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Abstrak :
This study aims at describing syntactic behavior of congruence and rection in Arabic by examining the syntactic element attached to them. This study also aims at determining types of congruence and rection in Arabic that have not been revealed so far. Syntactic element that is involved in the process of congruence and rection is the secondary category such as person, number, gender, definiteness, case, mood, and aspect. Both of congruence and rection focused on relation between constituents in one construction. The two term can be distinguished by looking at the category involved. Congruence focuses on the relation between constituents in one construction that is marked by the appearance of the same category, for example, the category of person, number, and gender play an important role in the relation between a subject and its verbal predicate, while rection focuses on relation that is marked by the appearance of a certain category resulted from the relation between one constituent and another constituent, for example, accusative case in the objective function is a result of relation between an object and its predicate. This study concludes that in Arabic, congruence and rection can be found at the clause and phrase level.

Abstrak :
Verba-verba berkata dasar sama yang mendapat gabungan afiks meN-i atau meN-kan tidak selalu memperlihatkan perbedaan makna yang jelas sehingga timbul pertanyaan: Apakah pasangan verba semacam itu bemakna sama atau berbeda? Kriteria apa yang menentukan persamaan atau perbedaannya? Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi kriteria tersebut yang kemudian digunakan untuk mengelompokkan pasangan verba tersebut. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif. Objek penelitian adalah pasangan verba berafiks meN-i dan meN-kan, sedangkan unit analisis adalah kalimat. Analisis dilandaskan pada peran semantis (benefaktif, sasaran, lokatif, alat) dan struktur sintak-tis. Sumber data penelitian adalah Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (1999). Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa verba berkata dasar sama yang berfiks meN-i atau meN-kan dapat diklasifikasi sebagai berikut: (A) bermakna sama, (B) bermakna berbeda karena sifat polisemis verba, (C) bermakna berbeda karena perbedaan makna afiks, (D) bermakna sama dengan perbedaan sintaktis dan peran semantis, (E) bermakna sama dengan perbedaan hal luar bahasa: bergerak atau tidak bergeraknya acuan yang menjadi objek, (F) bermakna berbeda karena terbentuknya makna spesifik, (G) bermakna berbeda karena perbedaan etimologi kata dasar. Pada kelompok (A) afiks meN-i atau meN-kan kehilangan maknanya.

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The verbs with same basic word (stem) which are affixed with meN-i or meN-kan do not always show clear different meaning. This problem give rise to an important question: is that kind of pair of verbs have the same or different meaning? What are the criteria in defining the sam or the different meaning? The aim of this research is to identify these criteria that can be applied to classify the verbs with meN-i or meN-kan. This study is qualitative research. The objects of research are the pair of verbs with meN-i or meN-kan. Meanwhile, the units of analysis are sentences. This analysis is based on semantic role (beneficiary, objective, locative and instrument0 and syntactic structures. The corpus in this research is Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (1999). The result shows that the pair of verbs can be divided to several categories. The first category consist of verbs with the sam meaning. The second includes the pair of verbs that have different meaning due to polysemi. The third category consist of the pair of verbs having the same meaning due to the different meaning of affixes. The fourth category shows the same meaning but different in syntactic structure and semantic role. The fifth category involves the pair of verbs having the same meaning, but different in extra-linguistic characteristic. The sixth category consist of pair of verbs with different specific meaning. The seventh category includes the pair of verbs with different meaning due to etimology characteristic of the stem. In the first category, meN-i or meN-kan looses its basic meaning.

