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"A comprehensive study has been made on the dynamical process-taking place in the laser-plasma generation induced by a TEA CO2 laser bombardment on metal target and non-metal target from low to high pressures surrounding gas. In the case of metal target, pure zinc plate was used as a target and bombarded with 400-mJ-laser pulse energy. Dynamical characterization of plasma expansion and excitation were examined in detail both for target atomic emission (Zn I 481.0 nm) and gas atomic emission (He 1 587.6 nm) by using a unique time-resolved spatial distribution measurement and conventional emission spectroscopic detection method. The results showed that the plasma expands and develops with time. The mechanism of plasma generation can be classified into three cases depending on .the surrounding gas pressures; target shock wave plasma in the pressure range between 2 Ton and 20 Ton, coupling shock wave plasma in the pressure range between 50 Torr and 200 Torr and gas break down shock wave plasma in the pressure range between 200 Ton and I atm. In all cases in the laser-plasma generation under TEA CO2 laser bombardment on metal target, shock wave process always plays important role for exciting the target atoms and gas molecules.In the case of non-metal target, a museum glass was used as a target and bombarded with a 400 nd laser pulse energy. By using the conventional emission spectroscopic detection method, namely temporally and spatially integrated and time-resolved spatially integrated of plasma emission, it was shown that the plasma mainly consists of target atomic emission. Only weak gas atomic emission intensity could be observed even at I atm of surrounding gas pressure. These results indicate that the gas breakdown is not a major process responsible to the plasma formation even at high pressure surrounding gas. Shock wave process was considered as an important role in this plasma formation. By the use of shadowgraph technique to detect the density jump signal due to the shock wave front involving a He-Ne laser as a probe light, simultaneous detection of the shock wave front and the emission front was successfully implemented. The result showed that at the initial stages of plasma expansion shock wave front and emission front coincide and move together with time. At the later stages of plasma expansion the two fronts became separate with the emission front left behind the shock wave front. These results are completely coinciding with the shock wave plasma model. Unfortunately, in this experiment we succeed to detect the density jump signal only for high pressure surrounding gas, above 100 Torr. At the pressures lower than 100 Torr the density jump signal was very weak and it is difficult to distinguish with the noise including in the signal.The other important experimental results that support the shock wave plasma model were also obtained in this experiment, namely the coincidence of emission front regardless of their atomic weight and sub-target effect. By using lead glass as a sample, which contain Pb, Si, and Ca, it was confirmed that the emission front of the Pb I 450.8 nm, Si 1288.2 nm and Ca I 422.6 nm almost coincide regardless of their atomic weight. This result also supports the shock wave plasma model because, by the stagnation of the propelling atoms, the front position of the all atoms coincides regardless of its mass. In the case of sub-target effect, confirm that plasma could be produced even for soft target if sub-target is set behind the sample. In this case we use a quartz sample as a sub-target and a vinyl tape was attached to the quartz sample as a target. The TEA CO2 laser bombardment was used at 150 ml and at 1 atm of air. The main role of the subtarget is to produce a repulsion force for atom gushing with high speed. For shock wave, high speed is necessary condition to compress the gas.Coincidence of the movement of the shock wave front and the emission front in the initial stages of plasma expansion is a direct proof of the shock wave plasma model. By improving the detection technique of the density jump associated with the shock wave, the correlation between the shock wave front and the emission front was examined in detail. For this purpose rainbow interferometer system, which has higher sensitivity compared with the shadowgraph technique, was used to detect the density jump signal. We succeed to realize simultaneous detection of shock wave front and emission front from 3 Ton until 1 atm of air when a quartz sample is bombarded with a 600 nil TEA C02 laser. In all pressure that were examined, the shock wave front and the emission front always coincide and move together with time in the initial stages and separate at the later stages with emission front left behind the shock wave front. The coincidence of the shock wave front and emission front and move together with time at the initial stages of plasma expansion was also obtained by using ruby as a sample at 10 Torr and 100 Ton of air as well as with museum glass at the same laser pulse energy.Another important experimental result obtained in this experiment is that confirmation of the coincidence of the target atomic emission front and gas atomic emission front and density jump. This confirmation was obtained by examined a Quartz sample in 50 Ton of helium and a zinc sample in 100 Ton of helium. This result strongly supports the shock wave plasma model because, in ordinary shock tube experiment, gas emission takes place just behind the shock wave.From a practical point of view of direct microanalysis for spectrochemicaI application of alloy metal samples such as brass, selective vaporization effect was also studied. The results showed that even for Nd-YAG laser with short pulse duration (8 ns) and high power density (30 GWcm 2), selective vaporization take place to a certain extend. It was demonstrated in this experiment that selective vaporization is enhanced if the laser irradiation was repeated on the same spot of sample surface. Meanwhile it was also shown in this experiment that the effect of selective vaporization could be significantly suppressed by increasing the surrounding gas pressure from 2 Toff to around 50 Torr of air."

