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Abstrak :
This book presents a snapshot of daily life for exiles and their dependants in eastern Siberia from the 1905 revolution up until the collapse of the Tsarist regime in 1917. This was an extraordinary period in Siberias history as a place of punishment. There was an unprecedented rise of Siberias penal use in this twelve-year window, and a dramatic increase in the number of exiles punished for political offences. This work focuses on the region of eastern Siberia, taking the regions of Irkutsk and Yakutsk in north-eastern Siberia as its focal points. Siberian exile was the antithesis of Foucaults modern prison. The state did not observe, monitor, and control its exiles closely, and indeed often did not even know where exiles were. Exiles were free to govern their daily lives. They were free of fences, and free from close observation and supervision. Despite these freedoms, Siberian exile represented one of Russias most feared punishments. This book seeks to explore what the punishment of Siberian exile entailed, and to humanize the individuals who made up the mass of exiles and the men, women, and children who followed them voluntarily into exile. This book is structured in a broad narrative arc that moves from travel to exile; life and communities in exile, work, and escape; and finally illness in exile. This book gives a personal, human, empathetic insight into what exilic experience entailed, and allows us to comprehend why eastern Siberia was regarded as a terrible punishment, despite its apparent freedoms.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini menganalisis perpindahan ibukota Soviet Rusia dari Petrograd ke Moskow yang dilakukan pada tahun 1918 di bawah pemerintahan Vladimir Lenin. Petrograd yang sebelumnya merupakan ibukota Kekaisaran Rusia selama lebih dari 200 tahun, memiliki histori penting sebagai tempat lahirnya revolusi. Relokasi pemerintah Soviet Rusia terjadi dalam suasana yang sangat dirahasiakan dan pada awalnya bersifat sementara. Pemindahan ini disebabkan oleh beberapa hal mendesak, baik keadaan internal maupun eksternal negara pada masa akhir Perang Dunia I dan Revolusi Rusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami rangkaian konflik yang terjadi di Rusia pada awal abad ke-20, alasan yang mendorong pemindahan ibukota, protokol pemindahan berupa proses terjadinya perpindahan pusat pemerintahan tersebut dan masa-masa awal pemerintahan di ibukota baru Soviet Rusia. Teori yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Nation-building and State-building Theory. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian sejarah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Rezim Bolshevik berusaha menunda serangan Jerman ke ibukota Petrograd untuk menjaga kedaulatan negara Soviet Rusia dengan memindahkan pusat pemerintahan ke Moskow. ......This research analyses the move of the capital of Soviet Russia from Petrograd to Moscow which was carried out in 1918 under the government of Vladimir Lenin. Petrograd, which was previously the capital of the Russian Empire for more than 200 years, has an important history as the birthplace of the revolution. The relocation of the Russian Soviet government took place in an atmosphere of great secrecy and was initially temporary. This transfer was caused by several urgent matters, both internal and external conditions in the country at the end of World War I and the Russian Revolution. The aim of this research is to understand the sequence of conflicts that occurred in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, the reasons that prompted the move of the capital, the transfer protocol in the form of the process of moving the centre of government and the early period of government in the new capital of Soviet Russia. The theory used in this research is Nation-building and State-building Theory. The method used in this research is the historical research method. The results of this research indicate that the Bolshevik Regime tried to delay the German attack on the capital Petrograd to maintain the sovereignty of the Russian Soviet state by moving the centre of government to Moscow.