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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Polypropylene merupakan jenis plastik polimer yang banyak digunakan sebagai kemasan produk. Banyaknya limbah berbahan dasar polypropylene ini sulit terurai, menjadi salah satu alasan untuk menggunakannya sebagai pengganti agregat kasar pada beton. Untuk mencapi mutu beton yang struktural, diperlukan komposisi material penyusun beton yang tepat. Dalam penelitian ini volume perbandingan agregat kasar polypropylene terhadap volume semen yang digunakan adalah 2,6; 2; dan 1,8 dimana hasil kuat tekan kubus yang diperoleh adalah 243,762 kg/cm2; 268,744 kg/cm2; dan 285,623 kg/cm2, dengan nilai modulus elastisitas 7584,048 MPa; 2520,158 MPa; 3913,633 MPa dan poisson rsquo;s ratio sebesar 0,178; 0,164; 0,219. Selain itu, nilai kuat lentur yang dihasilkan sebesar 2,94 MPa; 2,43 MPa; dan 3,41 MPa. Beton ringan ini termasuk kedalam klasifikasi beton ringan mutu sedang berdasarkan ACI 213R-87.

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ABSTRACT
Polypropylene is kind of polymer that is used as product warp. That many un degraded waste made by polypropylene is the main reason of using it as lightweight coarse aggregates concrete. To achive the structural concrete, required the right composition of concrete materials. In this reseacrh, ratio the volume of coarse aggregate to the volume of cement used are 2,6 2 and 1,8 where the resulting compressive cube strength are obtained 243,762 kg cm2 268,744 kg cm2 dan 285,623 kg cm2, with modulus of elasticity 7584,048 MPa 2520,158 MPa 3913,633 MPa and poisson rsquo s ratio are 0,178 0,164 0,219. Besides that, the resulting of flexural strength are obtained 2,94 MPa 2,43 MPa and 3,41 Mpa. This lightweight concrete is classified as moderate lightweight concrete based on ACI 213R 87.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Area penelitian merupakan struktur pengembangan pada bagian timur struktur ?Sulis?dengan luas area sekitar 3 km2 dan merupakan kompartemenisasi batupasir. Perbedaan batas minyak air pada sumur-sumur existing mengindikasikan adanya perbedaan facies dan lingkungan pengendapan dari batu pasir. Terbatasnya jumlah sumur produksi serta data geologi pada area penelitian ini yang dapat memperkirakan penyebaran hidrokarbon secara lateral dan perubahan facies batupasir dapat menyebabkan suatu potensi kegagalan dalam memperoleh kandungan hidrokarbon pada pemboran sumur-sumur pengembangan di struktur ?Sulis? ini. Tesis ini membahas metode analisa untuk dapat memperkirakan zona penyebaran hidrokarbon serta perkiraan jenis kandungannya. Perkiraan dari sebaran zona hidrokarbon adalah berdasarkan analisa dari kontras perubahan nilai poisson?s ratio yang tinggi serta adanya respon anomali seismik pada area penelitian. Nilai poisson?s ratio pada kisaran 0.1-0.2 diperkirakan merupakan jenis kandungan gas dan kisaran 0.2 ? 0.3 merupakan jenis kandungan minyak. Data-data yang digunakan berupa data seismik 3D prestack gather dari struktur ?Sulis?, log sonic dan log density sumur acuan X-63 dan diproses menggunakan software Hampson Russell. Analisa AVO ini dilakukan dengan metode forward modelling yang meliputi poses Fluid Replacement Modelling, perhitungan perubahan nilai skala poisson?s ratio serta analisa Amplitude Versus Offset. Hasil analisis yang berupa peta perubahan nilai poisson?s ratio serta respon seismik berupa anomaly amplitude telah dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi zona penyebaran hidrokarbon pada area penelitian di struktur ?Sulis?.

