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Abstrak :
Hemodialisis merupakan tatalaksana renal replacement yang tersering pada pasien gagal ginjal kronik stadium 5, Akses vaskular dan morbiditas sebagai akibat komplikasi akses merupakan penyebab utama perawatan di rumah sakit. Pada tahun 1989 sampai sekarang posisi tip pada pemasangan kateter double lumen masih belum ada keseragaman. Inti dari perbedaan ini adalah kepentingan terhadap keselamatan pasien dan keinginan untuk kinerja kateter yang optimal dalam hal ini untuk akses hemodialisa yang adekuat. Rancangan penelitian adalah sebuah penelitian prospektif potong lintang terhadap pasien gagal ginjal yang menjalani hemodialisa dengan menggunakan CDL tunneling. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik korelatif, mencari korelasi antara posisi tip CDL tunneling dengan lancar atau tidak lancarnya selang CDL dan kekuatan tarikan quick blood saat hemodialisa. Hasil yang didapatkan posisi rontgen thorax CAJ lebih memberikan kenyamanan pada pasien dibandingkan dengan posisi SVC. Uji statistic menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara Ro Thorax dengan kenyamanan (p<0.05). Posisi tip di SVC memiliki blood flow <300 mL. sedangkan pada pasien dengan posisi tip di CAJ memiliki blood flow >300 mL. Uji statistic menunjukkan hubungan yang tidak signifikan antara ro thorax dengan blood flow (p>0.05). ......Hemodialysis is the most common procedure of renal replacement in patients with stage 5 chronic renal failure, vascular access complications and morbidity as a result of access is a major cause of hospitalization. In 1989 to the present position of the tip of double lumen catheter is still no uniformity. The core of this difference is of interest to patient safety and the desire for optimal performance in terms of catheters for hemodialysis access adequate. The study design was a prospective cross-sectional study of patients with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis using tunneling CDL. This research is a correlative analytic, looking for a correlation between the position of the tunneling tip CDL smoothly or not smooth hose pull quick CDL and force of blood when hemodialysis. The results obtained CAJ thorax X-ray positioning more comfortable for patients compared to the SVC. Statistical test shows that there is a significant relationship between Ro Thorax with comfort (p <0.05). Position tip at SVC have blood flow <300 mL. whereas in patients with tip position in the CAJ have blood flow> 300 mL. Statistical tests showed no significant association between ro thorax with blood flow (p> 0.05).

Abstrak :
The transportation or railway system constructors usually, wherever possible, build the transportation system on the ground surface and avoid the necessity of underground tunnelling. However, this is not always possible. In many locations, such as mountainous area, hilly area or urban area, the underground tunnelling have to be built. The main problem of underground tunnelling is the soil stability around the tunnel, and the problems continue to mount for long and big tunnel. Therefore in recent years, engineers try to find the method to predict and solve all aspect of ground responses induced by excavating and tunnelling. For the past 30 years, the research for estimating an accurate prediction of ground deformation caused by tunnelling processes, have been a major engineering challenge all around the world. A good prediction of ground deformation due to tunnelling excavation and advancement is highly necessary to ensure that no damage will occur in the existing buildings and services at the surrounding area. In this study, the excavation and advancement of tunnelling excavation in Tunnel TGV of Tartaiguille, France is modeled and analyzed using the numerical program in order to simulate the ground response due to the construction processes. On the other hand, CETU (Centre d'Etudes des Tunnels) had set out an instrumentation in sections of the tunnel in order to analyze the loading of the support of the tunnel and obtained the displacement of surrounding ground responses. The numerical simulation will take into account the visco plastic behavior of the soil. And then the result of numerical simulation will be compared to the field measurement data. The constitutive model used in this study is an elasto-plastic constitutive model called CJS 2EC which has been developed by Ecole Centrale de Lyon. To lake into account the time-dependent behavior of the soil, the visco-plastic constitutive model has been embedded in the CJS 2EC model. Hopefully with this study, we are getting one step ahead in estimating the ground responses in tunneling. The more realistic behavior of the soil around the tunnel, which include the time dependent behavior of the soil will be examined and gives an accurate prediction of ground response due to tunnelling excavation. Observation of the results and comparison with the measurement data demonstrate that the time dependent behavior of soil cannot be neglected in the analysis of the tunnelling excavation.

