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Abstrak :
Setiap aktifitas selalu berinteraksi dengan bahaya dan risiko bagi keselamatan. Data statistik tahun 2009, didapatkan bahwa tingkat kesalahan yang tertinggi adalah kejadian tumpahan BBM sebanyak 55 kali sehingga perlu dikaji lebih jauh lagi faktor-faktor apa saja yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kasus tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mengakibatkan kejadian tumpahan BBM pada proses loading di Filling Shed Depot X. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan menggunakan studi survei deskriptif. Informan dalam penelitian adalah pengawas Filling Shed, AMT1, SDM dan AMT2. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan telaah dokumen. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan pada faktor kerja meliputi jam kerja yang sangat padat sehingga melebihi batas jam kerja untuk memenuhi minimum rit yang telah ditetapkan. Waktu istirahat juga tidak cukup. Minimnya training keterkaitan dengan prosedur loading BBM di Filling Shed yang menyebabkan kesalahan petunjuk yang ada. Dengan mengoptimalisasikan training yang telah diberikan perlu diadakan safety talk setiap pergantian shift agar awak mobil tangki dapat termotivasi sebelum melakukan pekerjaannya. Faktor pengawasan ini tidak menjadi efisien karena petugas tersebut tidak mendampingi awak mobil tangki saat pengisian di Filling Shed.

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Safety hazards and risks closely interact in any activities. Statistical data in 2009 showed that the highest level of error is the incident of fuel oil overflow i.e. 55 times that needs to be reviewed further what factors relating to that incident. The main purpose of this research is to detect factors that impact the fuel oil overflow incident during loading process at Filling Shed Depot X. Type of the research used qualitatif with descriptive survey study. Informant in this research is the employee on duty of Filling Shed, AMT1, SDM and AMT2. Data collection technique is taken through detailed interview, observation, and document analysis. The result of the research, it is found out the working factor involving tight working hours that exceed the standard working hours to achieve the minimum set rate. And also not enough time to take a rest. A lack of training relating to fuel oil loading procedure at Filling Shed causing heedless of the existing direction. With optimizing given training it needs to conduct safety talk at any shift change in order that the fuel oil tank truck crew can be motivated prior to performing job. Supervision factor can not be efficient since the employee on duty is not closely supervise the crew during fuel oil filling at the Filling Shed.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Sumber sel stromal yang paling ideal digunakan dalam rekayasa jaringan adalah sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen (DPSC) dan sel stromal pulpa gigi sulung (SHED) dikarenakan sifat proliferasinya yang tinggi. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, dinyatakan bahwa terdapat peningkatan ekspresi gen homeobox salah satunya yaitu gen ALX4 sebagai pada pasien celah bibir dan palatum dengan subjek normal. Gen ALX4 adalah gen homeobox dibawah famili Alx dan memiliki peran langsung dalam perkembangan dan pembentukan kepala serta wajah serta mentranslasi protein yang meregulasi perkembangan dan proliferasi sel, pendewasaan dan diferensiasi sel, pergerakan sel, dan pertahanan sel. Namun, karakteristik DPSC dan SHED dilihat dari ekspresi gen ALX4 pada subjek normal dan pasien celah bibir dan palatum belum diketahui. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi karakteristik DPSC dan SHED subjek normal dan pasien CLP berdasarkan ekspresi gen ALX4. Metode: DPSC subjek normal, DPSC pasien celah bibir dan palatum, dan SHED pasien celah bibir dan palatum diperoleh dari bahan biologis tersimpan Laboratorium Oral Biologi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia. Selanjutnya ekspresi gen ALX4 dan housekeeping gene GAPDH diuji dengan two step quantitative RT-PCR (RT-PCR). Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan ekspresi gen ALX4 baik diantara DPSC subjek normal dengan DPSC CLP (p=0,407) maupun DPSC CLP dengan SHED CLP (p=0,145). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan karakteristik sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen dan sel stromal pulpa gigi sulung pada subjek normal dengan pasien celah bibir dan palatum berdasarkan ekspresi gen ALX4. ......Background: The most ideal sources of stromal cells used in tissue engineering are dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) due to their high proliferative properties. In previous studies, it was stated that there was an increase in the expression of homeobox genes (differentially expressed genes (DEGs), one of which was the ALX4 gene as in cleft lip and palate patients with normal subjects. The ALX4 gene is a homeobox gene under the Alx family and has a direct role in the development and formation of the skull and human face, along with the ALX4 proteins that regulate cell development and proliferation, cell maturation and