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Abstrak :
early childood stage is very critical. In this stage, children learn a lot of things and gain experiences in an extraordinary pace.....

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The key of a brand extension success is the perceived fit between the brand extension with its parent brand. The brand extension success itself will usually result in a high consumer acceptance and a low introduction cost for the marketer. However, understanding of this perceived is still dominated by the need to have a product feature similarity between brand extension and its parent brand. This study, on the other hand, confirms few findings that the brand effect is a stronger influenced to perceived fit than product feature similarity. Using 4 consumer package brands, the experiment conducted in this study shows that brand effect measured through brand specific associations is a far more realible determinant in increasing the probability of success for a brand extension. In addition, this study also tested the impact of different brand extension strategy (direct and associative/indirect) to find that the both strategy will provide similar positive consumer evaluation if the brand specific associations are consistent, but the associative brand extension strategy may be a better choice undera lack of brand specific associations consistency but still with similarity in the product features.

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ABSTRAK
Eutrophication, a process in which water bodies experience excessive growth of aquatic plants due to accumulation of land orginated nutriens especially phosphorus and nitrogen, has become a worldwide coastal environmental problem. Its negative impacts have been well known including oxygen depletion, harmful algal blooms, biodiversity reduction and ecosystem degradation. Unfortunately, the occurrence of those impacts is often not well anticipated as the instruments for assessing the quality of coastal and marine environmental are weak and hardly available. Therefor, there has been a growing concern in developing appropriate methods for assessing coastal and marine eutrophication. One of the most widely used methods is trophic index due to its good efficacy. However, it is still questionable whether TRIX is a universal index of eutrophication or the scaling of TRIX should be region specific.

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Penelitian ini menganalisis dampak regulasi Obat-obat Tertentu OOT yang diterapkan kepada perusahaan farmasi produsen OOT pada tahun 2018 terhadap jumlah produksi OOT. Menggunakan metode pendekatan difference-in-differences DID, penelitian ini melihat pengaruh pada 5 lima kelompok OOT. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara umum terjadi penurunan jumlah produksi OOT sebesar 8.072.811 satuan OOT. Penurunan jumlah produksi OOT ini dipengaruhi oleh adanya regulasi dan dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yaitu kenaikan harga bahan baku obat bahan aktif obat serta penetapan harga obat jadi untuk pelayanan jaminan kesehatan nasional yang ketat. Faktor selain regulasi ini mendorong produsen OOT untuk mengurangi jumlah produksi agar tetap mempertahankan skala ekonomi perusahaan. Variabel yang mempunyai pengaruh terhadap penurunan produksi yaitu golongan obat generik untuk sediaan obat bentuk tablet, pada perusahaan yang multiproduk dengan status perusahaan milik negara BUMN. Perbandingan tingkat produksi dengan kebutuhan obat pada tahun sebelum berlakunya regulasi menunjukkan jumlah produksi masih di atas kebutuhan dan setelah berlaku regulasi jumlah produksi di bawah dari jumlah kebutuhan. Hal ini akan berdampak pada ketersediaan dan harga OOT di sarana pelayanan kesehatan. Hasil ini menggarisbawahi bahwa regulasi di bidang farmasi akan memberikan dampak salah satunya pada pada keputusan produsen dalam menetapkan jumlah produksi obat. Pengawasan yang efektif perlu mempertimbangkan efisiensi sumber daya dengan tetap menjaga ketersediaan obat untuk kebutuhan terapi.

