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"Nitric Oxide (NO) merupakan molekul signaling multifungsi yang terlibat dalam menjaga proses fisiologis tubuh yang dapat ditemukan di dalam saliva dan dorsum lidah. Akan tetapi, belum terdapat penelitian yang membandingkan konsentrasi nitric oxide pada sampel saliva dan usap lidah, serta hubungannya dengan status kebersihan mulut. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan konsentrasi nitric oxide pada saliva dan usap lidah serta hubungannya dengan status kebersihan rongga mulut (OHI-S). Metode: Sampel yang diteliti adalah usap lidah dan saliva unstimulated, kemudian diukur dengan Griess reagent System yang diproduksi Promega© USA. Masing-masing sampel berjumlah 9 yang berasal dari kelompok umur dewasa akhir. Status kebersihan rongga mulut (OHI-S) diukur kemudian dikategorikan menjadi baik, sedang, dan buruk. Data dianalisis dengan uji statistik Mann-Whitney U, One-way ANOVA, dan korelasi Spearman. Hasil: Konsentrasi nitric oxide saliva lebih tinggi dari usap lidah dengan adanya perbedaan bermakna (p<0.05), namun tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p>0.05) dengan status kebersihan mulut. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan (r = 0.135, p >0.05) antara konsentrasi nitric oxide usap lidah dan status kebersihan rongga mulut, namun menunjukan tendensi positif. Sedangkan konsentrasi nitric oxide saliva dan status kebersihan rongga mulut juga tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan (r = -0.032, p >0.05), dengan tendensi negatif. Kesimpulan: Saliva merupakan sampel biologis yang potensial untuk menetapkan konsentrasi nitric oxide di rongga mulut. Konsentrasi nitric oxide tidak berhubungan dengan status klinis yaitu status kebersihan rongga mulut.

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Background: Nitric Oxide (NO) is a multifunctional signaling molecule involved in maintaining the body's physiological processes that can be found in saliva and tongue dorsum. However, there have been no studies comparing saliva and tongue swab samples. Objective: To determine the difference in nitric oxide concentration in saliva and tongue swabs and its relationship with oral hygiene status (OHI-S). Methods: The samples studied were tongue swabs and unstimulated saliva, then measured with the Griess reagent System produced by Promega© USA. Each sample amounted to 9 people from the late adult age group. Oral hygiene status (OHI-S) was measured and then categorized into good, moderate, and poor. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U, One-way ANOVA and Spearman correlation statistical tests. Results: Salivary nitric oxide concentration was higher than tongue swab with a significant difference (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference (p>0.05) with oral hygiene status. There is no significant relationship (r = 0.135, p>0.05) between tongue swab nitric oxide concentration and oral hygiene status, but shows a positive tendency. While salivary nitric oxide concentration and oral hygiene status also had no significant relationship (r = - 0.032, p>0.05), with a negative tendency. Conclusion: Saliva is a potential biological sample to determine the concentration of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide concentration is not associated with clinical status, namely oral hygiene status."