differentiation, cell movement, and cell defence. However, the characteristics of ALX4 gene expression in DPSC and SHED in normal and cleft lip and palate patients are not known. Objective: To evaluate and compare the characteristics of Dental Pulp Stromal Cells (DPSC) and Stromal Cells from Human Exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) in cleft lip and palate and normal subjects by the expression of the ALX4 homeobox gene. Methods: DPSC of normal subjects, DPSC of CLP patients, SHED of CLP patients were obtained from stored biological material in the Oral Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia. Then, the examination of ALX4 gene expression was tested by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Results: There was no difference in ALX4 gene expression between DPSC in normal subjects and DPSC in cleft lip and palate subjects (p=0,407) and between DPSC in cleft lip and palate subjects and SHED in cleft lip and palate subjects (p=0,145). Conclusion: There were no differences in the characteristics of the pulp stromal cells of permanent and primary teeth in normal subjects with cleft lip and palate subjects through the expression of the ALX4 gene.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Sumber sel stromal yang paling ideal digunakan dalam rekayasa jaringan adalah sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen (DPSC) dan sel stromal pulpa gigi sulung (SHED) dikarenakan sifat proliferasinya yang tinggi. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, dinyatakan bahwa terdapat peningkatan ekspresi gen homeobox salah satunya yaitu gen ALX4 sebagai pada pasien celah bibir dan palatum dengan subjek normal. Gen ALX4 adalah gen homeobox dibawah famili Alx dan memiliki peran langsung dalam perkembangan dan pembentukan kepala serta wajah serta mentranslasi protein yang meregulasi perkembangan dan proliferasi sel, pendewasaan dan diferensiasi sel, pergerakan sel, dan pertahanan sel. Namun, karakteristik DPSC dan SHED dilihat dari ekspresi gen ALX4 pada subjek normal dan pasien celah bibir dan palatum belum diketahui. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi karakteristik DPSC dan SHED subjek normal dan pasien CLP berdasarkan ekspresi gen ALX4. Metode: DPSC subjek normal, DPSC pasien celah bibir dan palatum, dan SHED pasien celah bibir dan palatum diperoleh dari bahan biologis tersimpan Laboratorium Oral Biologi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia. Selanjutnya ekspresi gen ALX4 dan housekeeping gene GAPDH diuji dengan two step quantitative RT-PCR (RT-PCR). Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan ekspresi gen ALX4 baik diantara DPSC subjek normal dengan DPSC CLP (p=0,407) maupun DPSC CLP dengan SHED CLP (p=0,145). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan karakteristik sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen dan sel stromal pulpa gigi sulung pada subjek normal dengan pasien celah bibir dan palatum berdasarkan ekspresi gen ALX4 ......Background: The most ideal sources of stromal cells used in tissue engineering are dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) due to their high proliferative properties. In previous studies, it was stated that there was an increase in the expression of homeobox genes (differentially expressed genes (DEGs), one of which was the ALX4 gene as in cleft lip and palate patients with normal subjects. The ALX4 gene is a homeobox gene under the Alx family and has a direct role in the development and formation of the skull and human face, along with the ALX4 proteins that regulate cell development and proliferation, cell maturation and differentiation, cell movement, and cell defence. However, the characteristics of ALX4 gene expression in DPSC and SHED in normal and cleft lip and palate patients are not known. Objective: To evaluate and compare the characteristics of Dental Pulp Stromal Cells (DPSC) and Stromal Cells from Human Exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) in cleft lip and palate and normal subjects by the expression of the ALX4 homeobox gene. Methods: DPSC of normal subjects, DPSC of CLP patients, SHED of CLP patients were obtained from stored biological material in the Oral Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia. Then, the examination of ALX4 gene expression was tested by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Results: There was no difference in ALX4 gene expression between DPSC in normal subjects and DPSC in cleft lip and palate subjects (p=0,407) and between DPSC in cleft lip and palate subjects and SHED in cleft lip and palate subjects (p=0,145). Conclusion: There were no differences in the characteristics of the pulp stromal cells of permanent and primary teeth in normal subjects with cleft lip and palate subjects through the expression of the ALX4 gene.