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ABSTRACT
The area of study is development structure at the east of ?Sulis?structure with 3km2 of wide. This area consist of sandstone compartement with variation of deposition environment. The diference of oil water contact at the existing wells were indicated different of sandstone facies and deposition environment. The limitation of production wells and geology data to estimate lateral hydrocarbon distribution and sandstone facies in this area will be a failure risk potential in drilling wells development at?Sulis?structure. The topic of this thesis is discussed about the methode analysis to predict about the distribution and type of hydrocarbon. The estimation of hydrocarbon distribution zone is base on high contrast of poisson?s ratio changed and seismic anomali respons in the area study. The value of Poisson?s ratio in the range 0.1 ? 0.2 is estimated of gas type and in range 0.2 ? 0.3 is estimated of oil type. 3D seismic prestack gather of?Sulis?structure, sonic and density log of existing X- 63 well was used in processing analysis with Hampson Russell software. The AVO analysis is include forward modelling methode, fluid replacement modelling, scaled poisson?s ratio changed and amplitude versus offset. The analysis result of scaled poisson?s ratio changed and amplitude anomalies respons has identified the distribution zones and type of hydrocarbon in area study of ?Sulis? structure.;The area of study is development structure at the east of ?Sulis?structure with 3km2 of wide. This area consist of sandstone compartement with variation of deposition environment. The diference of oil water contact at the existing wells were indicated different of sandstone facies and deposition environment. The limitation of production wells and geology data to estimate lateral hydrocarbon distribution and sandstone facies in this area will be a failure risk potential in drilling wells development at?Sulis?structure. The topic of this thesis is discussed about the methode analysis to predict about the distribution and type of hydrocarbon. The estimation of hydrocarbon distribution zone is base on high contrast of poisson?s ratio changed and seismic anomali respons in the area study. The value of Poisson?s ratio in the range 0.1 ? 0.2 is estimated of gas type and in range 0.2 ? 0.3 is estimated of oil type. 3D seismic prestack gather of?Sulis?structure, sonic and density log of existing X- 63 well was used in processing analysis with Hampson Russell software. The AVO analysis is include forward modelling methode, fluid replacement modelling, scaled poisson?s ratio changed and amplitude versus offset. The analysis result of scaled poisson?s ratio changed and amplitude anomalies respons has identified the distribution zones and type of hydrocarbon in area study of ?Sulis? structure., The area of study is development structure at the east of ?Sulis?structure with 3km2 of wide. This area consist of sandstone compartement with variation of deposition environment. The diference of oil water contact at the existing wells were indicated different of sandstone facies and deposition environment. The limitation of production wells and geology data to estimate lateral hydrocarbon distribution and sandstone facies in this area will be a failure risk potential in drilling wells development at?Sulis?structure. The topic of this thesis is discussed about the methode analysis to predict about the distribution and type of hydrocarbon. The estimation of hydrocarbon distribution zone is base on high contrast of poisson?s ratio changed and seismic anomali respons in the area study. The value of Poisson?s ratio in the range 0.1 ? 0.2 is estimated of gas type and in range 0.2 ? 0.3 is estimated of oil type. 3D seismic prestack gather of?Sulis?structure, sonic and density log of existing X- 63 well was used in processing analysis with Hampson Russell software. The AVO analysis is include forward modelling methode, fluid replacement modelling, scaled poisson?s ratio changed and amplitude versus offset. The analysis result of scaled poisson?s ratio changed and amplitude anomalies respons has identified the distribution zones and type of hydrocarbon in area study of ?Sulis? structure.]

