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Abstrak :
This book puts the recent Arab revolts in comparative global perspective, as a means to a larger end: to flesh out similarities and to draw parallels between democratic and authoritarian-like regimes. It is based on the notion that while contention in authoritarian settings is different from that in liberal democratic ones, it is not different in kind. Consciously avoiding a teleological-like normative approach and while respecting and being mindful of each cases particularities, contributors to this volume broaden the comparative perspective of the recent wave of Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) revolts with non-MENA revolts, an undertaking that has been mostly based on similarities in basic conditions and outcomes and restricted to MENA countries. Instead of treating MENA countries as monolithic and essentializing them, as the term Arab Spring does, or seeking to identify similar sources of discontent or silver bullet-like factors, the book privileges a focus on the dynamics of contentious politics as they apply to the intricate, contingent, and indeterminate relationship among popular contention, regime, and transition. By asking what cycles of contention in other parts of the world can tell us about revolts in the Arab world, and what the cycles of contention in the Arab world can tell us about contentious politics more generally, the book maintains a productive and useful balance between theory and empirics.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Partai Buruh Inggris pada masa pemerintahan Gordon Brown mengalami faksionalisme. Faksionalisme yang terjadi tersebut berdampak pada berkurangnya legitimasi Brown sebagai perdana menteri maupun sebagai pemimpin Partai Buruh. Kelompok yang menentang kepemimpinan Brown melakukan kritik terkait dengan berbagai kebijakan yang diprakarsai oleh Brown. Seperti kebijakan mengenai Great Recession, Employment Bill, Energy Bill, RUU Kontra Terorisme dan mengenai izin menetap veteran Gurkha. Faksi yang menolak kepemimpinan Brown melakukan berbagai cara untuk dapat melakukan kritik terhadap Brown. Seperti melakukan backbench revolt, pengunduran diri kabinet dan, menyatakan ketidaksukaan di media massa terkait dengan kebijakan yang diambil oleh Brown. Penelitian ini akan berfokus mengenai faksionalisme yang terjadi pada masa kepemimpinan Brown. Peneliti akan mengkaji mengapa terdapat faksi yang menentang kepemimpinan Brown, hal-hal apa saja yang mendukung terjadinya faksionalisme, serta peneliti juga akan mengkaji bagaimana respon Brown terkait dengan faksionalisme pada Partai Buruh.

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ABSTRACT
British Labor Party at Gordon Brown Governmental period undergo Factionalism. Factionalism had an impact on lessening the legitimation of Gordon Brown either as the Prime Minister or leader of Labor Party. The opposing group criticized the policy who were made by Brown. Such as, the Great Recession Issue, Employment Bill, Energy Bill, Counter Terrorism Bill and Gurkha settlement. Faction who oppose the Brown leadership, did everything to criticized Brown. Such as, Backbench revolt, resigning fromthe cabinet and stated their dislike in mass media related to Browns policies. Thisresearch will focus on factionalism that happened on Browns leadership. Researcher will review why those faction oppose Browns leadership, and what things that support theoccurrence of factionalism and how Brown responded to the factionalism on Labor Party.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan, latar belakang, kondisi, dan faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya pemberontakan petani Unra pada masa pemerintahan pendudukan Jepang di Sulawesi Selatan pada 1943. Dalam menganalisis pemberontakan petani Unra sebagai gerakan sosial ditelusuri faktor, kondisi, dan struktur sosial masyarakat yang menjadi basis lahirnya pemberontakan. Faktor ideologi dan peran kepemimpinan juga dikaji untuk mengetahui dan memahami seberapa besar kontribusinya dalam memotivasi terjadinya pemberontakan. Demikian juga, fokus kajian diarahkan pada penelusuran latar belakang kultural keagamaan dalam konteks historis dari pemberontakan petani Unra, dengan kondisi-kondisi sosial, ekonomi, dan politik di Unra pada masa pemerintahan pendudukan Jepang. Untuk merekonstruksi peristiwa sejarah pemberontakan petani Unra, sebagai sebuah gerakan sosial, penelitian dilakukan dengan metode penelitian kualitatif dalam perspektif historis. Metode historis digunakan untuk menganalisis proses, dan tahap-tahap perkembangan menurut urutan waktunya secara kronologis. Analisis historis dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan terhadap disiplin ilmu-ilmu sosial lain, seperti sosiologi, antropologi, dan politik untuk mendapatkan pemahaman yang mendalam tentang peristiwa pemberontakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa, ketika pemerintahan pendudukan Jepang berkuasa di Indonesia, khususnya di Unra pada 1943, telah terjadi sebuah perubahan sosial yang cepat,dan dipaksakan dalam bentuk kebijakan ekonomi perang yang membawa penderitaan bagi rakyat. Hal inilah yang kemudian menjadi faktor pendorong lahirnya pemberontakan petani sebagai gerakan sosial.

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The research aims to describe the beckground, condition, and factors leading to the uprising of peasants in Unra during the era of Japanese occupation in South Sulawesi in the year 1943. In the analysis of the revolt of Unra peasants as a social movement, I examine the factors, conditions, and community structures that served as the bases of the uprising. Factors such as ideologies and leadershipare also considered in order to know the extent to which they motivated and contributed to the event. In the same way, the study also focuses on the cultural and religious backgrounds within the historical context of the revolt, along with the social, economic, and political climates in Unra during the Japanese occupation. In order to reconstruct this historic movement, a qualitative research method is employed from a historical perspective. A historical method is used to analyze the process and developmental stages in a chronological fashion. Historical analysis was done using approaches from other disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, and political science in order to obtain a broader understanding of the revolt. The goal of this approach is to discover the processes of social change and other social indications that may have been involved such as social conflict, disorganization, and lack of integration among rural communities. Research results showthat during the time of Japanese rule in Indonesia, particularly in the year 1943 in Unra, a rapid social change occurred and a wartime economic policy was forced upon the people. This then became the motivating factor behind the uprising of peasants as a social movement.