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Abstrak :
Salah satu aspek penentu kondisi perekonomian suatu negara adalah kualitas human capital. Melalui investasi pada kesehatan dapat meningkatkan kualitas hidup yang lebih baik. Peningkatan kesehatan dari status gizi yang lebih baik menjadi faktor penting terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di jangka Panjang Namun permasalahan gizi masih menjadi permasalahan utama yang dihadapi oleh berbagai negara khususnya Indonesia. Salah satu aspek yang mendukung percepatan penurunan permasalahan gizi pada anak adalah kualitas air dan fasilitas sanitasi yang digunakan oleh anak tersebut sehari-hari. Dengan meggunakan data Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) 5 dengan menggunakan indikator antropometri akan digunakan untuk menilai status gizi seorang anak. Menggunakan model analisis logit biner untuk melihat berapa besar peluang seorang anak mengalami permasalahan gizi berdasarkan kondisi air dan fasilitas sanitasi yang digunakan dengan variabel kontrol lainnya. Selain itu, menggunakan model ordered logit juga digunakan untuk menilai tingkat keparahan permasalahan gizi pada anak.Hasil estimasi logit biner ditemukan bahwa fasilitas sanitias berpengaruh signifikan dalam menurunkan kemungkinan anak mengalami stunting dan underweighr sedangkan kondisi air berpengaruh signifikan dalam mengurangi kemungkinan anak mengalami wasting. Berdasarkan tingkat keparahan gizi, ditemukan bahwa fasilitas sanitasi yang layak secara signifikan mengurangi kemungkinan anak mengalami permasalahan gizi yang lebih parah.  ......One aspect that determines the economic condition of a country is the quality of its human capital. Investing in health can lead to a better quality of life. Improved health from better nutritional status is an important factor for long-term economic growth. However, nutritional problems are still a major problem faced by various countries, especially Indonesia. One aspect that supports the acceleration of the reduction of nutritional problems in children is the quality of the water and sanitation facilities used by them daily. Using data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS), anthropometric indicators will be used to assess the nutritional status of a child. Using a binary logit analysis model to see how likely a child is to experience nutritional problems based on the condition of water and sanitation facilities used with other control variables The results of the binary logit estimation found that sanitation facilities have a significant effect on reducing the likelihood of children experiencing stunting and underweight, while water conditions have a significant effect on reducing the likelihood of children experiencing wasting. Based on the severity of nutrition problems, it was found that proper sanitation facilities significantly reduced the likelihood of children experiencing more severe nutrition problems.

Abstrak :
Underweight merupakan suatu keadaan dimana anak tidak mencapai berat badan ideal yang mengakibatkan asupan makan tidak sesuai kebutuhan anak pada umurnya. Underweight memiliki resiko terbesar di negara berkembang terhadap beban penyakit. Berdasarkan data Riskesdas 2018 prevalensi underweight di Sumatera Utara sebesar 19,7% yang tergolong tinggi dibandingkan prevalensi nasional. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang berhubungan dengan kejadian underweight pada anak usia 24-59 bulan di Sumatera Utara berdasarkan data IFLS 5 tahun 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross-sectional dengan menggunakan data sekunder IFLS 2014 yang dilaksanakan dari bulan Maret hingga April 2020. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 280 anak usia 24-59 bulan yang berlokasi di Sumatera Utara. Hasil analisis bivariat diperoleh bahwa variabel yang memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian underweight pada anak usia 24-59 bulan di Sumatera Utara adalah jenis kelamin anak (0,502; 0,292-0,862), status gizi ibu (3,962; 0,965-14,165), dan pengeluaran rokok (1,800; 1,039-3,117) ......Underweight is a condition where the child doesn’t reach an ideal body weight which result inappropriate food intake to the needs of children at their age. Underweight has the biggest risk in developing country against the burden of disease. Based on Riskesdas data in 2018 the prevalence of underweight in North Sumatera had reached 19,7% and classified as high than the national prevalence. This Research aims to determine what factors are associated with incidence of underweight in child aged 24-59 months in North Sumatera based on Indonesia Family Life Survey 2014. This research used cross-sectional design using secondary data of 2014 IFLS which implemented from March 2020 untul April 2020. Total sample that used in this research is 280 child aged 24-59 months that located in North Sumatera. Result of bivariate analysis shows that variabel which significantly associated with the incidence of underweight in child aged 24-59 months are gender (0,502; 0,292-0,862), maternal nutritional status (3,962; 0,965-14,165), and cigarette expenditure (1,800; 1,039-3,117).