"One of the main reasons for continuing interest in shock focusing is its ability to concentrate energy in a small volume and produce extreme temperatures and pressures in fluids in a controlled laboratory environment. The phenomenon of shock wave focusing leading to extreme conditions in fluids during micro- and nanosecond time intervals is a spectacular example of mechanics at small length and time scales revealing the major properties of shock dynamics including high-temperature gas phenomena. Production of high-energy concentrations in gases and fluids with star-like temperatures and extreme pressures by means of a stable imploding shock is of great interest not only in its own right but also because of the connection to a multitude of phenomena in nature, technology and medicine."

"ABSTRAKDengan mengfokuskan berkas pulsa laser karbon dioksida pada berbagai macam target pada tekanan rendah, akan terbentuk plasma yang unik. Dalam disertasi ini struktur dan dinamika dari plasma yang unik ini dapat diperoleh dengan mengembangkan metode pengamatan plasma yang baru yaitu pengukuran distribusi ruang dari intensitas emisi pada berbagai waktu tunda. Plasma ini terdiri atas daft bagian; pertama yaitu bagian kecil dari plasma (disebut plasma primer) yang memancarkan spektrum emisi kontinu hanya untuk beberapa seat diatas permukaan target. Bagian yang lain (plasma sekunder) mengembang sesuai waktu disekeliling plasma primer, memancarkan spektrum garis atomik yang sangat tajam dengan emisi latar belakang yang sangat rendah.Juga ditunjukan bahwa emisi dari atom-atom yang terpancar keluar dari target membentuk struktur kulit (tipis), dan ionisasi dari atom-atom berlangsung lebih lambat dari pada eksitasi dari atom-atom netral. Laju pergeseran dari muka emisi adalah sebanding dengan waktu pangkat due per lima. Juga berhasil diamati bahwa titik dimana sinyal emisi mulal tampak adalah sama untuk berbagai macam target meskipun berbeda pada berat atomnya. Hasil ini mendukung model bahwa plasma sekunder dibentuk mengikuti prinsip gelombang kejut dengan plasma primer sebagai sumber energi awal.Dengan memakal gas helium dan argon disekeliling target pada tekanan rendah, dua proses eksitasi yang berbeda terjadi pada saat pembentukan plasma sekunder. Proses eksitasi pertama disebabkan oleh mekanisma gelombang kejut, sedangkan eksitasi kedua disebabkan oleh tingkat energi metastabil pada gas mulia. Proses eksitasi kedua ini menyalurkan energi metastabil yang disimpan oleh gas mulia pada atom-atom yang dipancarkan oleh target meskipun lama setelah pulsa laser berakhir, sehingga menghasilkan intensitas emisi yang lebih tinggi di gas mulia dibandingkan di udara.Temperatur tinggi pada plasma sekunder sebagai akibat dari kecepatan propagasi yang tinggi dari muka plasma menyebabkan plasma ini sangat cocok digunakan untuk mendeteksi atom-atom halogen yang biasanya sangat sukar diidentifikasi karena tingkat energinya yang sangat tinggi. Aplikasi analitis untuk mendeteksi unsur halogen pada contoh bubuk kimia maupun kalsium pada bahan makanan menunjukkan hubungan yang linter pada kurva kalibrasi. dalam metode Laser Microprobe Spectrochemical Analysis (LHSA) yang umum dipakai hingga saat ini untuk analisa spektrokimia, tidak terdapat hubungan yang tinier pada kurva kalibrasinya karena timbul penyarapan sendiri (self absorption) yang sangat kuat, .lumlah minimum yang dapat dideteksi untuk Cl adalah 5 ppm dan 10 ppm untuk Ca, yang mane Jauh lebih balk dibandingkan dengan metode Induction Couple Plasma (ICP) maupun metode lain. Hingga saat ini metode ICP adalah metode ter-balk yang banyak dipakal untuk analisa elemen-elemen pads bahan makanan. Metode kami akan dikembangkan menjadi metode analisa kuantitatif yang cepat, akurat dan. memiliki sensitivitas yang tinggi tidak Baja pada bahan makanan tetapi juga pada bahan biologi, geologi dan lain-lain.