Abstrak :
Persediaan alamat IPv4 semakin menipis. Salah satu solusi untuk mengatasinya adalah Network Address Translation (NAT). Dengan NAT, lebih dari satu host pada jaringan private dapat dihubungkan ke jaringan publik seperti Internet hanya dengan menggunakan satu alamat IP publik. Sementara itu, migrasi menuju teknologi yang lebih maju yakni IPv6 sudah tidak terelakkan. Untuk itu diperlukan suatu mekanisme transisi yang memungkinkan coexistence antara jaringan IPv6 yang akan dibangun dengan jaringan IPv4 yang telah ada, salah satunya adalah dengan tunneling. Pada umumnya, sebagian besar metode tunneling yang ada tidak mendukung jaringan NAT IPv4. Hanya metode tunneling Teredo yang dapat menembus jaringan NAT. Untuk itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian khusus mengenai kinerja jaringan yang menggunakan tunneling IPv6 Teredo pada aplikasi-aplikasi tertentu, terutama aplikasi yang populer digunakan seperti FTP untuk transfer file antar jaringan. Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah membandingkan kinerja aplikasi FTP server pada jaringan NAT full cone dengan tunneling IPv6 Teredo terhadap jaringan NAT full cone IPv4 murni dan jaringan IPv6 murni pada aplikasi yang sama. Parameter yang dibandingkan adalah latency (s) dan throughput (KBytes/s). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tunneling Teredo memiliki kinerja lebih buruk dari jaringan NAT full cone IPv4 murni dan jaringan IPv6 murni pada aplikasi FTP server , namun demikian, tidak terlampau jauh kinerjanya dari jaringan IPv6 murni pada simulasi jaringan WAN sebenarnya, hanya sedikit lebih buruk dengan range latency lebih besar 7,4 - 28,08 % dan range throughput lebih kecil 2,89 - 16,55 % dari jaringan IPv6 murni, sehingga Teredo cocok digunakan untuk memberikan koneksi IPv6 kepada node jaringan di belakang NAT IPv4 pada periode transisi nanti ketika sebagian besar node telah bermigrasi ke IPv6. ......Availability of IPv4 address has gone thinner. One of the solutions to overcome this problem is Network Address Translation (NAT). NAT can connect one or more hosts in private network to public network like Internet with just one public IP address. Meanwhile, migration process into more advanced technology, which is IPv6, is inevitable. Therefore, we need transition mechanism that can provide coexistence between newly born IPv6 networks with old IPv4 networks, such as is tunneling. Generally, most of available tunneling methods do not provide IPv4 NAT networks. Only Teredo tunneling method can penetrate NAT. Therefore, we need a research to examine Teredo IPv6 tunneling network performance on certain application, mostly on popular application like FTP which can transfer file between networks. The research is comparing FTP server application performance on full cone NAT configured network with IPv6 Teredo tunneling toward pure full cone NAT IPv4 network and pure IPv6 network with the same application. Parameters to be compared are latency (s) and throughput (KBytes). The research done shows that Teredo tunneling performance on FTP application is lower than pure IPv4 full cone NAT network and pure IPv6 network, however, on real WAN simulated network, Teredo performance is only a little bit lower than pure IPv6 network, Teredo latency is higher between 7,4 - 28,08 % than pure IPv6 network and Teredo throughput is lower 2,89 - 16,55 % than pure IPv6 network, so it’s suitable to provide IPv6 connectivity for nodes that is located behind IPv4 NAT in this transition period when most of the node have migrate to IPv6.