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"Ujaran-ujaran pada upacara Mangupa masyarakat Tapanuli Selatan mengandung bentuk-bentuk silih yang sukar menetapkan anteseden atau rujukannya. Ujaran-ujaran itu juga mengandung bentuk-bentuk metaforis yang selalu membutuhkan penafsiran agar sampai kepada apa yang dimaksudkan penuturnya. Konsep referensi dan inferensi dalam analisis wacana dari Brown & Yule (1986) dipakai sebagai landasan berpijak menetapkan rujukan dan mengungkapkan makna-makna yang tersimpan dalam ujaran-ujaran tersebut. Oleh karena ujaran-ujaran ini sangat erat kaitannya dengan adat-istiadat dan pandangan hidup masyarakat Tapanuli Selatan maka untuk memahaminya diperlukan pengetahuan tentang latar belakang masyarakat pemilik upacara ini. Rujukan bentuk-bentuk silih, seperti pronomina dalam ujaran-ujaran ini, penentuan antesedennya bergantung pada konteks pemakaian pronomina itu. Pronomina dermostrativa on 'ini' dapat merujuk pada konteks dan teks, sedangkan i 'itu' hanya merujuk pada teks. Sebagai konsekuensinya sering ditemukan bentuk on mada i 'inilah itu'. Pronomina persona jamak pertama hami 'kami' dan jamak ke dua hamu 'kamu' dapat dipakai dengan acuan individu tunggal sesuai dengan konteks pemakaiannya. Pronomina persona pertama tunggal iba 'aku' sering merujuk pada pronomina persona jamak orang ke dua. Penggunaan sampiran dalam ujaran-ujaran ini tidak referensial bila dipandang sebagai satu kesatuan dengan isi, tetapi bila dipandang terpisah, maka sampiran itu bersifat referensial. Oleh karena "bunyi" pada masa lampau sangat besar artinya bagi kehidupan manusia, maka sampiran itu bersifat referensial yang referennya sama dengan referen yang ada pada isi. Daya ilokusi ujaran-ujaran sangat erat kaitannya dengan peran apa yang sedang diemban penutur dalam upacara itu. Berbagai penginferensian dapat dijalankan dalam mengungkapkan makna-makna yang tersimpan dalam ujaran-ujaran. Inferensi fonologis dan pragmatis efektif mengungkapkan makna-makna yang tersimpan tersebut."

"Sumatran orangutans, found in the Province of Nangroe Aceh Darussalam and North Sumatra Province, are fragmented into four populations. One of these populations exists in Angkola, a forested area located in the southern part of Lake Toba. This population is considered small and narrowly distributed. Our survey shows that individual orangutans appear in and around the Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve. This indicates that orangutans can adapt to fragmented habitats, such as those found near Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve, south of Tapanuli, North Sumatra.The preliminary study was conducted from April 2002 to January 2003. This study recorded the distribution and daily activities of orangutans in Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve. Repeated crisscrossing surveys and focal animal observation were used to document orangutan distribution and daily activity.Human activities are the main factor for the loss of orangutan habitat. Illegal logging, forest conversion for timber concessions and plantations, road construction, and settlement are the main factors for forest loss. This forces orangutans out of their native habitat and makes them vulnerable to extinction.Based on direct sightings, orangutans are found at Aek Nabara and Sitolu. Moreover, the presence of orangutans is indicated by nests at the Sihulambu and Bulu Mario sites. The orangutan population is not evenly distributed but seems to be present at locations with food resources.Seven individuals were chosen as focal animals. They consisted of three adult females, three sub-adult males, and one juvenile. Total observation time was 757 hours and 40 minutes. Feeding, moving, resting, nesting, and social activities were the main activities that were recorded. Orangutans spent their daily activity budgets as follows: feeding (42.29%), moving (16.47%), resting (37.41%), nesting (1.89%), and social contact (1.93%). Orangutans spent much of their time (42.29%) feeding, particularly when food resources were abundant. Due to their large body size, food consumption was high.There are 115 types of orangutan food consisting of fruits (36.6%), flowers (3.89%), leaves (28.33%), bark (17.7%), and pith/stem (11.67%), and other food types (insects, honey, etc.) (1.67%). Fruit is the main source of orangutans' food.We concluded that the distribution and daily activity of orangutans at Dolok Sibualbuali Nature Reserve are greatly influenced by the availability of food, particularly fruit. When favored fruit is abundantly available, orangutans will constantly consume that fruit and visit fruit trees of the same species in other locations. Orangutans will also search for other food in community farms near the Nature Reserve when forest fruit availability is low, leading to conflict with local people."