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ABSTRACT

A study has been conducted on the formation of the unique plasma generated by focusing a TEA CO2 laser onto various targets with low pressure surrounding gases. A new method of time-resolved measurement of spatial distribution of the plasma was carried out for analyzing the plasma structure and dynamics. The unique laser induced plasma consists of two distinct regions; the first is a small area of plasma (called primary plasma), which gives off intense continuous emission spectra for a short time just above the surface of the target. The other area (secondary plasma) expands with time around the primary plasma, emitting sharp atomic line spectra with negligibly low background signals.

It is clearly shown that emission due to the gushed atoms from the target form shell structure, and the ionization of the atoms proceeds at slower rate than the excitation of the neutral atoms. The displacement of the emission expansion is proportional to the two-fifths power of time. It has been also observed that the rising point in the time-resolved spatial distribution of the emission 1s the same regardless of the difference in atomic weight. These results support the model that the secondary plasma is excited by a shock wave with primary plasma serving as the initial explosion source.

By using helium and argon as a surrounding gases, two different excitation processes take place in farming the secondary plasma. The first excitation process is due to the shock wave mechanism, while the second process is due to the metastable state of the noble gases. It is believed that this second process transfers metastable energy to the vaporized atoms of the target for emission, even long after the laser bombardment ends, thus giving total emission intensity that is higher in the noble gases than yielding in air.

The high temperature generated in the secondary plasma as a result of its high propagating front speed has made it favorable for use in detecting atoms such as halogens which are usually very difficult to identify because of their high lying electronic energy level. Analytical application to the detection of halogen atoms in chemical powder and calcium in food material shows good linearity in the calibration curve. In the ordinary Laser Microprobe Spectra-chemical Analysis (LMSA), the calibration curve is not linear due to the strong self absorption. The detection limit of Cl, Ca is 5 ppm and 10 ppm respectively which is-better than ICP (50 ppm for Cl) and other methods. So far, ICP emission spectrometry has been used as the most convenient method for simultaneous multi elemental analysis of food materials. Our method will be developed as a rapid, high-precision, highly sensitive quantitative analytical method for not only food materials but also other biological and geological samples."

"Pengantar: Batu saluran kencing adalah salah satu penyebab yang paling sering dari nyeri kolik yang muncul pada layanan kesehatan primer. Penanganan dari kasus batu saluran kemih dibagi menjadi beberapa kelompok yaitu operatif dan juga konservatif. Cystone adalah salah satu terapi tambahan yang dapat ditambahkan pada regimen penanganan konservatif untuk ukuran batu dan memudahkan pengeluaran batu saluran kemih. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat keamanan dan efektivitas dari pemberian Cystone ini pasca tindakan ESWL. Metodologi : Penelitian ini dilakukan antara bulan Mei 2014-November 2015, jumlah sampel yang berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 81 sampel, 42 berada pada grup cystone dan 39 dalam grup placebo. Setelah dilakukan ESWL, satu grup diberikan tablet cystone 2 x 2 setiap hari selama 4 minggu, grup lain diberikan placebo. Penanganan lanjutan seperti KUB radiografi, CT urografi dan juga pemeriksaan USG dilakukan setelah mengkonsumsi obat-obatan ini.Hasil: Dari 84 sampel yang berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini, karkteristik demografik dan baseline antara grup tatalaksana dan grup placebo mirip satu sama lain. Tidak ada perbedaan statistic yang signifikan antara besar batu sebelum dan sesudah konsumsi cystone baik pada grup cystone ataupun placebo. Satu kejadian efek samping yang serius dilaporkan pada grup cystone, tidak ada kejadian efek samping yang berat terlihat pada grup placebo. Diskusi: Penelitian sebelumnya memperlihatkan bahwa cystone ini secara signifikan dapat memperkecil besar batu ginjal dan mengubah komposisi batu ginjal. Hasil yang berbeda ini kemungkinan disebabkan oleh perbedaan besar batu ginjal baik pada riset ini maupun literature-literatur sebelumnya. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, kami tidak merekomendasikan penggunaan cystone sebagai terapi adjunctive- management conservative dari batu ginjal ini.

