Kamanto Sunarto
Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) memperoleh data mengenai sumber daya manusia di bidang penelitian ilmu-ilmu sosial beserta bidang keahliannya, (2) memperoleh data mengenai sarana dan fasilitas ilmu-ilmu sosial yang ada di perguruan tinggi, (3) memperoleh data mengenai penelitian di bidang ilmu-ilmu sosial yang telah dilakukan selama 5 tahun terakhir, dan (4) menggunakan data penelitian serta Punas Ristek sebagai masukan untuk (a) menyusun rencana penelitian perguruan tinggi jangka panjang II (1994-2019) dan (b) menyusun kerangka prioritas program penelitian "Hibah Bersaing" dalam bidang ilmu-ilmu sosial untuk Repelita VI.
Sesuai dengan bidang ilmu-ilmu sosial yang dibina Konsorsium ilmu Sosial Departemen P dan K, yang mencakup bidang-bidang ilmu komunikasi, ilmu politik, ilmu pemerintahan, ilmu hubungan internasional, ilmu administrasi (negaralniaga/fiskal), kriminologi, sosiologi, ilmu kesejahteraan social/sosiatri dan antropologi, maka penelitian dilakukan di sejumlah fakultas/jurusan yang mengelola bidang-bidang tersebut. yaitu di PTN yang menjadi anggota Konsorsium Emu-ilmu Sosial (UI, Unpad, UGM, Unair dan Unitas), dengan ditambah beberapa fakultas/jurusan lain yang dinilai mempunyai posisi strategis pula (Unibraw dan Unud).
Subyek penelitian terdiri atas para ketua jurusan, sejumlah dosen berpendidikan doktor, magister/sederajat dan sarjana, para ketua lembaga penelitian, dan para direktur pusat antar universitas.
Data lain mengenai penelitian sosial selama 5 tahun terakhir diperoleh dari lembaga-lembaga penelitian dan program-program pascasarjana, dan pusat-pusat antar universitas, serta dari Ditlitabmas Ditjen Dikti.
Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan ialah wawancara terstruktur (dengan para ketua jurusan, ketua LP dan direktur PAU), pengisian daftar pertanyaan terstruktur (oleh para dosen tetap), dan pengumpulan dokumen (dan program pascasarjana, LP, PAU dan Dikti). Seluruh ketua jurusan, ketua LP dan direktur PAU diwawancarai (total sampling sedangkan responden dari kalangan dosen ditentukan secara purposive.
Dosen di universitas yang diteliti berjumlah 668 dan terdiri atas 81 doktor, 257 magister/master, dan 330 sarjana. Para doktor terkonsentrasi di bidang antropologi, ilmu administrasi, ilmu komunikasi, sosiologi, dan ilmu hubungan internasional. Mayoritas magister/master dijumpai di bidang ilmu administrasi, sosiologi, ilmu komunikasi, dan antropologi. Para sarjana terutama dijumpai di bidang-bidang ilmu komunikasi, antropologi, ilmu hubungan internasional, ilmu pemerintahan dan sosiologi.
Komputer merupakan suatu sarana yang sudah dimiliki banyak jurusan dan dosen. Komputer terutama digunakan untuk keperluan penulisan sehingga yang paling banyak dipakai ialah program-program pengolah kata, meskipun di kalangan dosen dan berbagai jurusan ditemukan pula program-program statistika serta program-program spreadsheet untuk pengolahan data kuantitatif. Dalam akses maupun pemilikan terhadap fasilitas komputer dijumpai keanekaragaman yang besar.
Sejumlah jurusan mempunyai laboratorium di bidang ilmu ma.sing-masing, yang selain dipakai untuk persiapan penelitian, pengolahan dan analisis data, serta penyusunan laporan sering berfungsi sebagai ruang serbaguna. Beberapa bidang ilmu yang bersifat terapan memerlukan sarana lebih khusus. Di beberapa jurusan laboratoriunmya berwujud desa binaan. Pada umumnya kondisi perlengkapan di laboratorium masih kurang, dan tidak semua jurusan mempunyai ruang khusus yang berfungsi sebagai ruang, laboratorium,
Jurnal ilmiah mutlak diperlukan peneliti sebagai acuan namun cenderung tidak diperoleh secara teratur atau bahkan tidak dimiliki sama sekali oleh jurusan atau laboratorium. Beberapa jurusan/fakultas atau universitas menerbitkan jurnal sendiri, namun karena berbagai faktor maka peranan jurnal setempat ini kurang efektif. Untuk mengatasi masalah yang dihadapi beberapa jurnal menjalin kerjasama dengan penerbit swasta.
