu perjanjian pemindahan hak atas saham merupakan sebuah perbuatan melawan hukum. Oleh karena itu penting bagi para pihak untuk patuh serta memahami ketentuan umum perjanjian dan juga tata cara pemindahan hak atas saham yang telah diatur dalam peraturan perundang-undangan.

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ABSTRACT Shares of Non-Publicly Listed Limited Liability Company are objects whose ownership can be transferred through grant and/or sale and purchase agreement. The transfer of rights over share by agreement must adhere to the requirements and procedures as set out within applicable laws and Articles of Association in order to have legally binding power. If such requirements are not observed, the transfer of rights over shares can be considered as an unlawful act which can be found in the decision No. 604/Pdt.G/2011/PN.Jkt.Sel. Two main issues that will be analyzed in this thesis are procedures of transfer of rights over shares through grant and share and purchase agremeement, as well as the unlawful act taken place in the case above. This thesis adopts the juridical normative approach using literary research method. As a result of the analysis in this thesis, the infringement of essential element in a transfer of rights over share through agreement is considered as an unlawful act. Therefore, it is important for the parties to abide by and understand the general provisions on agreements and the procedures concerning the transfer of rights over shares as governed under the applicable laws.;Shares of Non-Publicly Listed Limited Liability Company are objects whose ownership can be transferred through grant and/or sale and purchase agreement. The transfer of rights over share by agreement must adhere to the requirements and procedures as set out within applicable laws and Articles of Association in order to have legally binding power. If such requirements are not observed, the transfer of rights over shares can be considered as an unlawful act which can be found in the decision No. 604/Pdt.G/2011/PN.Jkt.Sel. Two main issues that will be analyzed in this thesis are procedures of transfer of rights over shares through grant and share and purchase agremeement, as well as the unlawful act taken place in the case above. This thesis adopts the juridical normative approach using literary research method. As a result of the analysis in this thesis, the infringement of essential element in a transfer of rights over share through agreement is considered as an unlawful act. Therefore, it is important for the parties to abide by and understand the general provisions on agreements and the procedures concerning the transfer of rights over shares as governed under the applicable laws.;Shares of Non-Publicly Listed Limited Liability Company are objects whose ownership can be transferred through grant and/or sale and purchase agreement. The transfer of rights over share by agreement must adhere to the requirements and procedures as set out within applicable laws and Articles of Association in order to have legally binding power. If such requirements are not observed, the transfer of rights over shares can be considered as an unlawful act which can be found in the decision No. 604/Pdt.G/2011/PN.Jkt.Sel. Two main issues that will be analyzed in this thesis are procedures of transfer of rights over shares through grant and share and purchase agremeement, as well as the unlawful act taken place in the case above. This thesis adopts the juridical normative approach using literary research method. As a result of the analysis in this thesis, the infringement of essential element in a transfer of rights over share through agreement is considered as an unlawful act. Therefore, it is important for the parties to abide by and understand the general provisions on agreements and the procedures concerning the transfer of rights over shares as governed under the applicable laws.;Shares of Non-Publicly Listed Limited Liability Company are objects whose ownership can be transferred through grant and/or sale and purchase agreement. The transfer of rights over share by agreement must adhere to the requirements and procedures as set out within applicable laws and Articles of Association in order to have legally binding power. If such requirements are not observed, the transfer of rights over shares can be considered as an unlawful act which can be found in the decision No. 604/Pdt.G/2011/PN.Jkt.Sel. Two main issues that will be analyzed in this thesis are procedures of transfer of rights over shares through grant and share and purchase agremeement, as well as the unlawful act taken place in the case above. This thesis adopts the juridical normative approach using literary research method. As a result of the analysis in this thesis, the infringement of essential element in a transfer of rights over share through agreement is considered as an unlawful act. Therefore, it is important for the parties to abide by and understand the general provisions on agreements and the procedures concerning the transfer of rights over shares as governed under the applicable laws.;Shares of Non-Publicly Listed Limited Liability Company are objects whose ownership can be transferred through grant and/or sale and purchase agreement. The transfer of rights over share by agreement must adhere to the requirements and procedures as set out within applicable laws and Articles of Association in order to have legally binding power. If such requirements are not observed, the transfer of rights over shares can be considered as an unlawful act which can be found in the decision No. 604/Pdt.G/2011/PN.Jkt.Sel. Two main issues that will be analyzed in this thesis are procedures of transfer of rights over shares through grant and share and purchase agremeement, as well as the unlawful act taken place in the case above. This thesis adopts the juridical normative approach using literary research method. As a result of the analysis in this thesis, the infringement of essential element in a transfer of rights over share through agreement is considered as an unlawful act. Therefore, it is important for the parties to abide by and understand the general provisions on agreements and the procedures concerning the transfer of rights over shares as governed under the applicable laws.;Shares of Non-Publicly Listed Limited Liability Company are objects whose ownership can be transferred through grant and/or sale and purchase agreement. The transfer of rights over share by agreement must adhere to the requirements and procedures as set out within applicable laws and Articles of Association in order to have legally binding power. If such requirements are not observed, the transfer of rights over shares can be considered as an unlawful act which can be found in the decision No. 604/Pdt.G/2011/PN.Jkt.Sel. Two main issues that will be analyzed in this thesis are procedures of transfer of rights over shares through grant and share and purchase agremeement, as well as the unlawful act taken place in the case above. This thesis adopts the juridical normative approach using literary research method. As a result of the analysis in this thesis, the infringement of essential element in a transfer of rights over share through agreement is considered as an unlawful act. Therefore, it is important for the parties to abide by and understand the general provisions on agreements and the procedures concerning the transfer of rights over shares as governed under the applicable laws., Shares of Non-Publicly Listed Limited Liability Company are objects whose ownership can be transferred through grant and/or sale and purchase agreement. The transfer of rights over share by agreement must adhere to the requirements and procedures as set out within applicable laws and Articles of Association in order to have legally binding power. If such requirements are not observed, the transfer of rights over shares can be considered as an unlawful act which can be found in the decision No. 604/Pdt.G/2011/PN.Jkt.Sel. Two main issues that will be analyzed in this thesis are procedures of transfer of rights over shares through grant and share and purchase agremeement, as well as the unlawful act taken place in the case above. This thesis adopts the juridical normative approach using literary research method. As a result of the analysis in this thesis, the infringement of essential element in a transfer of rights over share through agreement is considered as an unlawful act. Therefore, it is important for the parties to abide by and understand the general provisions on agreements and the procedures concerning the transfer of rights over shares as governed under the applicable laws.]