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Meningkatnya angka kejadian stroke dan beratnya disabilitas dari penderita stroke yang bertahan hidup, menjadikan diperlukannya terapi yang optimal untuk restorasi paska stroke. Neurorestorasi dengan transplantasi sel punca menjanjikan perbaikan luaran fungsional yang baik pada pasien stroke iskemik. Penelitian ini dibuat untuk mengamati efek transplantasi Stem Cell from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth SHED pada luaran klinis dan rasio sel neuron mati pada model stroke iskemik, untuk mendapatkan terapi yang optimal untuk stroke iskemik. Metode: Pembuatan tikus model stroke iskemik dilakukan dengan oklusi arteri cerebri media (MCAO). Pada 48 jam setelah MCAO, dilakukan transplantasi sel mesenkimal asal SHED secara intravena, dengan dosis 2x106/kgBB. Dilakukan evaluasi fungsional tikus secara neurobehaviour dengan tes Y Maze, dan evaluasi sensorimotor tikus dengan tes silinder. Evaluasi rasio neuron mati dilakukan dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin dan Eosin. Hasil: Terdapat perbaikan evaluasi neurobehaviour dengan Y Maze (p=0,04) dan evaluasi sensorimotor dengan tes silinder (p=0,04) pada 14 hari setelah transplantasi pada kelompok tikus yang ditransplantasi SHED dibandingkan kontrol. Terdapat pengurangan rasio sel neuron mati (p=0,0) pada tikus yang ditransplantasi SHED pada 21 hari setelah MCAO. Kesimpulan: Transplantasi SHED pada tikus model stroke iskemik pada fase akut stroke menunjukkan perbaikan klinis dan terdapat pengurangan rasio neuron mati pada otak tikus model stroke iskemik yang di transplantasi dengan sel mesenkimal asal SHED.

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Background: The incidence of stroke reaches 15 million cases worldwide, and 5 million stroke survivors suffered permanent disability. Ischemic stroke causes a burden on health problems particularly in Indonesia. The prevalence of stroke in Indonesia in 2013 is 7 per 1000 population. The optimal stroke restoration therapy required, and neurorestoration with stem cell transplantation is a promising therapy that provides functional improvements for ischemic stroke. This research was conducted to observe the effects of Stem Cell from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED) transplantation on the clinical improvement and neuron death ratio in the brain of rats models with ischemic stroke. Methods: One group of normal rats and two groups (n=5) of male wistar rats undergone permenents Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO). SHED transplantation performed 48 hours after MCAO, by intravenous injection with a dose of 2x106 cells/kg. Functional evaluation conducted in rats with Y Maze and cylinder Test. Evaluation of the death neurons ratio in brain cortex area done by Hematoksilin and Eosin staining.Results : The functional evaluation using Y Maze and Cylinder Test was significantly improved in the treatment group compared to the control stroke group p < 0,05 14 days after MCAO. There was a reduction in the neuron death ratio p = 0.0 in rats transplanted with SHED.Conclusion : SHED transplantation in acute stroke showed clinical improvement and reduction in the neuron death ratio in the brain of rat models with ischemic stroke. Keywords: Cell transplantation, Ischemic Stroke, MCAO, SHED

Abstrak :
Pertumbuhan kanker tidak hanya ditentukan oleh adanya sel kanker itu sendiri akan tetapi ditentukan juga oleh lingkungan mikro disekitarnya. Lingkungan mikro tersebut merupakan jaringan yang heterogen dengan adanya interaksi sel termasuk sel punca mesenkim. Sekretom mengandung faktor-faktor biologis terlarut yang dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan sel kanker. Stem cell from Human Exfoliated Deciduous SHED diketahui merupakan sumber sel punca yang memiliki banyak potensi. Sampai saat ini belum diketahui bagaimana dampak pemberian CM dari SHED terhadap sel punca kanker payudara. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pemberian conditioned medium kultur SHED pada sel punca kanker payudara terhadap viablitas, proliferasi dan tumorigenitas serta kepuncaan dari sel punca kanker payudaraALDH dan sel punca kanker MCF7. Conditioned medium SHED SHED-CM adalah medium kultur bebas serum sel SHED yang dikumpulkan dalam 24 jam dan 48 jam. ALDH dan MCF7diberikan 50 v/v SHED-CM 24 jam dan 48 jam dan di inkubasi selama 72 jam. Hal yang sama dilakukan untukperlakuan aktivasi CM dengan suhu. CM sebelum digunakan terlebih dahulu dipanaskan dalam suhu 80 C selama 10 menit. Kontrol adalah sel yang diberikan 50 v/v a-MEM. Perhitungan viabilitas sel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Trypan Blue Exclusion Assay dan ekspresi relatif mRNA dari TGF-b1, TGF-b1 receptor TBRI , ALDH1A1 dan OCT4 menggunakan qRT-PCR dan analisis menggunakan perhitungan livak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekspresi relatif dari TGF-b1, TGF-b1 reseptor TBRI , ALDH1A1 dan OCT4 pada sel ALDH dan MCF7 pasca induksi dengan CM SHED mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Selain itu, peningkatan yang lebih signifikan ditunjukkan pada perlakuan aktivasi dibandingkan yang tidak diaktivasi. Hal yang berbeda pada hasil uji viabilitas sel. Viabilitas sel mengalami penurunan pasca induksi dengan CM SHED sedangkan setelah diinduksi dengan CM SHED yang telah diaktivasi, viabilitas sel mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan pada sel ALDH dan MCF7. Dengan demikian sekretom SHED dapat meningkatkan viabilitas dan proliferasi serta kemampuan kepuncaan dari ALDH dan MCF7.