Abstrak :
Modified Expanded Polystyrene (MEPS) adalah hasil pemanasan Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) dengan oven selama 15 menit dengan suhu 130 derajat celcius dan menjadikan tekstur baru yang lebih keras dengan massa yang tetap. Pemilihan material MEPS sebagai pengganti agregat halus didasari oleh keresahan terhadap limbah EPS yang sulit untuk diurai. Beton yang disubstitusikan MEPS adalah beton silinder 10x20 cm dan beton kubus 15x15x15 cm dengan komposisi 10%, 20%, dan 25% dari volume agregat halus. Hasil dari substitusi beton dianalisis dengan pengujian kuat tekan, Digital Image Correlation, dan Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. Peninjauan terhadap berat isi terlihat semakin menurun pada beton kubus sedangkan pada beton silinder meningkat hingga komposisi 20% dan nilai kuat tekan meningkat hingga komposisi 20% pada beton silinder dan beton kubus. Hasil pengujian DIC dapat direpresentasikan dalam bentuk Stiffness, modulus elastisitas, dan Poisson ratio. Pada stiffness, semakin banyak kadar MEPS semakin kecil nilainya. Pada modulus elastisitas kesimpulan tidak dapat diambil dikarenakan hasil data yang memiliki deviasi lebih dari 20%. Pada poisson ratio, semakin substitusi maka semakin tinggi juga nilainya. Hasil pengujian Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity menunjukkan bahwa semakin banyak substitusi MEPS maka semakin besar nilai cepat rambat. Sehingga dengan mempertimbangkan optimalisasi perilaku beton, kadar yang disarankan dalam penggunaan substitusi MEPS sebagai pengganti agregat halus adalah 20%. ......Modified Expanded Polystyrene (MEPS) is the result of heating Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) in an oven for 15 minutes at a temperature of 130 degrees Celsius and makes a new, harder texture with a fixed mass. The choice of MEPS material as a substitute for fine aggregate is based on concerns about EPS waste which is difficult to decompose. The MEPS substituted concrete is 10x20 cm cylindrical concrete and 15x15x15 cm cube concrete with a composition of 10%, 20% and 25% by volume of fine aggregate. The results of concrete substitution were analyzed by testing compressive strength, Digital Image Correlation, and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. Observation of the unit weight shows that it decreases in cubic concrete while in cylindrical concrete it increases up to 20% composition and the compressive strength value increases up to 20% composition in cylindrical concrete and cube concrete. DIC test results can be represented in the form of Stiffness, modulus of elasticity, and Poisson ratio. In stiffness, the more MEPS levels the smaller the value. On the modulus of elasticity conclusions cannot be drawn because the results of the data have a deviation of more than 20%. In the Poisson ratio, the more substitution, the higher the value. The results of the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test show that the more MEPS substitutions, the greater the velocity value. So taking into account the optimization of concrete behavior, the recommended content in the use of MEPS substitution as a substitute for fine aggregate is 20%.

Abstrak :
Salah satu pemanfaatan limbah kelapa sawit adalah dengan penggunaan cangkang kelapa sawit sebagai pengganti batu pecah dalam campuran beton. Penulis akan meneliti korelasi kuat tekan beton cangkang sawit dengan bahan pengganti semen berupa silica fume menggunakan metode destructive test dan non-destructive test yaitu ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan benda uji sebanyak 16 kubus 15x15x15 cm dan 4 balok 15x15x60 cm. Pada umur beton 7, 14, dan 28 hari, benda uji kubus akan diuji tekan mengunakan compressive strength test machine serta pengujian DIC pada hari ke 28. Pengujian DIC dilakukan menggunakan kamera digital dan kemudian hasilnya akan diolah menggunakan softwareMATLAB dengan compiler Ncorr. Benda uji balok akan diuji menggunakan metode UPV untuk mengetahui cepat rambat gelombang ultrasonic pada setiap jam selama 24 jam pertama dan dilanjutkan sehari