"Latar Belakang: Baduy merupakan suku yang masih melestarikan budayanya tersendiri tanpa dipengaruhi oleh faktor luar yang menyebabkan variasi genetik dan dapat mempengaruhi komposisi mikroba dalam rongga mulut. Variasi mikroba dan status kebersihan rongga mulut berhubungan dengan pertumbuhan biofilm yang dipengaruhi oleh hasil metabolit sejumlah mikroorganisme, seperti protein dan nitrat. Protein berperan penting dalam perlekatan mikroba dan mendukung adhesi intraselular serta komunikasi antar mikroba sehingga meningkatkan pembentukan biofilm. Keberadaan NO dalam rongga mulut dapat mengurangi tingkat c-di-GMP yang menyebabkan terjadinya dispersi pada biofilm sehingga dapat memecah matriks biofilm. Tujuan: Mengamati pengaruh spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy terhadap viabilitas sel dan massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy dalam kondisi aerob. Metode: Pemeriksaan konsentrasi protein dari spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah Baduy dilakukan dengan uji Bradford, uji Griess untuk menetapkan konsentrasi nitrat, uji Crystal Violet untuk menetapkan nilai optical density yang merepresentasikan massa biofilm, dan uji Total Plate Count (TPC) yang menentukan viabilitas sel. Masing-masing perlakuan dibedakan berdasarkan konsentrasi protein dan nitrat pada spent medium 5% dan 10% dengan waktu inkubasi selama 24 jam dalam kondisi aerob. Selanjutnya data diolah secara statistik menggunakan uji komparasi One-Way ANOVA, Independent T-test, dan Mann-Whitney U. Hasil: Uji statistik menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada perbandingan viabilitas sel biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy yang diintervensi oleh spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy berdasarkan konsentrasi protein dan nitrat sebesar 5% dan 10%, massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy yang diintervensi spent medium dengan konsentrasi nitrat 5% dan 10%. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy dengan perbedaan konsentrasi protein 5% dan 10%, serta viabilitas sel dan massa biofilm yang diintervensi oleh spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy yang mengandung KNO3 dan tanpa KNO3. Kesimpulan: Peningkatan konsentrasi protein pada spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy sebagai bahan uji meningkatkan massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy. Namun, peningkatan konsentrasi nitrat pada spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah Baduy dapat menurunkan viabilitas sel pada biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy. Selain itu, kandungan KNO3 pada spent medium juga meningkatkan viabilitas sel dan massa biofilm in vitro Non-Baduy. Kata kunci: Suku Baduy, spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah, konsentrasi protein, konsentrasi nitrat, viabilitas sel, dan massa biofilm.

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Background: Baduy is a tribe that still preserves its own culture without being influenced by external factors that cause genetic variations and can influence the composition of microbes in the oral cavity. Microbial variations and oral hygiene status are related to biofilm growth which is influenced by the metabolites of several microorganisms, such as proteins and nitrates. Proteins play an important role in microbial attachment and support intracellular adhesion and communication between the microorganisms, thereby increasing biofilm formation. The presence of NO in the oral cavity can reduce the level of c-di-GMP which causes dispersion in the biofilm, so that it can break down the biofilm matrix. Objective: To determine the effect of spent medium of bacterial isolates of tongue swab from the Baduy on cell viability and biofilm mass of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial under aerobic conditions. Methods: Protein concentration of spent medium of bacterial isolates from tongue swabs of the Baduy was examined using the Bradford test, the Griess test to determine nitrate concentration, the Crystal Violet test to determine the optical density value which represents the biofilm mass of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial, and the Total Plate Count (TPC) test which determines cell viability of in vitro biofilm of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial. Each treatment was differentiated based on the concentration of protein and nitrate at 5% and 10% of spent medium of bacterial isolates of tongue swab from the Baduy with an incubation time of 24 hours under aerobic conditions. Afterwards, the data was collected and tested statistically using One-Way ANOVA, Independent T-test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the comparison of cell viability of Non-Baduy tongue biofilms that were intervened by spent medium based on protein concentrations of 5% and 10% and nitrates of 5% and 10%, the mass of in vitro biofilm of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial that were intervened by spent medium of bacterial isolates of tongue swab from the Baduy based on nitrate concentrations of 5% and 10%. There were no statistically significant differences in comparison of the mass of in vitro biofilm of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial with 5% and 10% protein concentration of spent medium of bacterial isolates from tongue swabs of the Baduy, as well as cell viability and biofilm mass that were intervened by spent medium of containing KNO3 and without KNO3. Conclusion: Increasing the protein concentration in spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swabs from the Baduy as a test material increases the mass of in vitro biofilm of bacterial tongue swabs from the Non-Baduy. However, increasing the nitrate concentration in spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swab from the Baduy can reduce cell viability in the in vitro biofilm of bacterial tongue swabs from the Non-Baduy. In addition, the KNO3 content in the spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swab from the Baduy also increased the cell viability and tongue biofilm mass of in vitro biofilm of bacterial tongue swabs from the Non-Baduy. Key words: Baduy, spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swab, protein concentration, nitrate concentration, cell viability, and biofilm mass.

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