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Introduction: Urinary stone is one of the most common cause of colicky pain in primary care. Management of urinary stone is divided into operative management and conservative management. Cystone is one of the traditional adjunctive therapy that may added to conservative management regiment to reduce kidney stone size and speed-up the stone passing. This study aims to see the efficacy and safety of Cystone after Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy. Methods : This clinical trial was conducted from May 2014-November 2015, the total sample for this research are 81 samples, 42 in cystone group and 39 in placebo group. After undergoing ESWL procedure, one group were given 2 x 2 cystone tables daily for 4 weeks, and the other were given placebo. Further examination such as KUB radiography, CT urography, USG examination were conducted after consumption of the drugs. Results : Among 84 subjects that participated in this research, demographic charcteristics and baseline disease were comparable. No statistically significant changes on the stone size in both cystone and placebo group. One serious adverse event appeared in cystone group compared to none in the placebo group. Discussion: Previous research showed that cystone made significant changes on the renal stone size and composition. This differing results may be caused by different stone sizes in both this research and previous literature. Based on this research’s result we do not recommend using cystone as an adjunctive conservative management of renal stone"

"ABSTRACTA comprehensive study has been made on the dynamical process taking place in the laser-plasma generation i.nduced by a TEA CO2 laser bombardment on metal target and non-metal target Eom low to high pressures surrounding gas. ln the case of metal target, pure zinc plate was used as a target and bombarded with 400 ml laser pulse energy. Dynamical characterization of plasma expansion and excitation were examined in detail both for target atomic emission (Zn I 481.0 nm) and gas atomic emission (He I 587.6 nm) by using an unique time-resolved spatial distribution measurement and conventionalemission spectroscopic detection method. The resultsshowed that the plasma expands and develops with time. The mechanism of plasma generation can be classified into three cases depending on the surrounding gas pressures; target shock wave plasma in the pnessure range between 2 Torr and 20 Torr, coupling shock wave plasma in the pressure range between S0 Torr and 200 Torr and gas ?break down shock wave plasma in the pressure range between 200 Torr and 1 atm. In all cases in the laser-plasma generation under TEA CO; laser bombardment on metal target, shock wave process-always plays important role forexciting the target atoms and gas molecules.ln the case of , non-metal target, a museum glass was used as a target and bombarded with a 400 mJ laser; pulse energy By using the conventional emission spectroscopic detection method, namely temporally and spatially integrated and time-resolved spatially integrated of plasma emission, it was shown that the plasma mainly consists of target atomic emission. Only weak gas atomic emission intensity could be observed even at 1 atm of surrounding gas pressure. These results indicate that the gas breakdown is not a major process responsible to the plasma formation even at high pressure surrounding gas. Shock wave process was considered as animportant role in this plasma formation. By the use of shadowgraph technique to detect the density jump signal due to the shock wave front involving a He-Ne laser as a probe light, simultaneous detection of the shock wave Bent and the emission iiont was successfully implemented. The result showed that at the initial stages of plasma expansion shock wave 'dont and emission front coincide and move together with time. At the later stages of plasma expansion the two fronts become separate with the emission front left behind the shock wave front. These results are completely coinciding with the shock wave plasma model. Unfortunately, in this experiment we succeed to detect the density jump signal only for high pressure surrounding gas, above 100 Torr. At the pressures lower than 100 Torr the density jump signal was very weak and it is diflicult to distinguish with the noise including in the signal.The other important experimental results that support the shock wave plasma model were also obtained in this experiment, namely the coincidence of emission iziont regardless of their atomic weight and sub-target effect. By using lead glass as a sample, which contain Pb, Si, and Ca, it was confirmed that the emission front of the Pb 1450.8 nm, Si I 288.2 nm and Ca I 422.6 nm almost coincide regardless of their atomic weight. This result also supports the shock wave plasma model because, by the stagnation of the propelling atoms, the front position of the all atoms coincides regardless of its mass. In the case of sub-target effect, we confirmed that plasmacould be produced even for sch target if sub-target is set behind the sample. In this case we use a sample as a sub-target and a vinyl tape was attached to the quartz sample as a target. The TEA CO2 laser bombardment was used at 150 mJ and at 1 atm of air. The main role ofthe subtarget is to produce a repulsion force for atom gushing with high speed. For shock wave, high speed is necessary condition to compress the gas.Coincidence of the movement of the shock wave iiiont and the emission front in the initial stages of plasma expansion is a direct proof of the shock wave plasma model. By improving the detection technique of the density jump associated with the shock wave, the correlation between the shockwave fiont and the emission front was examined in detail. For this purpose rainbow interferometer system, which has higher sensitivity compared with the shadowgraph technique, was used to detect the density jump signal. We succeed to realize simultaneous detection of shock wave front and emission front iiom 3 Torr until 1 atm of air when a quartz sample is bombarded with a 600 mJ TEA CO2 laser. In all pressure that were examined, the shock wave front and the emission front always coincide and move together with time in the initial stages and separate at the later stages with emission front left behind the shock wave tiont. The coincidence of the shock wave iiont and emission front and move together with time at the initial stages of plasma expansion was also obtained by using ruby as a sample at 10 Torr and 100 Torr of air as well as with museum glass at the same laser pulse energy."

"Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) merupakan terapi non-invasif yang menjadi tatalaksana lini pertama batu ureter. Terdapat berbagai faktor yang diduga dapat mempengaruhi tingkat keberhasilan ESWL, diantaranya lokasi batu dan ukuran batu ureter. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan adanya hubungan antara lokasi batu dan ukuran batu dengan tingkat keberhasilan ESWL pada pasien batu ureter. Penelitian dilakukan di Departemen Urologi Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo dengan mengambil 106 data rekam medis pasien laki-laki tahun 2009-2011 dengan batu ureter unilateral yang sudah dilakukan ESWL. Data kemudian dikelompokkan sesuai dengan kategori ukuran batu (diameter <10 mm atau ≥10 mm) dan lokasi batu (proksimal atau distal ureter), lalu dihitung persentase keberhasilan ESWL dan dianalisis dengan uji regresi logistik untuk melihat kemaknaannya. Didapatkan bahwa sampel memiliki rentang usia 27-74 tahun (mean 43,5 tahun). Persentase keberhasilan ESWL lebih tinggi pada batu ukuran <10 mm (92,4%) dibanding batu ukuran ≥10 mm (70,4%) (p=0,01, OR: 4,806(1,453-15,905)). Didapatkan juga persentase keberhasilan ESWL lebih tinggi pada batu ureter proksimal (92,2%) dibandingkan ureter distal (78,6%) (p=0,081, OR: 2,957(0,875-9,987)). Disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan bermakna antara ukuran batu ureter dengan tingkat keberhasilan ESWL tetapi tidak terdapat hubungan lokasi batu ureter dan tingkat keberhasilan ESWL.

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Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) is a non-invasive, first-line treatment for ureteral stone. There are multiple factors thought to be influencing its success rate, including stone location and size in the ureter. This study's objective was to prove the relationship between stone location and size with ESWL success rate in male unilateral ureteral stone patients. This study was done at Urology Departement Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. 106 patients met the inclusion criteria. The collected data were then grouped according to their categorizations for stone size (<10 mm or ≥10 mm) or location (proximal or distal), then their ESWL successs percentage were counted and analyzed using regression logistic test.

