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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Metil sinnamat telah berhasil diisolasi dari lengkuas hutan (Alpinia malaccensis) dengan rendemen yang cukup banyak. Metil sinnamat dan turunannya juga telah banyak diteliti dan merupakan senyawa-senyawa yang digunakan dalam dunia pengobatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis turunan senyawa metil sinnamat. Sintesis diawali dengan reaksi hidrolisis, dan dilanjutkan dengan mereaksikan hasil reaksi dengan beberapa senyawa yang cukup reaktif dengan menggunakan katalis asam. Senyawa hasil sintesis diidentifikasi dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR dan LC-MS. Senyawa hasil sintesis dilakukan uji awal toksisitas dan sitotoksisitas.

Pada pengujian awal dengan larva udang Artemia salina Leach, telah dihasilkan LC50 untuk senyawa 2, senyawa3 masing-masing 65,17 ppm dan 93,95 ppm. Senyawa 3 memiliki IC50 terhadap sel HeLa pada konsentrasi 5,94 ppm. Melihat hasil sintesis ini memiliki bioaktivitas yang tinggi, diharapkan dapat dijadikan awal penelitian bahan baku obat anti kanker yang berasal dari bahan alam.

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ABSTRACT
Methyl cinnamate was isolated from galangal (Alpiniamalaccensis) succesfully with amount of yield. Methyl cinnamate and its derivates has became interesting subject to explore, because they are used in medicinal. This reaserch aim to synthesize methyl cinnamate derivatives, The synthesis start from hydrolyse the methyl cinnamate, then modified into amides by adding aniline and mediated by para toluen sulfonic acid dan DCC/DMAP. The product identified by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and LC-MS spectrofotometer. Toxcicity and cytotoxicity assay are then done.

In the prelimenary assay by Brine srimph Lethality Test (BSLT), it get LC50 value for compound 2, and compound 3 for each of them 65,17 ppm and 93,95 ppm. Compound3 has IC50 to HeLa cell line for 5,94 ppm.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Keunikan biodiversitas pegunungan Mekongga telah menarik perhatian banyak peneliti. Tim konservasi dari Amerika dan Indonesia telah menemukan sejumlah tanaman mengandung zat yang memiliki aktivitas antikanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa kimia yang menyebabkan tanamantanaman lain memiliki potensial sebagai antikanker berdasarkan uji pendahuluan terhadap aktivitas antioksidan dan efek toksik, salah satunya adalah Jambo-Jambo [Kjelbergiodendron celebicus (Koord) Merr.]. Aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan berdasarkan kemampuan meredam radikal bebas 1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH), sedangkan efek toksik dilakukan dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Daun Jambo-Jambo diekstraksi dengan pelarut metanol dan dipartisi menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat, butanol dan metanol. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol mempunyai potensi toksik terhadap larva Artemia salina dengan nilai LC50 243,5 ppm dan aktivitas antioksidan senilai IC50 12,59 ppm. Isolasi dilakukan terhadap fraksi etil asetat menggunakan kromatografi kolom silika dan kromatotron. Senyawa murni yang diperoleh diidentifikasi struktur kimianya menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis, IR, NMR dan LCMS. Didukung dengan data hasil penapisan kimia, diduga senyawa tersebut golongan flavonoid yang mempunyai berat molekul 478.

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ABSTRACT
The unique biodiversity of Mekongga mountains have attracted many researches. Conservation team from US and Indonesia have discovered a number of plants growing on Mekongga mountains which have anticancer activity. This study is aimed to identify chemical compounds which have anticancer activity based on preliminary testing of the antioxidant activity and toxic effects, one of them is Jambo-Jambo [Kjelbergiodendron celebicus (Koord) Merr.]. The antioxidant activity of Jambo-jambo leaves was measured by its ability to scavenge free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), whereas the toxic effect was analyzed by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Jambo-Jambo leaves was extracted using methanol solvent and its methanolic extract was partitioned using the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, buthanol and methanol. Test results showed that the LC50 and IC50 value of its methanolic extract was 243,5 and 12,59 ppm. The ethyl acetate fraction which showed the best activity was isolated using silica column chromatography and chromatotron. Pure compounds was obtained by the chemical structures were identified using Spectrofotometer UV-Vis, IR, NMR and LCMS. Supported by data on the results of chemical screening, the compounds were suspected as flavonoid compound which has molecular weight 478.

