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Abstrak :
New essays in science history ranging across the entire field and related in most instance to the works of Charles Gillispie, one of the field's founders.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan kebutuhan informasi para peneliti bidang IPSK-LIPI dan menggambarkan perilaku pencarian informasi para peneliti tersebut dengan menerapkan pola perilaku pencarian informasi dari Ellis (1993). Responden dipilih secara acak sederhana (simple random sampling) dan ditetapakn 97, sedangkan metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan penyebaran kuesioner. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survai dilihat dari pendekatannya, sedangkan dari tingkat penjelasannya penelitian ini termasuk penelitian deskriptif, yang menjelaskan kebutuhan informasi dan perilaku pencarian informasi para peneliti yang bekerja di empat Puslitbang di lingkungan Kedeputian IPSK-LIPI. Oleh karena itu penelitian deskriptif ini dilakukan terhadap variabel mandiri, tanpa membuat perbandingan atau menghubungkan dengan variabel lain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1. Kebutuhan informasi para peneliti disebabkan adanya kondisi yang dialami peneliti berupa kesenjangan pengetahuan antara yang dimiliki dengan yang dibutuhkan. Kondisi kesenjangan pengetahuan tersebut diakibatkan pekerjaan peneliti (tugas penelitian dan pengembangan) dan kondisi tersebut menjadi masalah bagi para peneliti, karena menghambat kegiatan peneliti dalam melaksanakan tugas. 2. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan informasi tersebut, para peneliti membutuhkan bantuan dan layanan informasi berupa: a. Layanan penelusuran dengan alat bantu penelusuran yang terbacakan komputer (OPAC). b. Koleksi literatur sebagai sumber informasi. c. Kerjasama antarperpustakaan bidang IPSK yang bermanfaat bagi masing-masing perpustakaan untuk saling melengkapi dan saling tukar informasi. d. Pustakawan yang dapat mengenali karakteristik setiap peneliti. e. Layanan sirkulasi yang merupakan salah satu jasa utama perpustakaan. 3. Perilaku pencarian informasi ditunjukkan dengan strategi pencarian informasi, berupa aktivitas yang terdiri dari: cara yang ditempuh untuk memperoleh dan mengumpulkan informasi, cara peneliti menyeleksi informasi yang diperoleh, cara peneliti memantau perkembangan informasi, cara peneliti memanfaatkan informasi yang terkumpul, dan Cara peneliti mengatasi hambatan/kendala pada saat mencari informasi. Penelitian ini menerapkan langkah-langkah pencarian informasi dari Ellis (1993), di mana peneliti bidang IPSK umumnya hanya melakukan empat langkah dari enam langkah yang dirumuskan Ellis. Empat langkah tersebut adalah: Pertama melakukan pencarian informasi pada bidang potensial yang diminati (browsing), kedua melakukan seleksi hasil temuan atau informasi yang terkumpul (differentiating), ketiga melakukan pemantauan perkembangan informasi pada bidang terkait (monitoring), keempat mengikuti perkembangan yang terjadi pada bidang yang ditekuni (extracting). Berbagai sumber informasi digunakan para peneliti dalam menjalankan strategi pencarian informasi, berupa literatur (primer dan sekunder) dan individu/manusia (rekan peneliti dan pustakawan). Para peneliti selalu menggunakan media cetak untuk memperoleh informasi, sedangkan media lain yang tersedia (koleksi CD-ROM dan koleksi bentuk mikro) relatif sedikit penggunaannya dibanding media cetak. Para peneliti memanfaatkan informasi untuk melaksanakan tugas dan mengikuti perkembangan yang terjadi pada bidang yang ditekuni, dengan Cara membaca dan membuat kutipan pada kartu. Hambatan yang dialami para peneliti pada saat melakukan strategi pencarian informasi umumnya berhubungan dengan layanan informasi yang disediakan perpustakaan bidang IPSK-LIPI. ......This research is aimed at describing information needs of social science and humanities researchers in Indonesian Institutes of Sciences and describing their information retrieval behaviors by adopting the models of information retrievals of Ellis (1993). Ninety-seven respondents are chosen using simple random sampling technique, while questionnaires were distributed to collect data This research employs survey and descriptive approach to explain the need of information and retrieval behavior of researchers who work for four research centers under the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities. This descriptive research use independent variable, without any comparison or correlation to other variables. The results indicate that: 1. Information needs of researchers rooted from experienced situation where there is a gap between their available knowledge and their need; such