It was found that from samples with age ranging from 27-74 years old (mean 43,5 years old), the ESWL success rate in <10 mm stone size patients was higher (92,4%) than in ≥10 mm size (70,4%) (p=0,01, OR: 4,806(1,453-15,905)). It was also found that ESWL success rate in proximal stones is higher (92,2%) than in distal stones (78,6%) (p=0,081, OR: 2,957(0,875-9,987)). In conclusion, there was a relationship only between ureteral stone size with ESWL success rate in ureteral stone patients, but there was no relationship ureteral stone location and ESWL success rate."

"Tesis ini disusun untuk menilai perbedaan skor nyeri (VAS), fleksibilitas (LGS), kemampuan fungsional (WOMAC) dan ketebalan ligamen kolateral medial pada pasien osteoarthritis lutut sebelum dan sesudah mendapatkan Shock Wave Therapy. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain pre-post. Subjek penelitian adalah pasien OA lutut berusia 50 hingga 70 tahun dengan derajat Kellgren-Lawrence 2-3 dan cedera MCL derajat 1 (ketebalan MCL lebih dari 5,6 mm), skor nyeri sedang (31 – 69 mm), dan bersedia berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini dan telah menandatangani lembar persetujuan penelitian setelah mendapat penjelasan. Semua subjek penelitian (n=14) dievaluasi terkait nilai dasar skor nyeri, lingkup gerak sendi, kemampuan fungsional, dan ketebalan MCL. Selama penelitian didapatkan dropout sebanyak 2 subjek (n=12). Terapi SWT diberikan sebanyak 3 kali dengan interval 1 minggu, masing-masing sesi mendapatkan 4000 shock dengan intensitas 1,5 – 4 Bar yang dinaikkan secara bertahap. Terapi SWT dilakukan dengan subjek berada pada posisi berbaring terlentang, lutut ditekuk 90o, tanpa pemberian analgesik topikal. Penilaian Kembali dilakukan pada minggu ke-4 dan ke-8 dan didapatkan perbedaan skor nyeri yang bermakna dari 51,09+13,81 menjadi 29,33+19,95 (p < 0,001), perbedaan skor WOMAC yang bermakna dari 37,5+16,61 menjadi 29,17+16,58 (p = 0,007), perbedaan ketebalan MCL yang bermakna dari 7,73+1,59 mm menjadi 6,8+1,75 (p = 0,01), dan perbedaan yang tidak bermakna pada fleksibilitas (p = 0,317). Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah karakteristik umum pasien OA lutut di RSUPNCM memiliki rerata usia 59 tahun, berjenis kelamin perempuan, dengan derajat KL 3, terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada skor nyeri, kemampuan fungsional, dan ketebalan MCL yang bermakna sesudah mendapatkan terapi ESWT, tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada fleksibilitas sesudah mendapatkan terapi ESWT.

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This thesis was aimed to measure changes in pain score (VAS), flexibility (ROM), functional score (WOMAC), and medial collateral ligament size in knee osteoarthritis patient before and after getting Shock Wave Therapy. The design is pre-post design. The subjects were knee OA patient, ages range from 50 – 70 years old, with Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2-3 and grade 1 MCL sprain (MCL size is more than 5,6 mm), moderate pain score (31 – 69 mm), willing to participate in this study and has signed the informed consent after getting thorough explanation about the study. All subjects (n=14) were evaluated regarding baseline pain score, ROM, functional score, and MCL size. During this research 2 subjects dropped out (n-=12). Shock Wave Therapy was given 3 times with 1-week interval. All subjects were given 4000 shocks with intensity 1,5 – 4 Bar (raised gradually) each session. The therapy were given in supine position, knee flexed 90o, without topical anesthetic. Re-evaluation were done in week 4 and week 8, and were found significant difference in pain score from 51,09+13,81 to 29,33+19,95 (p < 0.001), significant difference in WOMAC score from 37,5+16,61 to 29,17+16,58 (p = 0.007), significant difference in MCL size from 7,73+1,59 mm to 6,8+1,75 (p = 0.01). No significant difference was found in knee ROM (p = 0.317). The conclusions of this study are typical characteristic of knee OA in RSUPNCM has average age 59 years old, female, and KL grade 3, and significant difference in pain score, functional score, and MCL size after getting SWT treatment, no significant difference in knee ROM after getting SWT treatment."