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ABSTRACT
This study analyzes estimate the impact of the regulation of Spesific Drugs OOT applied to pharmaceutical companies producing OOT in 2018 on the response of the pharmaceutical industry in the form of OOT production. Using the difference-in-differences DID approach, this study looked at the effect on 5 five OOT groups. The results of this study indicate that there is a general decrease in the amount of OOT production by 8072,811 OOT units. The decrease in the amount of OOT production is not only influenced by the regulation but also by other factors, namely the increase in the price of drug raw materials active ingredients of drugs and the determination of the price of finished drugs for strict national health insurance services. Factors other than this regulation encourage OOT producers to reduce the amount of production to maintain the companys economies of scale. Variables that affect production decline are generic drug classes for tablet drug preparations, in multiproduct companies with state-owned company BUMN status. Comparison of production level with the need for drugs in the year before the enactment of the regulation of the amount of production is still above the requirement and after the regulation of the amount of production is below the amount of demand, this will have an impact on the availability and price of OOT in health care facilities. These results underline that regulations in the pharmaceutical field will have an impact, one of which, on the decision of producers in determining the amount of drug production. Effective supervision needs to consider the efficiency of resources while maintaining the availability of drugs for therapeutic needs.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang menjadi determinan stabilitas bank di Indonesia, baik secara agregat maupun berdasarkan jenis bank (bank Syariah dan bank konvensional). Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan stabilitas antara bank Syariah dan bank konvensional. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini mencakup 83 bank umum konvensional dan 11 bank umum Syariah yang ada di Indonesia pada periode September 2015-Juni 2019. Data tersebut diestimasi dengan menggunakan model panel data dinamis Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa faktor utama yang berpengaruh positif terhadap stabilitas bank di Indonesia adalah nilai tukar, inklusi keuangan, tingkat pengembalian asset, dan pertumbuhan kredit/pembiayaan yang diberikan oleh sektor perbankan. Sementara tingkat suku bunga berpengaruh negatif terhadap stabilitas bank di Indonesia. Untuk analisis perbandingan antar bank, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa stabilitas bank syariah dan bank konvensional dipengaruhi oleh faktor yang cukup berbeda. Stabilitas bank Syariah lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh faktor spesifik bank, sementara stabilitas bank konvensional lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh faktor makroekonomi. Selain itu, penelitian ini tidak menemukan perbedaan stabilitas antara bank syariah dan bank konvensional. Hasil ini mendukung pandangan skeptis yang meragukan bahwa keberadaan bank Syariah dapat membuat perbedaan bagi stabilitas bank. Hasil ini kemungkinan besar dipengaruhi oleh kecilnya pangsa pasar perbankan syariah dan banyaknya kemiripan praktek antara bank syariah dan bank konvensional.

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ABSTRACT
This study aims to analyze the determinant factors of banks stability in Indonesia, both in aggregate and based on the type of bank (Islamic banks and conventional banks and also to identify whether there are differences in stability between Islamic banks and conventional banks. This paper using unbalanced panel data consisting of 83 conventional banks and 11 Islamic banks in Indonesia during September 2015-June 2019. The data is estimated using the dynamic panel data model Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The results show that the main factors that have positive effect on banks stability in Indonesia are the exchange rate, financial inclusion, asset returns, and credit / financing growth provided by banking sector, while interest rates have negative effect. Furthermore, this study found that determinant of Islamic banks stability and conventional banks stability is influenced by quite different factors. Islamic bank stability is more influenced by bank specific factors, while conventional bank stability by macroeconomic factors. In addition, there was no distinct differences between Islamic banks and conventional banks in practice, the skeptic view doubts the Islamic banks would make a difference. This result is most likely influenced by small market share of Islamic banking and similarities in practice between the two types of bank.