Abstrak :
Carbon nanotubes CNT merupakan terobosan penghantar obat kanker yang mampu menuju ke dalam sel dengan meminimalisasi kerusakan jaringan normal di luar jaringan kanker. Fungsionalisasi dilakukan untuk memperbaiki dispersibilitas dan toksisitas CNT sehingga mampu memenuhi standar penghantar obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh pengaruh penambahan HCl terhadap dispersibilitas dan toksisitas akut CNT. Fungsionalisasi menggunakan campuran H2SO4 6M dan HNO3 6M dan HCl dengan variasi molaritas sebesar 6M, 8M, 10M dan 12M. CNT yang telah difungsionalisasi f-CNT dikarakterisasi dengan FTIR, Uji dispersi, dan SEM-EDS serta dilakukan pengujian toksisitas akut in vivo. Karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa f-CNT dengan konsentrasi HCl 10 molar memiliki kandungan oksigen tertinggi sebanyak 6,84, dispersibilitas selama lebih dari 24 hari dan bersifat praktis tidak toksik setelah di uji menggunakan uji toksisitas akut selama 14 hari. ......Carbon nanotubes CNT are novel strategy for cancer drug delivery and equipped with a cell targeting agent to increase target specificity. Functionalization needed to fix the dispersibility and toxicity of CNT as a drug delivery. This study aims to obtain The Effect of Optimation Hydrochloric Acid HCl against dispersibility and toxicity. Functionalization used a mixture of 6 M HNO3 and 6 M H2SO4 and variation of HCl molarity from 6M, 8M, 10M, and 12 M. Functionalized CNT f CNT were characterized by FTIR, dispersion tests, SEM EDS and acute toxicity In vivo. The characterization resulted f CNT with HCl concentration 10M has the best oxygen percentation from functionalization for 6,84, dispersion up to 24 days and practical non toxic after using acute toxicity method for 14 days.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Doksorubisin merupakan salah satu antikanker golongan antrasiklin yang efektif, untuk keganasan di darah. Akan tetapi, seperti antikanker konvensional pada umumnya, penggunaan doksorubisin dapat menyebabkan berbagai efek samping pada organ lain, misalnya pada testis sehingga penggunaannya di klinis menjadi terbatas. Hal ini disebabkan karena mekanisme antikanker doksorubisin dapat juga menimbulkan toksisitas pada testis. Peningkatan stress oksidatif adalah salah satu mekanisme dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada organ tersebut. Mangiferin sebagai zat antioksidan alami, terkandung dalam Mangifera Indica L. diperkirakan dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi toksisitas testis. Namun sampai saat ini, belum ada penelitian yang mengeksplor efek proteksi mangiferin terhadap kerusakan oksidatif testis yang diinduksi doksorubisin. Penelitian ini menggunakan tikus jantan Sprague Dawley, yang dibagi menjadi empat kelompok. Masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari enam ekor tikus. Tikus pada kelompok kontrol negatif diberikan doksorubisin secara intraperitoneal (dosis total 15 mg/kgBB) dan kelompok normal diberikan NaCl 0,9%. Mangiferin (dosis 30 dan 60 mg/kg BB) diberikan oral selama tujuh minggu. Setelah, tujuh minggu tikus dimatikan dan testis dikumpulkan untuk analisis parameter stress oksidatif biokimia kadar MDA (malonedyaldehide), aktivitas SOD (Superoxide Dysmutase), perubahan histologi dan apoptosis kaspase-9 dan kaspase-12. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian doksorubisin selama dua minggu dapat meningkatkan kadar MDA, menyebabkan kerusakan sel spermatogenik, sel Sertoli dan penciutan diameter tubulus seminiferus testis, peningkatan ekspresi kaspase-9 di sisi luminal yang diberikan doksorubisin. Pemberian mangiferin dosis 30 dan 60 mg/kg BB selama tujuh minggu dapat mengurangi kerusakan sel spermatogenik dan sel Sertoli tubulus seminiferus testis, penurunan kadar MDA dan penurunan ekspresi kaspase-9 pada kelompok perlakuan diberikan doksorubisin dan mangiferin. Perbaikan parameterparameter ini mengindikasikan bahwa mangiferin mempunyai efek proteksi terhadap kerusakan sel spematogenik dan sel sertoli tubulus seminiferus testis tikus yang diberikan doksorubisin.