sekali sampai hari ke-28. Hasil pengujian UPV adalah hubungan logaritmik antara cepat rambat gelombang ultrasonic dengan umur beton dengan koefisien determinasi R2rata-rata = 0.85. Hubungan antara kuat tekan beton dengan cepat rambat gelombang ultrasonic menghasilkan persamaan Fc’ = 1,6237e7693xdengan R2= 0,5423. Hasil dari pengujian DIC berupa data dan diagram pergerakan deformasi yang kemudian diolah menjadi nilai stiffness dan poisson ratio. ......One way to overcome the increasing of oil palm waste is to intensify the use of palm oil waste as coarse aggregate for concrete mix. The author will examine the correlation of compressive strength of palm shells concrete with cement replacements in the form of silica fume using the common destructive test and also non-destructive test methods, known as ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). The study is going to be conducted using 16 cube specimens of 15x15x15 cm and 4 beam specimens of 15x15x60 cm. At the age of 7, 14, and 28 days, cube specimens will be tested using compressive strength test machine and also DIC test on the 28thday. The DIC testing has been done using a Fuji Film XA-3 digital camera and the result was processed using MATLAB software with the addition of Ncorr compiler. Meanwhile, the beam specimens will be tested using UPV method that will occur every hour for the first 24 hour and will continue every day on the following days until the concrete reaches 28 days. The result of the UPV test is a logarithmic relationship between ultrasonic pulse velocity and concrete age with the average of coefficient of determination R2= 0.85. The relationship between the compressive concrete strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity produces the equation Fc’ = 1.6237e7693x with R2= 0.5423. The result of the DIC test are data and diagram of concrete displacement which then will be used to calculate stiffness and poissonratio of the concrete tested.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Lapangan AAA merupakan lapangan gas yang terdapat pada lingkungan Delta Mahakam, Cekungan Kutai, Kalimantan Timur. Lapangan AAA merupakan bagian dari lapangan gas dengan produksi terbesar di Indonesia yang telah dieksplorasi dan diproduksi lebih dari 40 tahun. Salah satu tahapan penting setelah proses eksplorasi adalah mengaplikasikan metode karakterisasi reservoar untuk pengembangan lapangan. Karakterisasi reservoar dalam penentuan distribusi lithologi dan fluida sangat penting dilakukan untuk mengetahui daerah berprospek ekonomis yang belum ditembus oleh sumur produksi. Pada penelitian ini karakterisasi reservoar yang digunakan adalah metode Analisa AVO dan Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI). Analisis AVO mengunakan data prestack 3D gather dan bantuan velocity cube. Data DTS yang digunakan pada penelitian ini terdapat pada sumur 3A45, 3A50, dan 3A45. Metode Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) dimulai dengan penentuan sudut Chi (X) pada nilai koeffisien korelasi yang maksimum (mendekati nilai 1) dan analisis crossplot untuk menentukan nilai cut-off indikator lithologi dan indikator fluida pada setiap parameter fisika dari data sumur. Hasil analisis menyebutkan bahwa fluida pada daerah penelitian merupakan AVO kelas III. Indikator lihtologi (reservoar dan non reservoar) dapat dipisahkan dengan parameter Gamma Ray (reservoar bernilai 20 – 60 GAPI) dan Density (reservoar bernilai 1.75 – 2.17 g/cc). Sedangkan indikator fluida (gas dan water) dapat dipisahkan dengan parameter Lambda-Rho (gas bernilai 1.5 – 9 Gpa*g/cc), Lambda per Mu (gas bernilai 0.5 – 2.5), Vp per Vs (gas bernilai 1.5 – 2.2), dan Poisson Ratio (gas bernilai 0.16 – 0.35). Hasil inversi Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI) pada GTS 3A menyebutkan bahwa inversi Lambda-Rho mempunyai akurasi 78.57% (MFA) dan 85.71% (MFB), inversi Lambda per Mu mempunyai akurasi 50% (MFA) dan 85.71% (MFB), inversi Vp per Vs mempunyai akurasi 71.42% (MFA) dan 71.42% (MFB), Inversi Poisson Ratio mempunyai akurasi sebesar 71.42% (MFA) dan 78.57% (MFB).