"A study was performed on a laser-induced shock wave plasma generated on high concentration Au-Ag-Cu alloys by a Q-switched Nd-YAG laser of 4.8 mJ under reduced air pressure of 2 Torr. It was found that the total emission intensity of the secondary plasma is proportional to the intensity of the primary plasma, Assuming linear proportionality between the intensity of the primary plasma and the number of atoms vaporized from the target, it is proposed that the quantitative analysis can be applied to the intensities of the analytical emission Iines normalized by the total intensity of the primary plasma. This experimental result demonstrated for each metal element shows an excellent linear relationship between the normalized emission line intensity and the content of corresponding element after primary plasma normalization."

"Laser Nd-YAG dengan energi 26 mj dan 53 mj, lebar pulsa 8ns di/Okla/can ke target (Cu) pada tekanan udara yang dikurangi. Peningkatan rasio sinyal latar belakang (S/B) dimungkinkan dengan kombinasi unik dari plasma yang dibatasi (confined plasma) dan teknik pencitraan (imaging technique). Dengan menggunakan teknik pencitraan, plasma primer (primary plasma) dan bagian tertentu dari plasma sekunder (secondary plasma) memberikan spektrum emisi yang kontinu dipisahkan dari bagian lain plasma sekunder. Dengan metode ini dapat diperoleh spektrum S/B yang tinggi meskipun menggunakan pengukuran waktu terintegrasi (time-integrated). Untuk menkonfirmasikan peran dari mekanisme gelombang kejut (shock-wave) dalam pembentukan plasma, titik fokus radiasi laser dimajukan 3 mm pada permakaan target dan ditemukan bahwa plasma sekunder melengkung ke bagian belakang target pada posisi yang berhubungan dengan area yang ditutupi ketika dilihat dari sisi plasma primer. Fenomena sangat mendukung eksistensi gelombang kejut."

"Penelitian ini menguji metode Deterministic Queuing dan metode Shock Wave untuk menganalisa kemacetan lalu lintas rutin akibat bottleneck pada ruas jalan dengan hambatan (non freeway) berdasarkan prinsip dinamika lalu lintas. Dinamika lalu lintas menggambarkan bahwa arus lalu lintas berubah secara konstan berdasarkan ruang dan waktu sebagai hasil interaksi antara pengemudi, kendaraan, dan jalan. Prinsip konservasi kendaraan akan digunakan dalam menganalisa mekanisme dinamik arus lalu lintas pada kondisi macet.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan rekomendasi mengenai penggunaan metode yang tepat dalam menganalisa kemacetan lalu lintas rutin akibat bottleneck pada jalan dengan hambatan, shock wave method ataukah deterministic queuing method. Selain itu juga untuk mengetahui apakah hasil analisa dengan Shock Wave Method over estimate dibandingkan dengan hasil analisa dengan Deterministic Queuing Method, seperti halnya pada penelitian yang pernah dilakukan sebelumnya pada freeway.Lokasi bottleneck yang diambil adalah di Jalan Rasuna Said, Jakarta Selatan dan di Jalan Laksamana Yos Sudarso, Jakarta Utara. Survey lapangan dilakukan pada lokasi sebelum memasuki ruas bottleneck dan pada ruas bottleneck itu sendiri. Data primer hasil survey adalah waktu tempuh kendaraan dan volume lalu lintas. Kemudian data tersebut diolah untuk mendapatkan data hasil olahan untuk digunakan dalam analisa kemacetan dengan kedua metode tersebut.Perbandingan hasil penggunaan kedua metode tersebut dapat dilihat secara grafis maupun analitis. Secara grafis dihasilkan time-space diagram, Queuing Diagram, dan physical discharging rate diagram. Dimana masing-masing merupakan hasil superimposisi dari beberapa grafik. Sedangkan perbandingan secara analitis didapatkan dari membandingkan beberapa hasil estimasi dengan menngunakan kedua metode tersebut."