Abstrak :
Aksionalitas merupakan salah satu makna kewaktuan yang bersifat semesta dan berkaitan dengan dua makna kewaktuan lain, yaitu aspek dan kala. Keterkaitan ketiga makna kewaktuan itu menyebabkan banyak ahli bahasa merumuskan ketiga konsep itu secara tumpang tindih. Di satu pihak, para ahli bahasa merasa tidak perlu untuk membedakan aspek dan aksionalitas sedangkan di pihak lain ketiga konsep kewaktuan itu harus dipisahkan. Penelitian ini bertolak pada pendapat yang menyatakan bahwa konsep aksionalitas harus dibedakan dari aspek. Aksionalitas dalam penelitian ini mengacu pada tipe situasi yang ditandai oleh ciri semantis kewaktuan. Ciri semantis kewaktuan itu meliputi kedinamisan, keduratifan, ketelisan, dan kelipatan. Situasi merupakan hasil interaksi predikat verba transitif (PVt) dengan fungsi sintaktis lain (FS) yang meliputi S, 0, Pel, dan Ket. Untuk menentukan tipe situasi terlebih dulu ditentukan tipe verba berdasarkan ciri semantis kewaktuan di atas. Tipe verba itu kemudian berinteraksi dengan FS. Dari hasil interaksi itu terlihat apakah terjadi pergeseran dari tipe verba ke tipe situasi atau sebaliknya tipe verba sama dengan tipe situasi. Penggunaan cerpen sebagai sumber data didasari oleh pemikiran bahwa cerpen merupakan salah satu bentuk narasi dan dalam narasi, unsur kewaktuan berperan penting. Sementara itu, sebagai korpus data dipergunakan kalimat berpredikat Vt karena Vt dapat mengungkapkan ciri semantis kewaktuan yang berbeda sebagai hasil interaksi dengan S, 0, Pel, dan Ket dalam kalimat. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan tipe Vt meliputi keadaan, pencapaian, aktivitas, penyelesaian, dan seri . Kelima tipe verba itu diperoleh dari interaksi verba dasar dengan afiks meng , di-, ter-, -i, -kan, dan reduplikasi. Interaksi itu memperlihatkan prefiks meng- dan di- tidak mempengaruhi tipe verba sedangkan ter-, -i, -kan, dan reduplikasi. mempengaruhi tipe verba. Artinya, tipe verba dasar sama dengan tipe verba {meng--, di-} + verba dasar. Sebaliknya, tipe verba dasar dapat sama atau berbeda dengan tipe verba {ter-, -i, -kan, red }+ verba dasar. Interaksi antara tipe verba dengan FS dapat menghasilkan tipe situasi yang sama atau berbeda dengan tipe verba sebelumnya bergantung pada kehadiran S, 0, Pel, Ket waktu, dan Ket tempat dan jenis N pengisi 0 dan S. Dilihat dari jenis N pengisi 0, tipe verba aktivitas yang berinteraksi dengan 0 (N tunggal, jamak terbilang, takrif) membentuk tipe situasi penyelesaian, sedangkan yang berinteraksi dengan 0 (N jamak tak terbilang, tak takrif) tetap membentuk tipe situasi aktivitas. Kehadiran FS dapat menyebabkan perbedaan tipe situasi yang terbentuk. Verba aktivitas seperti membawa dan mengangkat membutuhkan Ket tempat sebagai titik akhir alamiah yang menandai ciri [+tel]. Kehadiran Ket tempat menyebabkan pergeseran tipe dari verba aktivitas menjadi situasi penyelesaian. Tanpa kehadiran Ket tempat, verba aktivitas membawa dan mengangkat tetap bertipe aktivitas sekalipun didampingi oleh 0 (N tunggal, jamak terbilang, takrif).