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ABSTRACT
AAA field is a gas field that located in Delta Mahakam environment, Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan. AAA field is a part of giant gas field which has biggest production in Indonesia already explored and produced almost over 40 years. One of important steps after exploration of the field is to conduct a reservoir characterization for field development. Reservoir characterization to determine lithology distribution and fluid content is very important to know the prospect area which has economical values and not penetrated yet by infill wells or production wells. Reservoir characterization method that has been used in this study are AVO analysis and Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI). Pre-stack 3D gather data and velocity cube used for AVO analysis in this study. DTS logs only available in 3A45, 3A50, and 3A55. Extended Elastic Impedance method started with determination of Chi (X) angle that has maximum correlation coefficient (near to 1 value) and cross-plot analysis to determine cut-off value for lithology indicator and fluid indicator in each well data parameter. Analysis results show that fluid class in this study is AVO class III. Lithology indicator (reservoir and non reservoir) can be separated by Gamma Ray (value of reservoir between 20 – 60 GAPI) and Density (value of reservoir is between 1.75 – 2.17 g/cc). Fluid indicator (gas and water) can be separated by Lambda-Rho (value of gas is between 1.5 – 9 Gpa*g/cc), Lambda per Mu (value of gas is between 0.5 – 2.5), Vp per Vs (value of gas is between 1.5 – 2.2), and Poisson Ratio (value of gas is between 0.16 – 0.35). Results of Extended Elastic Impedance inversion in GTS 3A show that Lambda-Rho inversion has 78.57% accuracy (in MFA) and 85.71% accuracy (in MFB), Lambda per Mu inversion has 50% accuracy (in MFA) and 85.71% accuracy (in MFB), Vp per Vs inversion has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and 71.42% (in MFB), Poisson Ration has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and 78.57% accuracy (in MFB).;AAA field is a gas field that located in Delta Mahakam environment, Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan. AAA field is a part of giant gas field which has biggest production in Indonesia already explored and produced almost over 40 years. One of important steps after exploration of the field is to conduct a reservoir characterization for field development. Reservoir characterization to determine lithology distribution and fluid content is very important to know the prospect area which has economical values and not penetrated yet by infill wells or production wells. Reservoir characterization method that has been used in this study are AVO analysis and Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI). Pre-stack 3D gather data and velocity cube used for AVO analysis in this study. DTS logs only available in 3A45, 3A50, and 3A55. Extended Elastic Impedance method started with determination of Chi (X) angle that has maximum correlation coefficient (near to 1 value) and cross-plot analysis to determine cut-off value for lithology indicator and fluid indicator in each well data parameter. Analysis results show that fluid class in this study is AVO class III. Lithology indicator (reservoir and non reservoir) can be separated by Gamma Ray (value of reservoir between 20 – 60 GAPI) and Density (value of reservoir is between 1.75 – 2.17 g/cc). Fluid indicator (gas and water) can be separated by Lambda-Rho (value of gas is between 1.5 – 9 Gpa*g/cc), Lambda per Mu (value of gas is between 0.5 – 2.5), Vp per Vs (value of gas is between 1.5 – 2.2), and Poisson Ratio (value of gas is between 0.16 – 0.35). Results of Extended Elastic Impedance inversion in GTS 3A show that Lambda-Rho inversion has 78.57% accuracy (in MFA) and 85.71% accuracy (in MFB), Lambda per Mu inversion has 50% accuracy (in MFA) and 85.71% accuracy (in MFB), Vp per Vs inversion has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and 71.42% (in MFB), Poisson Ration has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and 78.57% accuracy (in MFB)., AAA field is a gas field that located in Delta Mahakam environment, Kutei Basin, East Kalimantan. AAA field is a part of giant gas field which has biggest production in Indonesia already explored and produced almost over 40 years. One of important steps after exploration of the field is to conduct a reservoir characterization for field development. Reservoir characterization to determine lithology distribution and fluid content is very important to know the prospect area which has economical values and not penetrated yet by infill wells or production wells. Reservoir characterization method that has been used in this study are AVO analysis and Extended Elastic Impedance (EEI). Pre-stack 3D gather data and velocity cube used for AVO analysis in this study. DTS logs only available in 3A45, 3A50, and 3A55. Extended Elastic Impedance method started with determination of Chi (X) angle that has maximum correlation coefficient (near to 1 value) and cross-plot analysis to determine cut-off value for lithology indicator and fluid indicator in each well data parameter. Analysis results show that fluid class in this study is AVO class III. Lithology indicator (reservoir and non reservoir) can be separated by Gamma Ray (value of reservoir between 20 – 60 GAPI) and Density (value of reservoir is between 1.75 – 2.17 g/cc). Fluid indicator (gas and water) can be separated by Lambda-Rho (value of gas is between 1.5 – 9 Gpa*g/cc), Lambda per Mu (value of gas is between 0.5 – 2.5), Vp per Vs (value of gas is between 1.5 – 2.2), and Poisson Ratio (value of gas is between 0.16 – 0.35). Results of Extended Elastic Impedance inversion in GTS 3A show that Lambda-Rho inversion has 78.57% accuracy (in MFA) and 85.71% accuracy (in MFB), Lambda per Mu inversion has 50% accuracy (in MFA) and 85.71% accuracy (in MFB), Vp per Vs inversion has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and 71.42% (in MFB), Poisson Ration has 71.42% accuracy (in MFA) and 78.57% accuracy (in MFB).]