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Cancer development is not only determined by corresponding of cancer cells but also by the microenvironment. This includes a heterogen network of interacting cell include mesenchymal stem cells. Conditioned medium of MSC culture containing soluble factor hes been identified to affect intercellular communicating between MSC and cancer cells which could affect the stemness of cancer cells. Many studies reported that Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth SHED as a novel stem cell source with multipotent potential. However, the effect of MSC interaction with cancer cells can not be clearly understood so that the effects of safety in its utilization are not yet known for certain. This study is to confirm the relation between secretom of MSC from SHED with the stemness and agresiveness of ALDH and MCF7. SHED conditioned medium SHED CM , SHED were grown in serum free a MEM for 24 and 48 hours, consist of two groups, non heated and heated at 80 C for 10 min. Human BCSCs ALDH cultured in DMEM F12 were supplemented with 50 v v CM SHED 24 h and 48 h, as well as with heated by 72 h incubation. Control was BCSCs supplemented with 50 v v a MEM. We measured the viability with trypan blue assay and mRNA expression of TGF b1, TGF b1 receptor TBRI , as well as stemness genes ALDH1A1 and OCT4 using qRT PCR. The relative mRNA expression levels of TGF b1, T RI, OCT4 and ALDH1A1 in BCSCs supplemented with non heated SHED CM were increased compared to their control and also after TGF b1 heat activation was significantly higher than in non heated SHED CM. In the other hand, the viability cell was significantly reduced after supplemented with non heated SHED CM, but increased higher than control when treated with heated SHED CM, there are may be a role of the TGF b1 signaling involvement of other factors in SHED CM affect cell proliferation and increase the stemness. We found that secretomes SHED can increase proliferation of breast cancer stem cells ALDH and also expression of stemness gene OCT4 and ALDH1A1. the activation with heated can enhance the increase of proliferation and stemness. We assumed that signalling of TGF can affect tumor proggresion of ALDH and MCF7

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Latar belakang. Eksitoksisitas merupakan salah satu mekanisme penting dalam kerusakan otak masa perinatal. Eksitoksisitas terjadi akibat peningkatan glutamat ekstrasel. Stem cell From Human Exfoliated Deciduous dapat mensekresi enzim GAD yang akan memgkatalisis perubahan glutamat menjadi GABA. Perubahan glutamat menjadi GABA menyebabkan kadar glutamat ekstrasel menurun, namun peningkatan GABA dapat menyebabkan terjadinya depolarisasi yang dapat berakibat timbulnya eksitoksisitas. penelitian bertujuan untuk menentukan potensi neuroproteksi CM SHED mencegah kerusakan progenitor neuron akibat induksi glutamat.Metode. Progenitor neuron diisolasi dari otak tikus umur 2 hari dan conditioned medium didapat dari MSC SHED. Sampel dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kultur progenitor neuron dengan medium neurobasal tanpa glutamat dan glisin N- , dengan medium neurobasal ditambah glutamat dan glisin N , dengan CM SHED tanpa glutamat dan glisin K- , dengan CM SHED ditambah glutamat dan glisin K . Pada progenitor neuron dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar mRNA GABAAR1, subunit NR2B NMDAR dengan RT PCR, kadar protein NMDAR1 dan GABAAR1 dengan ELISA. Caspase -3 dan 7AAD dengan Muse. Pada CM dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar GABA dengan Elisa.Hasil. Viabilitas progenitor neuron pada kelompok K 78,05 lebih tinggi dari kelompok kontrol N- 73,22 , sedangkan kelompok N lebih kecil 68,90 . Kelompok K memiliki kadar GABA paling tinggi dan berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok lainnya, sedangkan pada kelompok N paling kecil. Kadar GABA yang tinggi pada kelompok K diduga karena adanya enzim GAD yang dapat mengkatalisis perubahan glutamat menjadi GABA pada CM SHED. Hasil pemeriksaan mRNA GABAAR1 kelompok K paling tinggi dibandingkan kelompok lain, diduga disebabkan GABA dapat mengaktivasi jalur MAPK yang menyebabkan terjadinya proses transkripsi mRNA GABAAR1. Kadar protein GABAAR1 pada kelompok K paling kecil dibandingkan kelompok lain, hal ini diduga disebabkan karena adanya perubahan subunit dari 2 akibat peningkatan