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Latar Belakang: Sampah merupakan masalah di beberapa negara berkembang, salah satunya Indonesia. Pada bulan Desember 2019, terjadi wabah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh COVID-19, Kota Cimahi merupakan salah satu kasus tinggi isolasi mandiri COVID-19 di rumah di Kota Cimahi tahun 2022. Tujuan: untuk mengetahui penularan COVID-19 berdasarkan penanganan sampah khusus rumah tangga yang dihasilkan oleh pasien survivor COVID-19 yang telah melakukan isolasi mandiri (isoman) di rumah dengan terjadinya klaster keluarga di Kota Cimahi Tahun 2022, Untuk menganalisis sebaran kasus kejadian COVID-19, pengetahuan, sikap, sosio-demografi. Bagaimana hubungan pengetahuan, sikap, sosial demografi terhadap penularan COVID-19 di klaster keluarga serta menganalisis hubungan pengetahuan dan sikap sampah spesifik setelah dikendalikan oleh variabel sosial demografi penularan pada klaster keluarga di Kota Cimahi 2022. Metodologi: adalah kuantitatif, desain penampang. Sampel penelitian ini sebanyak 237 orang. utama. Hasil : menunjukkan ada hubungan sikap dengan kasus penularan klaster keluarga (p = 0,025), ada hubungan pendidikan dengan kasus penularan klaster keluarga (p = 0,014), ada hubungan yang signifikan antara pengetahuan dengan penularan setelah dikontrol oleh variabel pengganggu pendidikan dan ada hubungan yang signifikan antara sikap dan penularan setelah dikendalikan oleh variabel pengganggu usia dengan kejadian klaster keluarga COVID-19 di Kota Cimahi Tahun 2022. Kesimpulan: Tidak ada penyebaran COVID-19 yang masif di klaster keluarga , sikap buruk pada pasien survivor COVID-19, Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara sikap terhadap kasus penularan klaster keluarga, Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara pendidikan dengan kasus penularan klaster. Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara pengetahuan dengan kejadian penularan klaster keluarga yang dikendalikan oleh variabel perancu pendidikan. ......Background: Waste is a problem in several developing countries, one of which is Indonesia. In December 2019, there was an outbreak of disease caused by COVID-19, Cimahi City is one high cases of COVID-19 self-isolate at home in Cimahi City 2022. Purpose: to know the transmission of COVID-19 is based on the handling of household-specific waste produced by COVID-19 survivor patients who have been self-isolating (isoman) at home with the occurrence of a family cluster in Cimahi City 2022, To analyze the distribution of cases of COVID-19 incidence, knowledge, attitudes, socio-demography. How the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, socio-demography to the transmission of COVID-19 in family clusters and to analyze relationship knowledge and attitudes of specific waste after controlled by socio-demographic variables transmission in the family cluster in Cimahi City 2022. Methodology: is Quantitative, cross sectional design. The sample of this research is 237 people. primary. Results: showed that there was a relationship between attitudes and family cluster transmission case (p = 0.025), there was a relationship between education and family cluster transmission case (p = 0.014),there is a significant relationship between knowledge and transmission after being controlled by the confounding variable education and there is a significant relationship between attitudes and transmission after being controlled by confounding variable age with the incidence of family cluster COVID-19 in Cimahi City 2022. Conclusion: There is no massive spread of COVID-19 in family cluster, bad attitudes in COVID-19 survivor patients, There is a significant relationship between attitudes to family cluster transmission case, There is a significant relationship between education and cluster transmission case. There is a significant relationship between knowledge and the incidence of family cluster transmission which is controlled by the educational confounding variable.

Abstrak :
Tesis ini membahas mengenai liberalisasi sektor telekomunikasi di Indonesia sebagai bentuk komitmen Indonesia di WTO, khususnya ketentuan General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) dengan melihat pada Schedule of Commitment dan regulasi domestik Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode nonnatif preskriptif untuk melihat scjauh mana perkembangan liberalisasi sektor telekomunikasi di Indonesia serta kesiapan Indonesia dalam rnenghadapi liberaJisasi agar dapat memanfuatkan peluang sekaligus melindungi kepentingan nasional Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa liberalisasi sektor telekornunikasi di Indonesia telah dimulai dengan pemberlakuan Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 1999 Tentang Telekomunikasi serta berakhimya konsep monopoli di sektor telekomunikasi Indonesia. Dalam perkembangannya pemerintah telah melakukan upaya yang cukup menunjang dalam rangka menghadapi liberalisasi agar dapat efektif memanfaatkan hasil libernlisasi. ......This thesis is concerning about liberalization of telecommunication sector in Indonesia as Indonesian's commitment in WTO, especially stipulation in General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) by refers on Schedule of Commitment and domestic regulation in Indonesia. This research is conducted using nonnative prescriptive methods to discover how far are the liberalizations of telecommunication sector development in Indonesia and the preparation of the country in dealing with liberalization so it will be able to take advantage of opportunities and also to protect Indonesia’s interests. The result of the research shows that the liberalizations of telecommunication sector in Indonesia has initiated by the Act no 36, 1999 About Telecommunication and the end of monopoly concept in Telecommunication sector of Indonesia. Within the development, the govermment conducted moderate value of supporting effort in order to deal with liberalization to be effective in utilize liberalization output.