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Abstrak :
Kebijakan makro ekonomi yang dilakukan oleh otoritas fiskal dan moneter bertolak dari tujuan yang tidak searah. Sehingga dalam pelaksanaannya dibutuhkan suatu koordinasi yang selaras untuk menghasilkan suatu bauran kebijakan yang mampu meminimalkan adanya trade off tujuan. Terutama dalam menghadapi era integrasi perekonomian global beserta segala keuntungan dan kekurangannya mengingat adanya potensi dampak negatif berupa krisis global yang sewaktu-waktu mengancam pertumbuhan dan kestabilan perekonomian domestik. Bagi negara berkembang dan perekonomian terbuka kecil, variabelvariabel makro ekonomi yang berasal dari asing secara signifikan mempengaruhi kinerja perekonomian domestik. Tesis ini meneliti kombinasi kebijakan fiskal moneter di dalam menghadapi kondisi normal maupun guncangan perekonomian dengan menggunakan metode Two Stages Least Square (TSLS).

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Macroeconomic policy conducted by fiscal and monetary authority come out from a very different type of objectives. Concerning this fact, minimizing trade off is a must to make an optimal policy mix, and this will only achieved by forming a simultaneous policy coordination to between those authority. In the global economic integration era, domestic economic performance must be influenced world economic condition. Especially its negative impact such as global crisis potency that could be emerge in unpredictable moment, has made it become more important to create a jointly optimal fiscal and monetary coordination for ensuring and protecting domestic economic performance from this bad impact such as capital outflow. As an emerging country and a small open economy, Indonesian economy significanty influenced by many economic variables that came from the rest of the world. This thesis characterises the jointly optimal fiscal and monetary policy combination both in a normal economic condition and in a crises by using two stages least squares (TSLS) method.

Abstrak :
This paper examines the relationship between the degree of economic openness and real disposable personal income on inflation in Indonesia for a twenty-one-year period (2000Q1–2021Q3). The Simultaneous Equation Model (SEM) technique and the TSLS–Two Stage Least Squares (TSNLS and ARMA) method and long-term dependence for quarterly data from March 2001 (2001Q1) to September 2021 (2021Q3) were used to analyse and test the data. The study shows that the variables degree of openness of the economy (lopen) and real disposable personal income (ldpi) had a significant effect on inflation (linf) with a significance level of 5%. Interestingly, the estimates tend to show an appropriate sign and magnitude of the economic coefficient significance. The study has some implications. It explains the openness of the Indonesian economy and the real disposable personal income of the Indonesian population to recent inflation. Additionally, choosing appropriate policy actions to increase the competitiveness of Indonesia's export products both competitively and comparatively are discussed. If the permanent disposable income of people in Indonesia increases, the consumption demand for certain goods and services will also increase. When the demand for an item is high, the raw materials to be used also become scarce and this can cause inflation. In the context of fiscal stabilization, the Government is expected to be able to provide permanent non-cash subsidies that can help people generate permanent income independently and sustainably so that it has an impact on smoothing their consumption path over time.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini menganalisis respon perusahaan pada industri sepeda motor setelah Permendag No.21/M-DAG/PER/10/2005 terhadap structure, conduct, dan performance : Price Cost Margin sebagai performance, belanja R D serta iklan sebagai conduct, dan rasio konsentrasi sebagai structure terhadap Industri sepeda motor pada periode 2001 - 2014, yang dianalisis berdasarkan tingkat perusahaan. Setelah peraturan Permendag disahkan, justru hal tersebut membuat kompetisi semakin lemah. Hal ini diawali dengan rasio konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi setelah peraturan Permendag dan berkorelasi dengan jumlah keanggotaan Asosiasi Industri Sepeda Motor Indonesia AISI semakin sedikit dan dibatasi. Hal ini menjadi dugaan bahwa penyalahgunaan keanggotaan terhadap posisi dominan pada pasar industri sepeda motor di Indonesia. Setiap pertemuan keanggotaan asosiasi dapat berpotensi mempermudah dalam membuat koordinasi. Baik langsung maupun tidak langsung, hal tersebut bisa membuat rasio profitabilitas lebih besar. Penelitian ini menggunakan model sistem persamaan simultan, digunakan Two Stage Least Square TSLS untuk estimasi parameter. Data diperoleh dari Statistik Industri Skala Menengah dan Besar baik ISIC 35911 pada periode 2001-2009 dan ISIC 30911 pada periode 2010-2014. Data rasio konsentrasi diperoleh dari AISI yang menggambarkan tingkat persaingan. Hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa dari analisis model secara simultan ditemukan bahwa Permendag berpengaruh secara tidak langsung terhadap PCM. Permendag pengaruh positif signifikan secara langsung terhadap CR-2 dan kemudian hal ini menjadikan interaksi antara CR-2 dan pertumbuhan demand industri berpengaruh positif terhadap PCM secara signifikan.