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ABSTRACT
Doxorubicin, one of the anthracycline anticancer class, is effective especially in blood malignancy. However, as in the general use of the conventional anticancer-drugs. Doxorubicin can cause various side effects in other organs, such as the testes so that its use in clinical become limited. This is because of the anticancer mechanism can cause cytotoxicity on testes. The increased oxidative stress is the main mechanism that can be the causal. Mangiferin as a natural antioxidant substance, contained in Mangifera Indica L., is expected to reduce the toxicity. The Antioxidants are expected to reduce the toxicity of the testes. But until now, no studies have explored the effects of mangiferin protection against oxidative damage induced testicular doxorubicin. This study used male Sprague Dawley rats, which were divided into four groups. Each group consisted of six mice. Rats in the negative control group was given intraperitoneal doxorubicin (total dose 15 mg/kg) and the normal group was given normal saline 0.9%. Mangiferin (doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg) was administered orally for seven weeks to the treatment gtoups (both DOX and MAG were given). After seven weeks-off, testes of mice were collected for analysis of biochemical parameters i.e. oxidative stress levels of MDA and SOD activity, histology and apoptosis of the caspase-9 and of the caspase-12. The results showed that administration of doxorubicin for two-weeks can cause damage to Sertoli, spermatogenic cells and shrinking of diameter of testicular seminiferous tubules, increasing the levels of MDA, increasing in the expression of caspase-9 on the luminal side in the treatment group was given doxorubicin. This possibility of the doxorubicin dose given is too toxic to the testes in this study. Mangiferin dose administration of 30 and 60 mg / kg for seven-weeks can reduce the damage of Sertoli and spermatogenic cells of the testicular seminiferous tubules, decrease levels of MDA, reduce Sertoli, spermatogenic cell and diameter of the testicular seminiferous tubulus damage, decrease caspase-9 expression only on luminal side of the seminiferus tubulus in the groups given both of doxorubicin and mangiferin. these parameters indicate that mangiferin, which has antioxidant?s activity, provides protective effects against oxidative damage in spematogenic and Sertoli cell testicular seminiferous tubules of mice given doxorubicin, Doxorubicin, one of the anthracycline anticancer class, is effective especially in blood malignancy. However, as in the general use of the conventional anticancer-drugs. Doxorubicin can cause various side effects in other organs, such as the testes so that its use in clinical become limited. This is because of the anticancer mechanism can cause cytotoxicity on testes. The increased oxidative stress is the main mechanism that can be the causal. Mangiferin as a natural antioxidant substance, contained in Mangifera Indica L., is expected to reduce the toxicity. The Antioxidants are expected to reduce the toxicity of the testes. But until now, no studies have explored the effects of mangiferin protection against oxidative damage induced testicular doxorubicin. This study used male Sprague Dawley rats, which were divided into four groups. Each group consisted of six mice. Rats in the negative control group was given intraperitoneal doxorubicin (total dose 15 mg/kg) and the normal group was given normal saline 0.9%. Mangiferin (doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg) was administered orally for seven weeks to the treatment gtoups (both DOX and MAG were given). After seven weeks-off, testes of mice were collected for analysis of biochemical parameters i.e. oxidative stress levels of MDA and SOD activity, histology and apoptosis of the caspase-9 and of the caspase-12. The results showed that administration of doxorubicin for two-weeks can cause damage to Sertoli, spermatogenic cells and