kadar GABA. Kadar GABA yang rendah pada kelompok N diduga disebabkan GABA banyak terpakai terikat dengan reseptor GABAAR1, sehingga terlihat rendah saat pemeriksaan. Hasil ini sesuai dengan pemeriksaan kadar GABAAR1, dimana pada kelompok N kadar GABAAR1 paling tinggi. Kemungkinan lain adalah adanya umpan balik negatif oleh GABAAR1. Pada pemeriksaan mRNA GABAAR1 kelompok N didapat penurunan ekspresi relatif terhadap kontrol. Diduga peningkatan protein GABAAR1 sudah tidak diperlukan sehingga ekspresi mRNA GABAAR1 dihambat. Pemeriksaan dilakukan setelah perlakuan selama 24 jam, diduga kondisi progenitor neuron telah mengalami fase akhir. Terdapat perubahan dinamik pada regulasi GABAAR1 progenitor neuron. Pada fase awal aktivitas eksitatorik merupakan hasil kerjasama GABAAR1 dan NMDAR, kemudian terjadi perubahan aktivitas GABAAR1 dari eksitatorik menjadi inhibitorik. Pada kelompok N diduga aktivitas inhibitorik GABAAR1 tidak dapat mengatasi aktivitas eksitatorik akibat induksi glutamat, sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya apoptosis. Sedangkan pada kelompok K , dimana terdapat peningkatan GABA akibat CM SHED, aktivitas inhibitorik GABAAR1 dapat mengimbangi aktivitas eksitatorik oleh glutamat sehingga terjadi neuroproteksi.Kesimpulan. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan CM SHED memiliki potensi neuroproteksi dalam mencegah apoptosis progenitor neuron akibat induksi glutamat.

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ABSTRACT
Backgound. Exitoxicity is one of the important mechanisms in perinatal period brain damage. Exitoxicity results from increased extracellular glutamate. Stemcell From Human Exfoliated Deciduous can secrete a GAD enzyme that will analyze the change of glutamate to GABA. The change of glutamate to GABA causes extracellular glutamate levels to decrease, but an increase in GABA can lead to depolarization which may result in the excitoxicity. the study aimed to determine the potential neuroprotection of CM SHED to prevent progenitor neuron damage of glutamate induction.Method. Progenitor neurons were isolated from the brains of mice aged 2 days and conditioned medium obtained from MSC SHED. The samples were divided into 4 groups, ie the progenitor culture group of neurons with neutral glutamate and neurobasal medium N- , with neurobasal medium plus glutamate and glycine N , with CM SHED without glutamate and glycine K- , with CM SHED plus glutamate and glycine K . In progenitor neuron, GABAAR1 mRNA, NR2B NMDAR subunit with PCR RT, protein NMDAR1 and GABAAR1 with ELISA were examined. Caspase -3 and 7AAD with Muse. In CM, GABA levels were evaluated with Elisa.Result. The viability of progenitor neurons in the K group 78.05 was higher than the control group N 73.22 , whereas the N group was smaller 68.90 . The K group had the highest levels of GABA and was significantly different from the other groups, whereas in the smallest N group. High GABA levels in the K group are thought as a result of the presence of GAD enzymes that can catalyze the change of glutamate to GABA in CM SHED. The highest level of GABAAR1 group compared to other groups was thought to be caused by GABA to activate MAPK pathway causing transcription of GABAAR1 mRNA. The level of GABAAR1 protein in the K group was the smallest compared to the other groups, presumably due to a subunit change from ? 2 due to elevated levels of GABA. Low levels of GABA in the N group are thought to be caused by GABA being widely used bound with GABAAR1 receptors, making it noticeably low during examination. This result is in accordance with the GABAAR1 concentration, which in the N group of GABAAR1 levels is highest. Another possibility is negative feedback by GABAAR1. On examination of group GABAAR1 mRNA N , there was a decrease in expression relative to control. It is suspected that the increase in GABAAR1 protein is not needed so that GABAAR1 mRNA expression is inhibited. The examination was performed after 24 hours treatment, presumably progenitor neuron has ending phase. There is a dynamic change in GABAAR1 progenitor neuron regulation. In the early phase of excitatory activity is the result of cooperation GABAAR1 and NMDAR, then there is a change of activity GABAAR1 from excitatory become inhibitory. In the N group it is suspected that GABAAR1 inhibitory activity can not overcome the excitatory activity by caused of glutamate induction, thus causing apoptosis. While in the K group, where there is an increase in GABA considering CM SHED, GABAAR1 inhibitory activity can compensate for the excitatory activity by glutamate resulting in neuroprotection.Conclution. From the results of this study can be concluded CM SHED has the potential of neuroprotection in preventing progenitor neuron apoptosis through glutamate induction.