situation derives from their job in research and development, and it is becomes a problem for them, because they considers that it hampers them is carrying out their jobs. 2. In order to meet their information needs, they request information services as follows: (a) Information retrieval with Online Public Accessed Catalogue (OPAL), (b) collections of social science and humanities in libraries as information resources, (c) mutual cooperation amongst social science and humanities libraries for information exchange, (d) librarians of social science and humanities who well acquaintance with every researchers' characteristics, (e) circulation service of social science and humanities as the library's main service. 3. The information retrieval behavior is exercised by information retrieval strategy, which comprises of methods to obtain and collect information, method of selecting obtained information, and strategies to overcome their problems in retrieving information. This research applies information retrieval steps developed by Ellis (1993), in which social sciences and humanities researchers are carrying out four of six steps, i.e., first is browsing, doing retrieval of potential subject they like; second is differentiating, to select the result of retrieval or collected information; third is monitoring the development of related information; the forth is extracting, to keep abreast their subject. Researchers in doing information retrieval strategy use various information resources: primary and secondary resources. They usually use printed media to get information, other available media such as CD-ROM and Microforms are relatively less used than printed media. The researchers use information to do their job and to follow the development of their subject by reading and making reference card_ They are facing difficulties in developing search strategies, and have problems with information services provided by Social Science and Humanities library of Indonesia Institute of Sciences.

Abstrak :
The crypto wars have raged for half a century. In the 1970s, digital privacy activists prophesied the emergence of an Orwellian State, made possible by computer-mediated mass surveillance. The antidote: digital encryption. The U.S. government warned encryption would not only prevent surveillance of law-abiding citizens, but of criminals, terrorists, and foreign spies, ushering in a rival dystopian future. Both parties fought to defend the citizenry from what they believed the most perilous threats. The government tried to control encryption to preserve its surveillance capabilities; privacy activists armed citizens with cryptographic tools and challenged encryption regulations in the courts. No clear victor has emerged from the crypto wars. Governments have failed to forge a framework to govern the, at times conflicting, civil liberties of privacy and security in the digital age—an age when such liberties have an outsized influence on the citizen–State power balance. Solving this problem is more urgent than ever. Digital privacy will be one of the most important factors in how we architect twenty-first century societies—its management is paramount to our stewardship of democracy for future generations. We must elevate the quality of debate on cryptography, on how we govern security and privacy in our technology-infused world. Failure to end the crypto wars will result in societies sleepwalking into a future where the citizen–State power balance is determined by a twentieth-century status quo unfit for this century, endangering both our privacy and security. This book provides a history of the crypto wars, with the hope its chronicling sets a foundation for peace.

Abstrak :
This volume gives evidence for the unity of knowledge in evolutionary biology, the evolutionary social sciences, and the evolutionary humanities. It contains 14 separately authored essays, a foreword by Alice Dreger, a theoretical introduction by Joseph Carroll, and afterwords by David Sloan Wilson and Jonathan Gottschall. Edward O. Wilson, Christopher Boehm, Herbert Gintis, Michael Rose, and Henry Harpending discuss human social evolution. Barbara Oakley integrates psychology and engineering. Dan P. McAdams delineates a model of human identity, and Carroll and his collaborators use a similar model for a quantitative study of Victorian novels. Ellen Dissanayake and John Hawks probe the mystery behind the markings ancient humans made on stones. Brian Boyd uses cognitive psychology to analyze poetry and comics. Catherine Salmon and Mathias Clasen use evolutionary psychology to explain salient genres of popular culture: horror fiction, professional wrestling, romance novels, and male adventure novels.