Abstrak :
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) merupakan material berbahan dasar plastik yang memiliki dampak buruk terhadap lingkungan karena sifatnya yang sulit terurai. Sifat EPS yang sangat ringan tentu dapat mereduksi kekuatan tekan dan berat isi dari beton, oleh karena itu dilakukan pre-treatment berupa pemanasan dengan oven pada suhu 130oC untuk menghasilkan sifat baru dengan sebutan Modifed Expanded Polystyrene dengan kekuatan yang lebih baik. Campuran beton khususnya agregat kasar akan disubtitusi menggunakan MEPS sebanyak 10%, 20%, dan 25% dari total volume agregat kasar pada beton. Sampel yang akan digunakan antara lain adalah beton silinder dengan ukuran 10x20 cm dan beton kubus dengan ukuran 15x15x15 cm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beton dengan MEPS sebagai subtitusi agregat kasar dapat mereduksi berat isi dan kekuatan tekan tetapi mengalami kenaikan pada kada subtitusi MEPS 20%. Hasil lainnya yang dilakukan melalui pengujian Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Analysis dan Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) menunjukkan nilai stiffness dan cepat rambat gelombang meningkat pada kadar subtitusi MEPS 20%. Sedangkan, nilai poisson ratio menurun seiring bertambahnya kadar MEPS. Nilai modulus elastisitas belum setara dengan perhitungan teoritis akan tetapi pada kadar MEPS 20% memiliki nilai yang paling mendekati. Penggunaan MEPS sebagai subtitusi agregat kasar memiliki potensi dan bisa digunakan sebagai alternatif beton pengganti agregat kasar alami pada kadar 20%. ......Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) is a plastic-based material that has a bad impact on the environment because it is difficult to decompose. The very light nature of EPS can certainly reduce the compressive strength and bulk density of concrete, therefore pre-treatment is carried out in the form of heating in an oven at 130oC to produce new properties called Modified Expanded Polystyrene with better strength. The concrete mixture, especially coarse aggregate, will be substituted using MEPS as much as 10%, 20% and 25% of the total volume of coarse aggregate in the concrete. The samples to be used include cylindrical concrete with a size of 10x20 cm and concrete cubes with a size of 15x15x15 cm. The results showed that concrete with MEPS as a coarse aggregate substitute could reduce the unit weight and compressive strength but increased at 20% MEPS substitution. Other results carried out through Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Analysis and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) tests showed that the value of stiffness and wave propagation speed increased at a 20% MEPS substitution level. Meanwhile, the value of the Poisson ratio decreased with increasing levels of MEPS. The value of the elastic modulus is not equivalent to theoretical calculations but at 20% MEPS content it has the closest value. The use of MEPS as a substitute for coarse aggregate has potential and can be used as an alternative to natural coarse aggregate at a content of 20%.