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Gen Homeobox adalah gen pengatur perkembangan antara lain morfogenesis sel dengan menyandikan faktor transkripsi pada tahap awal embriogenesis dan diferensiasi sel. Gen EN1 adalah gen Homeobox yang berperan dalam proses pembentukan tulang. Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa gen EN1 mengalami overexpression signifikan pada sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen pasien celah bibir dan palatum. Namun, pengaruh gen EN1 pada karakteristik sel stromal pulpa gigi sulung dan permanen subjek normal dan pasien celah bibir dan palatum belum diketahui secara pasti. Tujuan: Melakukan verifikasi karakteristik sel stromal gigi permanen pasien celah bibir dan palatum dan subjek normal serta sel stromal gigi sulung pasien celah bibir dan palatum melalui ekspresi gen EN1. Metode: Sampel RNA DPSC subjek normal (n=2), DPSC CLP (n=2), SHED CLP (n=2) diperoleh dari bahan biologis tersimpan Laboratorum Oral Biologi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia. Kemudian, dilakukan sintesis cDNA dan standarisasi konsentrasi sampel hasil sintesis cDNA. Selanjutnya, ekspresi gen EN1 dan gen referensi GAPDH diuji dengan quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna ekspresi gen EN1, antara DPSC subjek normal dengan DPSC CLP (p≥0,05) sedangkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna ekspresi gen EN1 antara sel DPSC CLP dengan sel SHED CLP (p≤,05). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan karakteristik sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen antara subjek normal dan pasien celah bibir dan palatum, sedangkan terdapat perbedaan antara sel stromal pulpa gigi sulung dan sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen pada pasien celah bibir dan palatum. ......Background: Homeobox gene is a group of master regulatory developmental genes which are responsible for encode transcription factor in the early phase of embryogenesis and for cell differentiation. EN1 gene is a Homeobox gene that has a role in bone formation. The latest research discovered that EN1 gene was significantly overexpressed in Permanent Teeth’s Stromal Cell of Cleft Lip and Palate Subjects. However, the effect of EN1 gene on the characteristics of Permanent and Deciduous Teeth’s Stromal Cell of Normal Subjects and Cleft Lip and Palate Subjects still remain unknown. Objective: To Verify on the characteristic of the Permanent Teeth’s Stromal Cell between Cleft Lip and Palate Patients and Normal Subjects as well as the characteristic between the Permanent Teeth’s Stromal Cell of Cleft Lip and Palate Patients and Deciduous Teeth’s Stromal Cell of Cleft Lip and palate Patients. Methods: DPSC of normal subjects’ RNA sample (n=2), DPSC of CLP Patient’s RNA sample (n=2), SHED of CLP Patients’ RNA sample (n=2) obtained from Archived Biological Materials in Laboratorium. Subsequently, synthesis the RNA sample into cDNA sample and standardize the cDNA concentration sample. Afterwards, perform RT-PCR assay to validate EN1 and GAPDH reference gene expression. Results: No statistically significant difference of the EN1 gene expression between the Permanent Teeth’s Stromal Cell between Cleft Lip and Palate Patients and Normal Subjects (p≥0,05) and there is statistically significant difference of the EN1 gene expression between the Permanent Teeth’s Stromal Cell of Cleft Lip and Palate Patients and Deciduous Teeth’s Stromal Cell of Cleft Lip and palate Patients. (p ≤05) Conclusion: There is no characteristic difference between the Permanent Teeth’s Pulp Stromal Cell between Cleft Lip and Palate Patients and Normal Subjects, Meanwhile There is characteristic difference between the Deciduous Teeth’s Pulp Stromal Cell of Cleft Lip and Palate Patients and the Permanent Teeth’s Pulp Stromal Cell of Cleft Lip and Palate Patients.