Kecenderungan tema penelitian lima tahun terakhir yang ditemukan adalah sebagai berikut: (1) ilmu komunikasi: komunikasi massa, komunikasi pembangunan, penerangan, difusi inovasi dan komunikasi antarpribadi; (2) ilmu politik: partai politik, pemilihan umurn, parlemen, pembangunan nasional, politik luar negeri Indonesia, dan pemerintahan daerah; (3) ilmu pemerintahan: politik nasional, otonomi daerah dan pemerintahan daerah; (4) ilmu hubungan internasional: politik Iuar negeri Indonesia dan masalah pembangunan; (5) ilmu administrasi: birokrasi, kebijakan publik, public finance dan pembangunan daerah; (6) sosiologi: pemukiman kumuh, perkotaan dan industri, surnberdaya manusia, pembangunan, industri, ketenagakerjaan, kemiskinan, kerentanan, dan pemberdayaan; (7) ilmu kesejahteraan sosial: remaja, anak-anak, dan evaluasi program atau proyek; (8) sosiatri: daerah kumuh, wanita, partisipasi masyarakat dan pertanahan; (9) kriminologi: kenakalan anak-anak, strategi keamanan masyarakat, dan masalah perumahan; dan (10) antropologi: dampak pembangunan, kesehatan, religi, dan ekonomi.
Tema atau subyek penelitian menurut jurusan panting untuk diteliti pada saat ini ialah: (1) ilmu komunikasi: masalah politik, sosial, budaya dan ekonomi sebagai akibat gencamya intervensi penggunaan teknologi komunikasi; (2) kriminologi: strategi pencegahan dan penanggulangan kejahatan nasional, lokal, perkotaan dan pedesaan; (3) sosiatri: lingkungan manusia dan sosial dan pemanfaatan dan pemeliharaan sarana kerja terpadu; (4) ilmu kesejahteraan sosial: action research di bidang kesejahteraan anak, pemuda, keluarga, pengembangan komunitas (community development) dan pengembangan analisis indikator sosial antar PELITA (5) sosiologi: masalah pemukiman kumuh, evaluasi proyek pembangunan, ketenagakerjaan industrialisasi, kemiskinan dan mobilitas penduduk; (6) antropologi: masalah pembangunan, lingkungan hidup, perkotaan dan kelembagaan desa, ekologi manusia, permukiman kumuh di perkotaan, kerukunan beragama, kesehatan dan kebudayaan, transmigrasi, masalah ekonomi, pariwisata, adaptasi, dan masalah-masalah sosial budaya dan ekologi masyarakat pantai; (6) limu Politik: politik nasional, politik perkotaan, politik regional; (7) ilmu pemerintahan: otonomi daerah dan pemerintahan daerah, politik nasional, pembangunan nasional, partai politik, kekuatan-kekuatan politik, sosialisasi politik, sikap politik pemuda, dan pemilihan umum; (8) ilmu hubungan internasional: hubungan Selatan-Selatan dan hubungan internasional Asia Tenggara, kawasan Asia Tenggara dan Asia Timur, isu global kontemporer, dan masalah regional dan internasional di kawasan Pasifik; (9) ilmu administrasi: birokrasi, administrasi pembang many dan kebijakan publik pada tingkat nasional, regional dan lokal, dan organisasi dan manajemen.
Lembaga-lembaga penelitian beraspirasi meneliti kebijakan pembangunan (Unair), pengembangan sumberdaya alarn dan sumberdaya manusia (UGM), pemecahan masalah regional seperti masalah teknologi pertanian rekayasa, ekonomi, sosial budaya, dan lingkungan hidup (Unhas), peningkatan kualitas somber daya manusia yang mengacu pada masalah kebudayaan (Unud), dan masalah pedesaan, khususnya pengembangan ihnu pengetahuan dan teknologi untuk mendorong industrialisasi pedesaan (UGM) sedangkan aspirasi pusat antar universitas terkait dengan masalah industrialisasi di perkotaan (UI) dan pengembangan kapasitas manusia (UGM).