Abstrak :
Malnutrisi adalah salah satu penyebab utama kematian anak-anak di seluruh dunia. Salah satu penyebab gizi buruk yang sering diabaikan adalah kenaikan harga makanan yang dikenal dengan inflasi makanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) gelombang 3 dan 4, dengan mengeksplorasi dampak inflasi makanan terhadap gizi anak dalam pengukuran antropometri z-scores yaitu stunting, wasting, dan underweight pada anak usia 0-35 bulan. Dengan menggunakan regresi OLS, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan inflasi makanan sebesar 1% menurunkan z-scores height-for-age yang meningkatkan risiko stunting. Di sisi lain, z-scores weight-for-height dan weight-for-age yang menentukan wasting dan underweight ditemukan tidak sensitif terhadap inflasi makanan. ......Malnutrition is one of the primary causes of death of children around the world. One of the overlooked causes of malnutrition is an increase in food prices, known as food inflation. This study utilizes the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) waves 3 and 4, by exploring the impacts of food inflation on the nutritional outcomes of children in the anthropometrics measurement of z-scores, namely stunting, wasting, and being underweight among children aged 0-35 months old. With OLS regression, the result reveals that an increase of 1% in food inflation decreases the height-for-age z-scores, which increases the risk of stunting. On the other hand, weight-for-height and weight-for-age z-scores that determine wasting and underweight were found to be insensitive to food inflation.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Asupan susu telah direkomendasikan untuk berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan anak di banyak negara, namun hubungan antara asupan susu dan hasil antropometri pada anak di Jakarta belum dipahami secara jelas. Tujuannya untuk mendeskripsikan anak usia 12-36 bulan yang mengkonsumsi produk susu di Jakarta dan mengetahui apakah konsumsi produk susu berhubungan dengan skor WAZ. Metode: Penelitian cross sectional ini berdasarkan data sekunder yang diambil dari anak usia 6-36 bulan September-Oktober 2020. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah anak usia 12- 36 bulan (n=145). Paparan berupa frekuensi konsumsi produk susu dalam hari/minggu dan jenis asupan susu yang dikonsumsi dengan SQ-FFQ. Hasil utamanya adalah skor WAZ. Karakteristik responden adalah jenis kelamin, berat lahir, riwayat ASI eksklusif, pendidikan orang tua, dan pendapatan keluarga. Uji T-Independent digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan susu dan skor WAZ. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada skor WAZ anak usia 1 sampai 3 tahun dengan asupan susu lebih dari 7 hari/minggu dibandingkan dengan anak dengan asupan susu kurang dari 7 hari/minggu (p=0,029). Selain itu, anak dengan jenis kelamin Wanita (p=0,007), memiliki riwayat ASI eksklusif (p=0,006), dan yang mengonsumsi mentega (p=0,013) memiliki skor WAZ yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan anak yang tidak mengonsumsi. Kesimpulan: Frekuensi konsumsi susu berhubungan dengan skor WAZ pada anak usia 1-3 tahun. ......Background: Dairy intake has been recommended to contribute to child growth in many countries, but the relationship between dairy intake and anthropometric results among children in Jakarta is not clearly understood. The aim is to describe children aged 12-36 months who consume dairy products in Jakarta and determine whether consumption of dairy products is associated with the WAZ score. Method: This cross-sectional research is based on secondary data which taken from children aged 6-36 in September-October 2020. Participants of this study were children aged 12-36 months or 1 to 3 years old (n=145). The exposure was frequency consumption of dairy products in days/week and types of dairy intake taken with SQ-FFQ. The main outcome was the WAZ score. The respondents’ characteristics were gender, birth weight, history of exclusive breastfeeding, parents' education, and family income. T-Independent test is used to determine the relationship between dairy intake and WAZ score. Results: There was a significant difference in WAZ score of children aged 1 to 3 years with dairy intake more than 7 days/week compared with those with dairy intake less than 7 days/week (p=0.029). On top of that, children with female gender (p=0.007), have a history of exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.006), and who consumed butter (p=0.013) have higher WAZ score compared with children who did not consume. Conclusion: Frequency of dairy intake consumption is related to WAZ scores in children aged 1-3 years.