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Rekayasa jaringan merupakan perawatan alternatif autologous bone graft pada rekonstruksi tulang alveolar pasien celah bibir dan palatum (CLP). Potensi klonogenik dan proliferatif yang baik serta kemudahan aksesibilitas membuat sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen (DPSC) dan gigi sulung (SHED) menjadi sel yang ideal untuk rekonstruksi tulang alveolar. Gen HOXC9 merupakan gen homeobox di bawah famili Hox, yang mengatur pola perkembangan skeletal. Penelitian terbaru menyatakan gen Hox tetap terekspresikan saat dewasa dan ditemukan dalam regenerasi jaringan. Namun, karakteristik ekspresi gen HOXC9 pada DPSC dan SHED subjek normal dan pasien celah bibir dan palatum belum diketahui secara pasti. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi karakteristik DPSC dan SHED subjek normal dan pasien CLP melalui ekspresi gen HOXC9. Metode: Sampel RNA DPSC subjek normal (n=2), DPSC CLP (n=3), SHED CLP (n=2) diperoleh dari bahan biologis tersimpan Laboratorium Oral Biologi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia. Selanjutnya ekspresi gen HOXC9 dan housekeeping gene GAPDH diuji dengan two step Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR). Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan ekspresi gen HOXC9, baik antara DPSC subjek normal dengan DPSC CLP (p>0,05) ataupun DPSC CLP dengan SHED CLP (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen dan gigi sulung subjek normal dan pasien celah bibir dan palatum memiliki karakteristik yang sama melalui ekspresi gen HOXC9. ......Background: Tissue engineering is an alternative treatment of autologous bone graft in alveolar bone reconstruction for cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients. The clonogenic and proliferative capacity as well as the ease of accessibility make DPSC and SHED ideal cells for alveolar bone reconstruction. HOXC9 is a homeobox gene under the Hox family, which regulates the development of skeletal patterns. Recent research suggests that the Hox gene remains expressed in adulthood and is found in tissue regeneration. However, the characteristics of HOXC9 gene expression in DPSC and SHED of normal subjects and cleft lip and palate patients are unknown. Objective: To evaluate the characteristics of DPSC and SHED in normal subjects and CLP patients through HOXC9 gene expression. Methods: RNA samples from DPSC of normal subjects (n=2), DPSC of CLP patients (n=3), SHED of CLP patients (n=2) were obtained from the Laboratory of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia. HOXC9 gene expression and housekeeping gene GAPDH were tested by two-step Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR). Results: There was no difference in HOXC9 gene expression, either between DPSC of normal subjects and DPSC of CLP patients (p>0.05) or DPSC and SHED of CLP patients (p>0.05). Conclusion: DPSC and SHED of normal subjects and cleft lip and palate patients have the same characteristic through HOXC9 gene expression.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Salah satu fasilitas penyaluran bahan bakar minyak di Depot Satelit A Jakarta adalah bangsal pengisian yang dilengkapi dengan sejumlah titik pengisian sesuai dengan jenis produknya. Jumlah titik pengisian ini sangat menentukan jumlah suplai produk yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan bahan bakar minyak terutama produk premium, kerosin, dan solar di suatu Wilayah Barat Jakarta. Penentuan titik pengisian sementara ini menggunakan model matematik, dimana hasil keluarannya tidak dapat menunjukkan utilitas titik pengisian, dan jumlah pemeriksa dan utilitasnya. Untuk mendapatkan jumiah titik pengisian yang optimum dengan persentasi utilitas diatas 70 persen, dipergunaan Program Simulasi Arena. Dari Studi Literatur dan data yang dipergunakan maka model yang dibangun mempunyai karakteristik deterministik, dan terminating dengan replikasi satu kali. Model ini juga mengikuti teori antrian dengan aturan first in first out, dengan pelayanan multichannel dan multiphase, serta dilakukan trial and error sebanyak 242 eksperimentasi. Keluaran simulasi menghasilkan jumiah titik pengisian optimum yaitu 7 titik pengisian premium, 10 titik pengisian kerosin, dan 7 titik pengisian solar. Utilitas titik pengisian ini rata-rata diatas 70 persen, dan dengan jumlah pemeriksa masing-masing pintu pemeriksaan adalah 3 orang. Hasil ini dapat memenuhi kebutuhan bahan bakar minyak sampai dengan tahun 2015/2016 untuk Wilayah Barat Jakarta.