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Actionality is the one of the universal temporal meanings which is related to two other temporal meanings such as aspect and tense. In view of the three temporal meanings, linguists make overlapping formulations. In one side, linguists think that it is not necessary to separate aspect from actionality but in the other side, those three temporal meaning concepts should be separated. This research is based on the concept that actionality must be separated from aspect, it is based on the definition of actionality as follows: "a situation type is signaled by temporal semantic features". The temporal semantic features are dynamicity, durativity, telicity, and multiplicity. Situation is signaled by interaction between transitive verbal predicate and the other syntactic functions like Subject, Object, Complement, and Adverbial. Situation type can be formulated, first, by the verbal type that is signaled by those temporal semantic features. After that, the verbal types interact with the other syntactic functions to form situation type. The interaction show whether there is a shift or not from the verbal type to situation type or verbal type is the same as situation type. The use of short stories as the source of data is based on the arguments that a short story is a kind of narration and in narration, temporal elements is important. As the corpus of data is used sentences that have transitive verbal predicates because transitive verbal predicates show the different temporal semantic features as the result of their interaction with Subject, Object, Complement, and Adverbial in the sentence. The analysis on the data of this research shows that transitive verb can be states, achievements, activities, accomplishments, and series, The five verbal types are a result of the interaction between roots with meng , di-, ter-, -i, -kan affixes and reduplication. The interactions show that meng- and di- prefixes can not influence the verbal type butter-, -i, -kan affixes and reduplication influence the verbal type. It means that the verbal type is the same as type of (meng-, di-) affixes + root, On the contrary, the root can be the same as or different from type of {ter-, -i, -kan affixes and reduplication} + root. The interaction between verbal types with the other syntactic functions can result situation types that are the same as or different from formerly verbal types. It depends on the presence of Subject, Object, Complement, Adverbial of Time, Adverbial of Place, and the Nouns that fill the Object and Subject. The Nouns that till the Object caused activity verb that interacted with Object (single. count and specified plural Noun) formed the accomplishment situation type, but the activity verb that interacted with Object (uncount and unspecified plural Noun) does not change the activity situation type. The presence of other syntactic functions formed different situation types. Activity verb like membawa and mengangkat needs the Adverbial of Place as the natural endpoint that is signaled by [+tel] feature. The presence of Adverbial of Place caused a shift of activity verb type to accomplishment situation type. Without the presence of Adverbial of Place, activity verb type membawa and mengangkat is still an activity verb type although that verbs are accompanied by Object (single, count and specified plural Noun).

Abstrak :
This research aims at describing and explaining Japanese relative clause syntactically and semantically in scientific and literary style. The relative clauses are analyzed based on sentence context. Therefore, we can have a comprehensive description of structure and type of relative clauses. The corpus of this research derives from the text books and a novel. The text books used are Nihon Shakai Saiko: Japanese an Update, written by Mizue Sasaki and Masarni Kadokura in 1991 and Nihon Jija Shiriizu: Nihonjin no Issho written by Shuichi Saito in 1980. The novel entitled Kitchen by Banana Yoshimoto written in 1991 is also used in this research. The writer uses recording technique in collecting data which are then analyzed based on embedding technique. Data analysis is classified into two groups: (1) the structure of relative clause and (2) the type of relative clauses. The structure of relative clause consists of patterns of relative clause, noun phrase as a head, and relative markers. The types of relative clause consist of type of relative clauses based on the presence/absence of "case relation" and the types of relative clause based on their functions. Analysis result indicates that relative clause patterns consist of five patterns. Namely (1) NPI wa/ga + NP2 + Copula, (2) NP wa/ga + AP, (3) NP wa/ga + VP, (4) NPI wa/ga + NP2 o + VP, and (5) NPI wa + NP2 ga + VP. Noun phrases which can be modified by relative clauses are NP functioning as subject, object, complement, adverb, and predicate in the matrix clause. Then, relative markers which indicate the relation between relative clauses and noun phrases can be grouped into (I) zero relative marker, (2) to iu relative marker, and (3) optional relative marker. The use of relative markers is determined by semantic feature of noun phrase. Based on analysis we can find two types of relative clauses based on the presence/the absence of case relation", namely, internally headed and externally headed relative clause, whereas the result based on the function is divided into two types: defining and non-defining relative clause.

Abstrak :
Skripsi ini membahas Verba Berderet yang terkandung dalam bahasa Arab dengan menggunakan analisis sintaktis. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan penelusuran data pustaka. Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan klasifikasi verba berderet berdasarkan makna yang terkandung pada verba pertama dan menyajikan data pembentukan konstruksi verba berderet berdasarkan hubungan verba pertama dengan verba kedua. Hasil yang didapat dari penelitian ini adalah terdapat tiga macam jenis makna yang terkandung pada verba pertama, yaitu modalitas, aspek dan kala. Hubungan V1 dan V2 dari penelitian adalah V1 langsung diikuti V2, V1 dengan V2 disisipi partikel.

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The focus of this research is about serial verbs in Arabic syntactic analysis. Method of this research is a descriptive research that applies some book references. The aim of this research is to give the classification of serial verbs based on meaning in the first verb and describe the data construction serial verbs based on connection first verb and second verb. The conclusion of this research , there are three kinds of meaning in the first verb are modalities, aspect and tense. The connection of first verb and second verb in this research is first verb direct be followed second verb, first verb and second verb be inserted the particle.