Masalah yang menurut para ketua jurusan, dosen maupun pengelola PAUJ dan LP dihadapi dalam pengusulan suatu penelitian ialah faktor-faktor :(1) rendahnya minat, gairah ataupun motivasi dosen untuk meneliti; (2) kecilnya jumlah imbalan materiil yang diperoleh dari kegiatan penelitian; (3) kurangnya literatur, (4)terbatasnya jumlah topik penelitian; (5) kurangnya koordinasi antar dosen; (6) dana penelitian (sukar diperoleh dan berjurnlah kecil); (7) adanya pemotongan dana, baik yang bersifat resmi maupun yang tidak; (8) sexing terlambatnya informasi mengenai tersedianya dana penelitian; (9) tidak lengkapnya informasi dari pemberi dana yang sampai ke tangan peneliti; (10) rumitnya prosedur pengajuan usulan penelitian ke pemberi dana; (11) beranekaragamnya format usulan yang dipersyaratkan tiap pemberi dana; (12) adanya pembatasan pada tema yang dapat dibiayai pemberi dana; dan (13) sering ditolaknya usulan penelitian oleh tim penilai tanpa disertai alasan jelas.
Setelah mengkaji temuan penelitian, GBHN 1993-1998 dan Punas Ristek PELITA VI Dewan Riset Nasional, tim berpandangan bahwa dalam Repelita VI penelitian terhadap faktor-faktor sosial, politik dan budaya yang mendahului (prerequisite), menyertai (concomitant) maupun menjadi konsekuensi (consequence) industrialisasi perlu diprioritaskan. ()Leh sebab itu topik payung yang direkomendasikan tim untuk penelitian "Hibah Bersaing" dalam bidang ilmu-ilmu sosial untuk Repelita VI adalah "Proses industrialisasi dan dampaknya terhadap aspek-aspek sosial, budaya, dan politik."
Di bawah topik payung tersebut di atas, topik-topik penelitian yang direkomendasikan untuk diprioritaskan dengan memperhatikan GBH N 1993-1998 dan Program Utama Nasional Riset dan Teknologi PELITA VI Dewan Riset Nasional terdiri atas (1) kemiskinan, (2) sektor informal, (3) keserasian sosial, (4) pengembangan komunitas, (5) kesejahteraan keluarga, (6) pola komunikasi sehubungan dengan intervensi teknologi komunikasi, (7) nilai budaya, (8) ekologi manusia, (9) sumberdaya manusia, (10 ) organisasi kemasyarakatan (yang mencakup kelembagaan lokal serta lembaga swadaya masyarakat), (11) birokrasi, (12) kebijakan publik, (13) otonomi daerah, (14) demokratisasi, dan (15) bantuan asing.
Dalam sistem penilaian program "Hibah Bersaing" ilmu-ilmu sosial ditafsirkan dalam anti luas, yaitu mencakup ilmu pendidikan, psikologi, ilmu ekonomi, serta sastra dan semi. Karen ruang lingkup ilmu-ilmu sosial luas dan mencakup berbagai disiplin ilmu yang dalam segi-segi tertentu mempunyai persamaan namun yang masing-masing mempunyai kekhususan panting di bidang pokok bahasan, teori, dan metodologi, maka demi terlaksananya penilaian secara efektif dan adil direkomendasikan agar: (1) penilaian usulan penelitian ilmu-ilmu sosial dipisahkan dan ilmu-ilmu sastra dan filsafat; (2) penilaian usulan dari berbagai bidang ilmu-ilmu sosial dilakukan oleh pakar di bidang konsorsium bersangkutan (ilmu-ilmu sosial, ilmu ekonomi, psikologi, dan ilmu pendidikan); dan (3) pengelompokan suatu usulan penelitian dalam suatu bidang ilmu tertentu ditentukan berdasarkan konsorsium dari fakultas/jurusan peneliti dan oleh pakar dan konsorsium bersangkutan, dan bukan oleh peneliti sendiri.
Untuk keperluan pembinaan, direkomendasikan pula agar alasan-alasan penolakan usulan penelitian "Hibah Bersaing" secara rinci dikomunikasikan kepada pembuat usulan.
Untuk menghindari kemacetan, kelambatan dan kesimpangsiuran informasi yang terkait dengan birokratisme serta untuk meningkatkan kefektivitasan penyebarluasan informasi mengenai program "Hibah Bersaing," direkomendasikan suatu sistem yang memungkinkan penyebarluasan informasi baku yang lengkap secara cepat dan langsung kepada para peneliti, antara lain dengan pendistribusian media seperti brosur, poster atau leaflet. Informasi dan Ditbinlitabmas dapat tetap didistribusikan melalui jalur birokrasi yang ada, namun dalam hal demildan penentuan kriteria seleksi tambahan oleh fihak universitas/fakultas/jurusan perlu dihindari,
Berbagai keterbatasan fasilitas dan sarana yang ditemukan di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan fasilitas dan sarana penelitian sosial seperti laboratorium beserta perlengkapannya--termasuk di dalamnya baban pustaka--memerlukan perencanaan matang.