Abstrak :
Di era pandemi ini, banyak sekali kegiatan yang mengharuskan kita untuk dilakukan secara online. Kegiatan bisnis yang awalnya dilakukan secara tunai juga telah berubah menjadi non tunai, seperti menggunakan switching bill payment. Akan tetapi, jika terdapat banyak pengguna yang melakukan request, maka biller dapat mengalami overloaded dan menjadi tidak responsif. Oleh karena itu, penulis ingin membuat sebuah circuit breaker yang dapat menentukan kondisi dari biller kemudian memutuskan koneksi antara switching dengan biller jika biller tersebut dalam kondisi yang kurang baik. Circuit breaker yang ada akan diimplementasi menggunakan 2 service, dimana service pertama akan memiliki sebuah library circuitbreaker dalam bentuk decorator yang memiliki fungsi memutuskan atau menyambungkan koneksi antara switching dan biller. Service lainnya dari circuit breaker yaitu service model yang berfungsi sebagai penentu apakah suatu biller sedang berada dalam kondisi normal atau tidak. Cara service tersebut menentukan kondisi biller adalah dengan menggunakan sebuah dataset dummy yang kemudian dilakukan transformasi menggunakan Sequence Graph Transform (SGT). Kemudian, dataset yang telah ditransformasi tersebut akan dilakukan training menggunakan tensorflow untuk menghasilkan suatu model yang dapat melakukan prediksi terhadap kondisi biller. Penerapan circuit breaker ke sebuah switching bill payment dapat memberikan kenyamanan kepada pengguna dalam melakukan transaksi pembayaran berupa layanan yang cepat dari switching tersebut. ......In this pandemic era, there are a lot of activities that requires us to do it online. Business activity that is done by using cash has now become cashless, like for example by using switching bill payment. However, if there is a lot of users making a request, there is a chance that the switch will be overloaded and it will become unresponsive. As a result, the author tried to create a circuit breaker that is able to determine biller's condition and if it is in bad condition then the circuit breaker will cut off the connection. The circuit breaker will be implemented using 2 services in which one of the services will have a circuitbreaker library in a shape of decorator . The other service is a service model where it will decide if a biller is in a normal condition or not. The way it determines biller's condition is by using a dummy dataset that is transformed using Sequence Graph Transform (SGT). Then, the transformed dataset will be trained using TensorFlow to produce a model that can be used to predict biller's condition. Implementing a circuit breaker into a switching bill payment gives convenience to the user in doing payment transactions by giving them a fast service from the switching.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan dengan kejadian underweight pada anak berusia 24-30 bulan berdasarkan faktor resikonya, seperti: asupan gizi, riwayat penyakit infeksi, riwayat BBLR, pola asuh, dan karakteristik keluarga di Kelurahan Jatinegara dan Pulogebang, Kecamatan Cakung, Kota Jakarta Timur pada tahun 2019. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain studi potong lintang dan menggunakan data sekunder yang diambil pada bulan Mei 2019 dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 221 orang. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji chi square untuk data kategorik dan uji mann whitney untuk data numerik tidak terdistribusi normal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 16,7% anak berusia 24-30 bulan mengalami underweight. Analisis bivariat dengan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kejadian underweight dengan asupan energi, asupan protein, dan asupan vitamin A pada anak berusia 24-30 bulan di Kecamatan Cakung Jakarta Timur pada tahun 2019. ......This study aims to determine the description and factors associated with the incidence of underweight in children aged 24-30 months based on risk factors, such as: nutritional intake, history of infectious diseases, history of low birth weight, feeding practices, and family characteristics in Jatinegara and Pulogebang Villages, Cakung Subdistrict, East Jakarta in 2019. The research was conducted with a cross-sectional design and used secondary data taken in May 2019 with a total of 221 respondents. Data analysis was performed using the chi square test for categorical data and the Mann Whitney test for non-normally distributed numerical data. The results showed that as many as 16.7% of children aged 24-30 months were underweight. Bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the incidence of underweight and energy intake, protein intake, and vitamin A intake in children aged 24-30 months in Cakung District, East Jakarta in 2019.