shrinking of diameter of testicular seminiferous tubules, increasing the levels of MDA, increasing in the expression of caspase-9 on the luminal side in the treatment group was given doxorubicin. This possibility of the doxorubicin dose given is too toxic to the testes in this study. Mangiferin dose administration of 30 and 60 mg / kg for seven-weeks can reduce the damage of Sertoli and spermatogenic cells of the testicular seminiferous tubules, decrease levels of MDA, reduce Sertoli, spermatogenic cell and diameter of the testicular seminiferous tubulus damage, decrease caspase-9 expression only on luminal side of the seminiferus tubulus in the groups given both of doxorubicin and mangiferin. these parameters indicate that mangiferin, which has antioxidant’s activity, provides protective effects against oxidative damage in spematogenic and Sertoli cell testicular seminiferous tubules of mice given doxorubicin]

Abstrak :
Tujuan: PD-L1 merupakan protein yang berperan dalam pengaturan respon imun terhadap tumor. Peningkatan ekspresi PD-L1 mengakibatkan antigen atau sel kanker dapat terhindar dari sistem imun. Hubungan ekspresi PD-L1 dengan penggunaan imunoterapi dan radioterapi secara bersamaan telah banyak dilakukan. Akan tetapi, saat ini masih belum diketahui hubungan antara ekspresi tersebut dengan toksisitas akut radiasi. Untuk itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi hubungan antara ekspresi PD-L1 dengan toksisitas akut selama radiasi dan 2 bulan paska radiasi. Metoda: 30 pasien kanker serviks lanjut local yang mendapatkan terapi radiasi di Departemen radioterapi RSCM. Pasien dilakukan biopsy 2 kali yaitu pra radiasi eksterna dan paska radiasi eksterna untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan ELISA & IHK PD-L1. Selama menjalani radiasi eksterna dan 2 bulan paska radiasi, pasien dievaluasi toksisitas akut dengan kirteria CTCAE versi 5. Hasil: Ekspresi PD-L1 pada kanker serviks lanjut lokal yang mendapatkan radiasi tidak memengaruhi pada toksisitas akut selama radiasi eksterna dan 2 bulan paska radiasi (p>0,05). Akan tetapi, IHK PD-L1 dengan intesitas ≥ 2 dan ELISA PD-L1 yang mengalami penurunan dari pra radiasi ke paska radiasi, menunjukkan ada kecenderungan memiliki toksisitas yang lebih rendah yaitu ≤ Grade 1. Kesimpulan: Ekspresi PD-L1 tidak menurunkan toksisitas akut radiasi selama radiasi dan 2 bulan paska terapi pada pasien kanker serviks stadium lanjut lokal. Akan tetapi, pada toksisitas akut 2 bulan paska terapi menunjukkan kecenderungan mendapatkan toksisitas radiasi yang lebih rendah pada pasien yang memiliki ekspresi PD-L1. ......Objectives: PD-L1 is a protein that controls the immune response to tumors. Increased PD-L1 expression results in immune system not detecting cancer cells. There was a correlation between the expression of PD-L1 and the combined use of immunotherapy and radiotherapy. At this time, however, there is no established association between these expression and radiation acute toxicity. Methods: Totally 30 locally advanced cervical cancer patients receiving radiation therapy in the Department of Radiotherapy of RSCM. Biopsy was performed twice, pre-external radiation and post-external radiation for PD-L1 ELISA & IHC tests. The patient was evaluated for radiation of acute toxicity with CTCAE version 5 during external radiation and 2 months post-radiation. Results: The expression of PD-L1 in local advanced cervical cancer which received radiation did not affect acute toxicity during external radiation and 2 months post radiation (p > 0.05). However, PD-L1 CPI with intensity ≥ 2 and PD-L1 ELISA which decreased from pre-radiation to post-radiation, showed a tendency to have lower toxicity, namely ≤ Grade 1. Conclusion: PD-L1 expression in local advanced cervical cancer patients did not reduce the acute toxicity of radiation during external radiation and 2 months post-treatment. Nonetheless, 2 months post-therapy, acute toxicity showed a propensity to lower toxicity in patients with expression of PD-L1.