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ABSTRACT
This research analyzes firms respond in motorcycle industry after Permendag No.21 M DAG PER 10 2005 on structure, conduct, and performance price cost margin as performance, advertising and R D expenditure ratio as conduct, and concentration ratio structure in the motorcycle industry in the 2001 ndash 2014 period, which are distinguished based on firm size. After Permendag regulation, it makes the competition even lower. It begin higher concentration ratio after Permendag regulation and corelate with membership of Indonesia Motorcycle Industry Associaton AISI is getting smaller and smaller. This is a conjecture that membership abuse of dominant market power of motorcycle industry in Indonesia. Any membership in the AISI can make ease of collution and makes some coordination of price and quantitiy production. Both direct and indirect, it can make profitability ratio bigger. This study uses simultaneous equation system model, and the Two Stage Least Square TSLS for the parameter estimation. Data obtained from Medium and Large Scale Industries Statistics both ISIC 35911 in the 2001 2009 period and ISIC 30911in the 2010 2014 period. Data of concentration ratio obtained from AISI and describing level of competition. The empirically result shows that permendag regulation and dummy krisis as exogenous variable can make CR2 grow and have negative impact on motorcycle industry competition. Foreign direct investment as foreign shareholder of the firm have negative impact on conduct of firm because no big five firm have central of R D in Indonesia. On the performance, efficiency have positive impat on price cost margin. The others variables on performance, concentration ratio and growth industry interaction have positif impact on price cost margin. It describe that ease of collution of motorcycle industry in Indonesia can make high performance on price cost margin.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana respon wajib pajak dalam menghadapi perubahan struktur perpajakan dan tingkat efektivitas dalam pelaksanaannya, terutama bila dikaitkan dengan adanya trade off antara keadilan dan efisiensi dalam pengambilan kebijaksanaan publik. Tingkat efisiensi dalam perpajakan dapat dilihat dari berapa besar deadweight loss (DWL) atau excess burden dari sistem perpajakan. Pada tahun 2006, pemerintah Indonesia melakukan perubahan ketentuan PTKP, dimana perubahan tersebut akan merubah struktur perpajakan. Hal tersebut mendasari penelitian ini yang tujuan utamanya adalah untuk melakukan analisis perilaku wajib pajak dalam merespon perubahan MTR dan ATR. Perilaku respon tersebut diestimasi berdasarkan perubahan PKP yang dilaporkan wajib pajak. Dalam penelitian ini data yang digunakan adalah SPT wajib pajak orang pribadi tahun 2005 dan 2006 dengan 11.728 observasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode two siage least square (TSLS) karena adanya permasalahan endogeneity. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kedua efek (substitusi dan penghasilan) secara signifikan mempengaruhi penghasilan kena pajak yang dilaporkan wajib pajak. Elastisitas PKP terhadap net-of-marginal tax rate / tax price di Indonesia sebesar 1,5245 menunjukkan bahwa wajib pajak orang pribadi responsif terhadap perubahan struktur perpajakan. Hasil simulasi penerapan flat tax system dengan menerapkan tarif sebesar 28% menunjukkan kenaikan penerimaan PPh orang pribadi yang signifikan. Tetapi simulasi tersebut juga menunjukkan adanya kenaikan deadweight loss dan marginal cost of fund yang signifikan. ......The purpose of this research is to know how the response of tax payers to face up the change of tax structure and to know the level of the tax system effectivity, especially related to the trade off between equity and efficiency. The efficiency can be measured by concept of deadweight loss or excess burden from the tax system. In 2006, the goverment was changed the rule of non-taxable income, that aiso changed the structure of tax system. Those condition were become basic ideas to do this research which the main purpose is to analysis tax payers behavior to response the change of Marginal Tax Rate (MTR) and Average Tax Rate (ATR). The behavior of those responses can be estimated with the change of taxable income which reported by tax payers. In this research, we use the data of Personal Tax Retum in 2005 and 2006 with 11.728 observations. This research use Two Stage Least Square (TSLS) method because of the endogeneity problem. This research show us that two effects both of substitution and income was significantly influenced the taxable income that had been reported by tax payers. The elasticity of taxable income with respect to net-of-marginai tax rate / tax price in Indonesia was 1,5245. It show us that personal tax payer was responsive with the change of tax structure. The result of flat tax system simulation with 28% tax rate show us the increase of personal tax income revenue significantly. But it aiso show us the increase of deadweight loss and marginal cost of fund for significantly too.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan simultan antara tingkat pemegangan kas dan pembayaran dividen pada perusahaan di Indonesia, menganalisis faktor-faktor fundamental yang menentukan kedua variabel tersebut, serta menjelaskan hubungannya pada setiap siklus ekonomi. Sampel penelitian terdiri atas 238 perusahaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) pada periode 2005-2013, yang terbagi dalam tiga subsampel siklus ekonomi: boom, crisis, dan recovery. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan model simultan pada data panel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan simultan negatif antara cash holdings dengan pembayaran dividen. Cash holdings ditentukan oleh leverage, risiko bisnis, dan rasio working capital, sedangkan pembayaran dividen dipengaruhi oleh growth opportunity.

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ABSTRACT ;This research aims to analyze the simultaneous relationship between corporate cash holdings and dividend payments in Indonesia, financial factors determining both variables, and its relationship on different economic cycles. The sample of this study consist of 238 companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) on 2005-2013, which are categorized into three economic cycle subsamples: boom, crisis, and recovery. This research employs simultaneous model on panel data. The results show the existence of negative simultaneity between cash holdings and dividend payments. Cash holdings determined by leverage, business risk, and working capital ratio, while dividend payment is affected by growth opportunity. , This research aims to analyze the simultaneous relationship between corporate cash holdings and dividend payments in Indonesia, financial factors determining both variables, and its relationship on different economic cycles. The sample of this study consist of 238 companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) on 2005-2013, which are categorized into three economic cycle subsamples: boom, crisis, and recovery. This research employs simultaneous model on panel data. The results show the existence of negative simultaneity between cash holdings and dividend payments. Cash holdings determined by leverage, business risk, and working capital ratio, while dividend payment is affected by growth opportunity. ]