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ABSTRACT One of the facility of the Depot Satellite A Jakarta is filling points at the filling shed. The number of filling points have great influence on full filling the fuel demand for West Jakarta Regional; specially premium, kerosene, and solar. At present determining the number of filling points the planners uses a mathematical model that does not show the utility of filling point and number. of inspectors at gate keeper. In order to meet the optimum required number of filling points, 70 percent utility or more. We use Arena Simulation as an alternative for solving the above problems. After doing Literature Survey about program simulation and available data. I do understand that model has characteristic such as; deterministic and terminating with one replication. This model also in accordance with the queueing theory first in first out, and it can provide multichannel and multiphase. The simulation has been run in 242 experiments by trial and error. The simulation give the following result; 7 premium filling points, 10 kerosene filling points, and 7 solar filling points, with the utilization of the filling points more than 70 percent and 3 inspectors at each gate keeper. This result will meet the fuel demand of West Jakarta Regional through the year 2015/2016.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Celah bibir dan palatum adalah kelainan bawaan yang mempengaruhi regio orofacial. Perawatan yang menjadi baku emas untuk pasien celah bibir dan palatum adalah autologous bone graft. Namun, perawatan ini masih invasif dan ada beberapa kekurangannya sehingga perlu teknik rekayasa jaringan dengan sel stromal. Sel stromal mesenkim yang terdapat dalam rongga mulut adalah sel stromal pulpa gigi sulung (SHED) dan sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen (DPSC). Kemampuan diferensiasi osteogenik SHED dan DPSC pada subjek normal sudah diketahui. Namun, kemampuan diferensiasi osteogenik dengan ekspresi gen RUNX-2 pada DPSC dan SHED pasien celah bibir dan palatum belum diketahui secara pasti. Tujuan: Membandingkan kemampuan diferensiasi osteogenik sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen pasien celah bibir dan palatum dengan sel stromal pulpa gigi sulung pasien celah bibir dan palatum melalui ekspresi gen RUNX-2. Metode: DPSC celah bibir dan palatum dan SHED celah bibir dan palatum dikultur dengan medium osteogenik dan tanpa medium osteogenik selama 21 hari. Sampel RNA diperoleh kultur sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen (DPSC) dan sel stromal pulpa gigi sulung (SHED) pasien celah bibir dan palatum. Selanjutnya diuji ekspresi gen RUNX-2, dan housekeeping gene 18S dengan Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Hasil: Tidak ada perbedaan kemampuan diferensiasi sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen pasien celah bibir dan palatum dengan sel stromal pulpa gigi sulung pasien celah bibir dan palatum melalui ekspresi gen RUNX-2. Kesimpulan: Kemampuan diferensiasi osteogenik sel stromal pulpa gigi sulung pasien celah bibir dan palatum ekuivalen dengan sel stromal pulpa gigi permanen pasien celah bibir dan palatum. ......Background: Cleft lip and palate are congenital anomalies that affect the orofacial region including lips, alveolar ridge, hard palate, and soft palate. Patients with cleft lip and palate have impaired esthetic and stomatognathic functions. The gold standard treatment for cleft lip and palate patients is an autologous bone graft. However, this treatment is still invasive and has some limitations therefore requires tissue engineering techniques by using stromal cells. Mesenchymal stromal cells that are found in the mouth are stromal cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and dental pulp stromal cells (DPSC). The osteogenic differentiation of SHED and DPSC normal subjects are well known. Nevertheless, the osteogenic differentiation capacity by RUNX-2 mRNA expression in DPSC and SHED cleft lip and palate patients is still need to be elucidated. Objective: To compare the osteogenic differentiation capacity of stromal cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth and dental pulp stromal cells in cleft lip and palate patients through RUNX-2 gene expression. Methods: DPSC and SHED cleft lip and palate patients were cultured with and without osteogenic medium for 21 days. RNA sample were collected from cell culture followed by the examination of RUNX-2 and 18S gene expression were tested by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Result: There was no difference in osteogenic differentiation capacity between DPSC and SHED cleft lip and palate patients through RUNX-2 gene expression. Conclusion: The osteogenic differentiation capacity of SHED was equivalent to DPSC of cleft lip and palate patients.