Abstrak :
Tujuan: PD-L1 merupakan protein yang berperan dalam pengaturan respon imun terhadap tumor. Peningkatan ekspresi PD-L1 mengakibatkan antigen atau sel kanker dapat terhindar dari sistem imun. Hubungan ekspresi PD-L1 dengan penggunaan imunoterapi dan radioterapi secara bersamaan telah banyak dilakukan. Akan tetapi, saat ini masih belum diketahui hubungan antara ekspresi tersebut dengan toksisitas akut radiasi. Untuk itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi hubungan antara ekspresi PD-L1 dengan toksisitas akut selama radiasi dan 2 bulan paska radiasi. Metoda: 30 pasien kanker serviks lanjut local yang mendapatkan terapi radiasi di Departemen radioterapi RSCM. Pasien dilakukan biopsy 2 kali yaitu pra radiasi eksterna dan paska radiasi eksterna untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan ELISA & IHK PD-L1. Selama menjalani radiasi eksterna dan 2 bulan paska radiasi, pasien dievaluasi toksisitas akut dengan kirteria CTCAE versi 5. Hasil: Ekspresi PD-L1 pada kanker serviks lanjut lokal yang mendapatkan radiasi tidak memengaruhi pada toksisitas akut selama radiasi eksterna dan 2 bulan paska radiasi (p>0,05). Akan tetapi, IHK PD-L1 dengan intesitas ≥ 2 dan ELISA PD-L1 yang mengalami penurunan dari pra radiasi ke paska radiasi, menunjukkan ada kecenderungan memiliki toksisitas yang lebih rendah yaitu ≤ Grade 1. Kesimpulan: Ekspresi PD-L1 tidak menurunkan toksisitas akut radiasi selama radiasi dan 2 bulan paska terapi pada pasien kanker serviks stadium lanjut lokal. Akan tetapi, pada toksisitas akut 2 bulan paska terapi menunjukkan kecenderungan mendapatkan toksisitas radiasi yang lebih rendah pada pasien yang memiliki ekspresi PD-L1. ......Objectives: PD-L1 is a protein that controls the immune response to tumors. Increased PD-L1 expression results in immune system not detecting cancer cells. There was a correlation between the expression of PD-L1 and the combined use of immunotherapy and radiotherapy. At this time, however, there is no established association between these expression and radiation acute toxicity. Methods: Totally 30 locally advanced cervical cancer patients receiving radiation therapy in the Department of Radiotherapy of RSCM. Biopsy was performed twice, pre-external radiation and post-external radiation for PD-L1 ELISA & IHC tests. The patient was evaluated for radiation of acute toxicity with CTCAE version 5 during external radiation and 2 months post-radiation. Results: The expression of PD-L1 in local advanced cervical cancer which received radiation did not affect acute toxicity during external radiation and 2 months post radiation (p > 0.05). However, PD-L1 CPI with intensity ≥ 2 and PD-L1 ELISA which decreased from pre-radiation to post-radiation, showed a tendency to have lower toxicity, namely ≤ Grade 1. Conclusion: PD-L1 expression in local advanced cervical cancer patients did not reduce the acute toxicity of radiation during external radiation and 2 months post-treatment. Nonetheless, 2 months post-therapy, acute toxicity showed a propensity to lower toxicity in patients with expression of PD-L1.