Temuan bahwa jumlah dosen yang berkualifikasi pascasarjana umumnya masih terbatas menunjukkan bahwa dalam perencanaan jangka panjang perluasan kesempatan belajar di program pascasarjana di dalam negeri maupun luar negeripun memerlukan perhatian.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research is: (1) to obtain data on human resources in the social sciences and on their educational qualifications, (2) to obtain data on social science facilities in institutions of higher education, (3) to obtain data on social science research conducted during the past five years, and (4) to utilize the research data and the the Main National Research and Technology Program of the National Research Council as input for (a) the formulation of an agenda for research in higher education for the Second Phase of the Long-term Plan (1994-2019) and (b) the formulation of a priority scale for the "Competitive Grant" research program in the social sciences for the Sixth Five Year Development Plan.
In accordance with the social science fields being coordinated by the Consortium for the Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education and Culture, which comprises communication, political science, government, international relations, administration (public/business/fiscal), criminology, sociology, social welfare, sociatry and anthropology, the reseach was conducted in a number of faculties and departments in charge of these disciplines, namely public institutions of higher education which are members of the social science consortium. A number of other faculties and departments judged as being of strategic importance were also included.
The research subjects were chairpersons of departments; a number of lecturers with doctorates, masters degrees and sarjana degrees; chairpersons of research institutes; and directors of inter-university centers.
Other data pertaining to social research during the past five years were obtained from research institutes, graduate programs, inter-university centers, and from the Directorate for the Advancement of Research and Service to Society.
The research methods used were structured interviews (with the chairpersons of departments, heads of research institutes, and directors of inter-university centers), the completion of structured questionnaires (by full-time faculty members), and the collection of documents (from graduate programs, research institutes, inter-university centers and the Directorate General of Higher Education). All department chairpersons, heads of research institutes and directors of inter-university centers were interviewed (total sampling) while respondents among lecturers were purposively chosen.
The lecturers of the institutions researched comprise 81 holders of doctorates, 257 holders of masters degress and 330 holders of sarjana degrees. Doctorate holders are concentrated in the fields of anthropology, administration, communication, sociology, and international relations. The majority of holders of masters degrees are found in administration, sociology, communication, and anthropology. Holders of sarjana degrees are predominantly concentrated in communication, anthropology, international relations, government, and sociology.
Many departments and individual lecturers own personal computers. Computers are mainly used for report writing so that the programs most often used are word processing programs, although a number of lecturers and departments also use statistical programs and spreadsheet programs for purposes of quantitative data processing and analysis. A wide variation in the access to and ownership of computers was found.
A number of departments own laboratories which besides being utilized for research preparation activities, data processing and analysis, and report writing also function as multipurpose rooms. A number of applied field require more specialized equipment. In several fields the laboratories comprise rural communities. The laboratories are generally underequipped, and not every department has access to facilities which could function as a laboratory.
Scientific journals are necessary reference materials for conducting research but the departments and laboratories either do not have access to journals or only receive journals on an irregular basis. A number of departments or faculties publish their own journals, but due to a number of factors the role of such local journals are seldom effective. To overcome their problems several journal have established cooperation with private publishers.
Trends found in research themes during the last five years are as follows: (1) communication: mass communication, development communication, information, diffusion of innovation and interpersonal communication; (2) political science: political parties, elections, parliament, national development, Indonesian foreign policy, and regional government; (3) government# national politics, regional autonomy and regional government; (4) international relations: Indonesian foreign policy and development problems; (5) administration: bureaucracy, public policy, public finance and regional development; (6) sociology: slum dwellings, urban and industrial problems, human resources, development, industry, Labor force, poverty, the underprivileged, and empowerment; (7) social welfare: the youth, children, and program and project evaluation; (8) society: slum areas, women, community participation, and land; (9) criminology: juvenile delinquency, strategy for community safety, and problems of housing; and (10) anthropology: the impact of development, health, religion, and economics.
The themes or subjects regarded by the departments as important for present research are as follows: (1) communication:, political, social, cultural, and economic problems as an outcome of the intense intervention of communication technology; (2) criminology: strategy for preventing and combating crime at the national and local levels and in urban and rural areas; (3) sociatry: human and social environment, and the utilization and preservation of integrated work facilities; (4) social welfare: action research in the welfare of children, the youth, the family, community development, the development of the analysis of social indicators between five-year development plans; (5) sociology: the problem of slum dwellings, the evaluation of development projects, labor force issues in industrialization, poverty and population mobility, and ; (6) anthropology: problems of development, environment, urban problems and rural institutions, human ecology, urban slum dwellings, religious harmony, health and culture, migration, economic problems, tourism and environment, adaptation, social-cultural problems and the ecology of fisheries communities; (7) political science: national politics, urban politics, regional politics; (8) government: regional autonomy and regional government, national politics, national development, political parties, political forces, political socialization, political attitudes of the youth, and elections; (9) international relations: South-South relations and Southeast Asian international relations, Southeast Asia and South Asia regions, contemporary global issues, and regional and international problems in the Pacific area; (10) administration; bureaucracy, development administration, and public policy at the national, regional and local levels, and organization and management.