Abstrak :
Underweight atau berat badan kurang adalah berat badan yang terlalu rendah untuk anak normal yang sehat1. Underweight masih menjadi masalah kesehatan yang signifikan di Indonesia. Prevalensi underweight di Kabupaten Lebak tahun 2018, mencapai angka 18.61% dimana angka ini lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan angka prevalensi nasional (17.7%) dan Provinsi Banten (16.22%). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian underweight pada balita di Desa Karangkamulyan, Kecamatan Cihara, Kabupaten Lebak pada tahun 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross sectional yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan data primer dari penelitian “Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Kecacingan pada Balita di Desa Karangkamulyan Kecamatan Cihara Kabupaten Lebak Tahun 2020”. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 208 balita usia 24-59 bulan di Desa Karangkamulyan. Analisis data univariat dan bivariat berupa uji Chi-square dilakukan menggunakan aplikasi SPSS versi 22. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa balita usia 24-59 bulan di Desa Karangkamulyan mengalami kejadian underweight sebanyak 10.6%. Selanjutnya, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat variabel yang berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kejadian underweight pada balita, diantaranya: usia balita (p-value =0,000), riwayat penyakit ISPA (p-value =0,003), asupan protein (p-value =0,044), dan kebiasaan konsumsi protein nabati (p-value =0,006). ......Underweight is a body weight that is too low for a normal healthy child1. Being underweight is still a significant health problem in Indonesia. The prevalence of underweight in Lebak Regency in 2018, reached 18.61%, which is higher than the national prevalence rate (17.7%) and Banten Province (16.22%). 2. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with the incidence of underweight in children under five in Karangkamulyan Village, Cihara District, Lebak Regency in 2020. This study used a cross-sectional design which was carried out by analyzing primary data from the study “Factors that Related to the Incidence of Helminthiasis in Toddlers in Karangkamulyan Village, Cihara District, Lebak Sub-disctrict in 2020”. The sample of this study was 208 children aged 24-59 months in Karangkamulyan Village. Univariate and bivariate data analysis was conducted by using SPSS version 22 application. Study results showed that 10.6% of children of Karangkamulyan Village have an incidence of underweight. Also, this study showed that four variables were significantly associated with the age of children (p-value =0,000), history of upper respiratory tract infection (p-value =0,003), protein intake (p-value =0,044), and plant protein (p-value =0,006).

Abstrak :
Underweight merupakan masalah gizi yang umumnya dialami oleh anak-anak berusia di bawah 5 tahun, yang dapat menimbulkan dampak negatif seperti penurunan daya tahan tubuh, penurunan fungsi kelenjar pituitary, tiroid, gonad, gangguan psikologis serta menimbulkan masalah gizi lain yaitu wasting atau stunting (Ali, 2006; Mamhidira, 2006; WHO, 2010; Andriani, 2012; Mahan, Raymond, 2017). Jumlah anak berusia 0-59 bulan yang menderita underweight di wilayah Jakarta Pusat pada tahun 2017 tercatat sebanyak 18,1% (Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2018). Kejadian underweight pada anak dakarena faktor-faktor seperti asupan gizi, penyakit infeksi, praktik IMD, praktik ASI eksklusif, karakteristik keluarga dan lainnya. Untuk mengetahui proporsi underweight, hubungan antara faktor-faktor tersebut serta faktor dominan kejadian underweight maka dilakukan penelitian dengan desain cross-sectional pada anak usia 25-30 bulan di Kecamatan Gambir dan Kecamatan Sawah Besar, Jakarta Pusat. Total sampel penelitian berjumlah 121 anak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan persentase anak yang memiliki status gizi underweight sebesar 25.6%. Hasil analisis dengan uji chi-square menandakan ada perbedaan signifikan pada asupan energi (P-value = 0.027), asupan karbohidrat (P-value = 0.035), tingkat pendidikan ayah (P-value = 0.045), pendapatan keluarga (P-value = 0.004) terhadap underweight. Hasil analisis regresi logistik ganda menandakan asupan karbohidrat merupakan faktor dominan underweight (OR = 7.7). ......Underweight is a nutritional problem that is generally experienced by children under 5 years of age, which can cause negative effects such as decreased endurance, decreased function of the pituitary gland, thyroid, gonads, psychological disorders and cause other nutritional problems namely wasting or stunting (Ali, 2006; Mamhidira, 2006; WHO, 2010; Andriani, 2012; Mahan, Raymond, 2017). The number of children aged 0-59 months suffering from underweight in the Central Jakarta area in 2017 was 18.1% (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2018). The incidence of underweight in children can be caused by direct and indirect factors such as nutritional intake, infectious diseases, IMD practices, exclusive breastfeeding practices, family characteristics and others. To determine the proportion of underweight, the relationship between these factors as well as the dominant factors of underweight events, a cross-sectional study was conducted on children aged 25-30 months in Gambir Subdistrict and Sawah Besar Subdistrict, Central Jakarta. The total sample of the study amounted to 121 children. The results showed the percentage of children who had underweight nutritional status was 25.6%. The results of the analysis with the chi-square test showed there were significant differences in energy intake (P-value = 0.027), carbohydrate intake (P-value = 0.035), father's education level (P-value = 0.045), family income (P-value = 0.004) against underweight. The results of the multiple logistic regression analysis showed that carbohydrate intake was a dominant factor underweight (OR = 7,7).