Abstrak :
Beton geopolimer adalah beton yang tidak menggunakan semen sebagai material bindernya melainkan prekursor alumina silika dan aktivator alkali. Terak Nikel merupakan limbah hasil pembakaran batu bara. Di Indonesia Terak Nikel sudah tidak tergolong sebagai limbah B3, sehingga pemanfaatannya dapat ditingkatkan. Terak Nikel yang mengandung aluminas silika dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai prekursor dalam pembuatan beton geopolimer. M sand merupakan pasir yang terbuat dari debu tambang, atau batu alam berukuran besar yang dihancurkan dan diayak sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai agregat halus. Penelitian ini menguji 3 variasi rasio aktivator dan prekursor pada beton geopolimer berbahan dasar terak nikel dengan M Sand sebagai agregat halus yaitu 0.4, 0.45, dan 0.5 sedangkan pengetesan yang dilakukan adalah slump test, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, uji kuat tekan, digital image correlation dan strain gauge. Studi ini meneliti mengenai properti mekanis seperti kuat tekan, tipe kegagalan, poisson ratio, stiffness, dan modulus elastisitas pada beton geopolimer berbahan dasar terak nikel dengan M Sand sebagai agregat halus dengan rasio aktivator dan prekursor yang berbeda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan rasio aktivator dan prekursor akan menghasilkan nilai slump dan stiffness yang lebih besar, hubungan antara ultrasonic pulse velocity dengan kuat tekan yang dihasilkan bersifat exponential, tipe kegagalan yang dihasilkan berkisar dari tipe 1, 2, 4, dan 7 menurut CS1:2010, dan nilai poisson rasio beserta modulus elastisitas yang dihasilkan sama seperti beton normal. ......Geopolymer concrete is concrete that does not use cement as its binder material, but rather a silica alumina precursor and alkaline activator. Nickel Slag is a waste from coal manufacturing. In Indonesia, Nickel Slag is no longer classified as B3 waste, so its utilization can be increased. Nickel Slag which contains alumina silica, can be used as a precursor in the manufacture of geopolymer concrete. M sand is sand made from mine dust, or large natural stone that is crushed and sifted so that it can be used as fine aggregate. Variations of activators and precursors tested were 0.4, 0.45, and 0.5 while the tests carried out are slump test, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive strength test, digital image correlation, and strain gauge. This study examines mechanical properties such as compressive strength, type of failure, poisson ratio, stiffness, and modulus of elasticity in nickel slag based geopolymer concrete with M Sand as fine aggregate with different activator to precursor ratios. The results show that increasing the activator and precursor ratio will result in a larger slump and stiffness value, the relationship between ultrasonic pulse velocity and the resulting compressive strength is exponential, the resulting type of failure ranges from types 1, 2, 4, and 7 according to CS1:2010, and the value of poisson ratio along with the resulting modulus of elasticity is the same as for normal concrete.

Abstrak :
Produksi limbah ferronikel berupa terak nikel di Indonesia mencapai 13 juta ton metrik per tahun. Terak nikel ini belum sepenuhnya diolah dengan baik. Berbagai penelitian telah menyatakan potensi yang dimiliki terak nikel sebagai agregat halus dalam beton. Performa terak nikel sebagai agregat halus beton tercatat cukup baik berdasarkan uji kekuatan berbagai penelitian. Skripsi ini membahas properti mekanik beton dengan substitusi agregat halus terak nikel 0%, 50%, dan 100% dengan agregat halus kontrol pasir manufaktur (M-sand). Penelitian ini akan menganalisis workabilitas, kuat tekan, homogenitas menggunakan UPV, serta karakteristik deformasi dan regangan, berupa kekakuan, modulus elastisitas, dan Poisson’s ratio menggunakan digital image correlation (DIC) analysis dan strain gauge. Hasil analisis beton dengan terak nikel secara garis besar memiliki properti mekanis yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan beton tanpa terak nikel. Beton dengan substitusi terak nikel menunjukkan hasil workabilitas lebih baik, kuat tekan, kecepatan gelombang UPV, dan kekakuan yang lebih besar, serta nilai Poisson’s ratio yang lebih rendah dibandingkan beton tanpa substitusi terak nikel. Sedangkan modulus elastisitas dalam penelitian ini masih belum setara dengan perhitungan teoritis. Performa terak nikel sebagai agregat halus beton dalam penelitian ini mengonfirmasi penelitian terdahulu, di mana terak nikel memiliki potensi dan dapat memenuhi potensi tersebut sebagai alternatif agregat halus beton pengganti pasir alami. ......Ferronickel waste production in the form of nickel slag in Indonesia carry out up to 13 milion metric ton a year. These nickel slags are not yet treated with good measure. A couple of research stated the potential of nickel slag to be used as concrete’s fine aggregate. Nickel slag’s performance as fine aggregate recorded to be as good as common fine aggregate based on previous research. This report will discuss the mechanical properties concrete with nickel slag fine aggregate 0%, 50%, and 10% substitute with manufactured sand (M-sand) as fine aggregate control. This research will analyse workability, compressive strength, homogenity using UPV, as well as deformation and strain characteristic, such as stiffness, modulus of elasticity, and Poisson’s ratio using digital image correlation analysis and strain gauge. The analysis outcome of concrete using nickel slag has better mechanical properties compared to concrete without nickel slag. Concrete with nickel slag substitute shows better workability, higher compressive strength, pulse velocity, and stiffness, as well as a lower value of Poisson’s ratio compared to concrete without nickel slag. Whilst the result of modulus of elasticity in this research have not reach it’s theoritical value. Nickel slag’s performance as concete’s fine aggregate in this research confirm preceding research, where nickel slag has potentials and can fulfill those potentials to becomen concrete fine aggregate alternative as opposed to natural sand.