The research institutes aspire to investigate development policies (Airlangga University), the development of natural and human resources (Gadjah Mada University), the solution of regional problems such as agricultural technology engineering, economic problems, socio-cultural problems, and environment (Hasanuddin University), the development of the quality of human resources in the field of culture (Udayana University), and rural problems, with an emphasis on the development of science and technology to stimulate agricultural industrialization (Gadjah Mada University) while the aspiration of the inter-university centers are linked to problems of industrialization in urban areas (University of Indonesia) and the development of human capacities (Gadjah Mada University).
According to the chairpersons of departments, lecturers, as well as managers of the inter-university centers and research institutes the problems faced in the writing of research proposals are as follows: (1) the low level of interest, drive or motivation to conduct research on the part of lecturers; (2) the limited amount of material rewards obtained from doing research; (3) the scarcity of scientific publications; (4) the limited number of possible research topics; (5) the lack of coordination among Lecturers; (6) research funding (difficult to obtain and of limited value); (7) official as well as unofficial deductions from the research budget; (8) delay in the communication of information concerning the availability of research funds; (9) the receipt of incomplete information from donor agencies; (10) the complicated nature of grant application procedures; (1I) the variety of application procedures adopted by different donor agencies; (12) limits on the types of themes eligible for funding; and (13) the frequent rejection of research proposals by the evaluation team without clear explanations concerning the reasons for the rejections.
After examining the research findings, the Main Direction of the State Goals and the the Main National Research and Technology Program of the National Research Council, the team is of the opinion that in the Sixth Five Year Plan research on social, political and cultural factors which are prerequisites for, concomitant with or consequences of industrialization need to be given priority. The main theme recommended by the team for the "Competitive Grant" research in the social sciences for the Sixth Five-year Plan is therefore "the industrialization process and its impact on social, cultural and political aspects."
Based on the main theme, taking into account the Main Direction of the State Goals 1993-1998 and the Main National Research and Technology Program of the National Research Council the following research topics are recommended: (1) poverty, (2) the informal sector, (3) social harmony, (4) community development, (5) family welfare, (6) communication patterns as a consequence of the intervention of communication technology, (7) cultural values, (8) human ecology, (9) human resources, (10) social organization (including local institutions and nongovernmental organizations), (11) bureaucracy, (12) public policy, (13) regional autonomy, (14) democratization, and (15) foreign aid.
In the evaluation system of the "Competitive Grant" program the social sciences is used in the broad sense and include education, psychology, economics, and letters and philosophy. Because the social sciences are wide in scope and include various academic disciplines which in certain aspects bear similarities but has its own significant characteristics in terms of subject matter, theories, and methodology, it is recommended that, for the sake of effectiveness and fairness in the administration of research evaluation: (1) the evaluation of social science research proposals be separated from the arts and philosophy; (2) the evaluation of proposals from various social science disciplines be conducted by experts from the related consortia (social science, economics, psychology, and education); and (3) the grouping of research proposals in a certain discipline be based on the consortia of the faculty/department of the researcher in charge of the proposal, and conducted by experts from the related consortia, and not by the researcher himself
For educational purposes, it is also recommended that the reasons underlying the rejection of "Competitive Grant" research proposals be communicated in detail to the researcher in charge of the proposal.
To prevent deadlock, delays and confusion with regard to information concerning research grants due to bureaucratism and to increase the effectiveness of the dissemination of information concerning the "Competitive Grant" program, it is recommended that a system be established which will ensure the rapid and direct dissemination of standardized and complete information to the researchers, among other things through the distribution of media such as brochures, posters or leaflets. Information from the Directorate for the Advancement of Research and Service to Society can be distributed through the usual bureaucratic channels, but the inclusion of additional selection criteria by universities, faculties and departments should be avoided.
The limited nature of facilities found in the field indicate that the development of social science research facilities such as laboratories and related equipment-including scientific publications--require careful planning.
The finding that the number of lecturers with graduate qualifications is still limited indicate that in long-term planning the provision of opportunities to undertake domestic and foreign graduate training deserves our attention.
Depok: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia, 1993
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