Abstrak :
Meskipun angka kejadian TB anak diperkirakan hanya sebesar 11% dari keseluruhan kasus, namun tingginya angka TB pada anak dapat mengindikasikan tingginya tingkat penularan TB di suatu wilayah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran dari dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian TB paru pada anak yang berobat di Puskesmas wilayah Kecamatan Cimanggis, Depok Februari-April 2011. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan desain kasus kontrol (sampel tiap kasus dan kontrol adalah 47 anak usia 6 bulan ? 12 tahun). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan signifikan antara variabel jenis kelamin (OR=2,60), status underweight (OR=3,26), berat badan lahir (OR=13,76), keberadaan scar BCG (OR=3,55), usia saat imunisasi BCG (OR=2,99), pengetahuan orang tua (OR=0,36), riwayat kontak dengan tetangga penderita TB (OR=4,18), serta riwayat kontak dengan penderita TB (OR=7,60) dengan kejadian TB paru pada anak. Peneliti menyarankan agar dilakukan kerjasama yang terintegrasi antara program gizi, KIA, serta imunisasi dengan program pemberantasan TB pada puskesmas setempat. Although the incidence rate of tuberculosis in children is estimated only 11% of all case, the high rate of tuberculosis in children can indicate the high rate of TB transmission in a region. The purpose of this study is to find out the description of and factors associated with the occurrence of tuberculosis in children treated at Primary Health Care in the Cimanggis sub-district, Depok February-April 2011. This research is conducted by using case control study (sample in each case and control is 47 children aged 6 months ? 12 years old). The study result shows that there is significant relationship statically between gender (OR=2,60), underweight status (OR=3,26), birth weight (OR=13,76), presence of BCG scar (OR=3,55), age at BCG vaccination (OR=2,99), parents? knowledge about TB (OR=0,36), history of contact with TB positive neighbor (OR=4,18), and history of contact with TB case living in the same household (OR=7,60) with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Researcher recommends building integrated cooperation between Nutrition programs, Maternal and Child Health programs, and Immunization division with the Tuberculosis Control Programs in the local Primary Health Care.

Abstrak :
Pneumonia is a crucial public health problem in developing countries, including Vietnam. Pneumonia claims the lives of nearly four million under-five children every year in which 99 percent of those deaths are in developing countries. Almost all pneumonia deaths are at the age of less than one as a result of severe illness, late hospital admission, and bacterial resistance. In Vietnam, pneumonia is the second highest cause of under-tive deaths after diarrheal disease. Yearly, each child experiences 1.45 pneumonia episodes and most of them are less than three years of age.

Among factors influencing the occurrence of pneumonia are undernutrition, improper breastfeeding, air pollution, and poor environmental sanitation, undernutrition is a major cause of pneumonia and is a contributing factor in the duration and severity of this disease. Pneumonia often combines with Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM), vitamin A deficiency, anemia and other micronutrient deficiencies.

The consequence of pneumonia might have been found as an increased risk of poor nutritional status. Some follow-up studies have documented that respiratory infections made linear growth more diflicult than weight gain. There is still some debate about whether ALRI can lead to poor vitamin A status in community-based and hospital-based studies and the results remain uncertain. Acute lower respiratory infection was found associated with lower serum retinol in two cross-sectional clinic studies. By contrast, a cross-sectional study failed to show this association. In addition, a cross-sectional study showed that meninéitis and pneumonia were more common in the presence of anemia in hospitalized infants in Papua New Guinea. However, hematological changes during infection are even less confirmed.