Abstrak :
Penggunaaan ban karet bekas sebagai substitusi agregat halus dalam beton akan membantu mengurangi jumlah limbah ban yang berakhir di tempat pembuangan akhir dan mengurangi masalah yang ditimbulkan akibat penumpukannya. Ban karet bekas menjadi material subsitusi agregat halus dalam recana campuran beton sebanyak 10% dari volumenya. Ban karet bekas dicacah menjadi 3 variasi ukuran agregat yakni ukuran saringan No.8 (2.36 mm) sampai No.30 (0.6 mm), No. 4 (4.75 mm) sampai No.8 (2.36 mm), dan No.4 (4.75 mm) sampai No.30 (0.6 mm). Ban karet bekas yang telah menjadi agregat dilakukan pra-perawatan dengan direndam 30 menit di dalam NaOH dengan konsentrasi 10%. Pengujian yang dilakukan untuk benda uji adalah slump test, uji kuat tekan dengan digital image correlation, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, dan uji kuat tarik belah. Studi ini meneliti mengenai properti mekanis seperti kuat tekan, pola kegagalan, displacement, daktilitas, stiffness, poisson ratio, modulus elastisitas, kuat tarik belah, dan cepat rambat gelombang. Beton dengan substitusi agregat karet ban dengan ukuran No.4 (4.75 mm) sampai No.30 (0.6 mm) memberikan nilai daktilitas dan poisson ratio yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan beton tanpa substitusi, menjadikan beton dapat berdeformasi secara lebih besar. ......The utilization of used rubber tires as a substitute for fine aggregate in concrete will help to reduce the amount of tire waste that ends up in landfills and the problems caused by its accumulating number. Used rubber tires are used as a substitute for fine aggregate in the concrete mix plan for as much as 10% of its volume. Used rubber tires are cut into 3 variations of aggregate size, which are No. 8 (2.36 mm) to No. 30 (0.6 mm), No. 8 (2.36 mm) sieve. 4 (4.75 mm) to No. 8 (2.36 mm), and No. 4 (4.75 mm) to No. 30 (0.6 mm). Used rubber tires that have become aggregates are pre-treated by soaking them for 30 minutes in a 10% NaOH solution. The tests carried out for the test objects are slump test, compressive strength test with digital image correlation, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, and split tensile strength test. This study examines mechanical properties such as compressive strength, failure pattern, displacement, ductility, stiffness, poisson ratio, modulus of elasticity, split tensile strength, and propagation velocity. Crumb rubber concrete with sizes of rubber aggregate no. 4 (4.75 mm) to no. 30 (0.6 mm) gave higher ductility and poisson ratio values than concrete without substitution, making the concrete able to deform on a larger scale.

Abstrak :
Kelapa sawit memiliki peran penting pada perkembangan sektor perkebunan di Indonesia dengan kepemilikan 34,18% total luas areal perkebunan kelapa sawit dunia pada tahun 2012. Industri kelapa sawit memiliki produk samping sebagai limbah padat berupa tandan kosong sebanyak 23%, cangkang sebanyak 6,5%, dan sabut sebanyak 13% dari total hasil produk utama. Pemanfaatan kembali limbah kelapa sawit sangat penting dilakukan karena memiliki nilai ekonomis yang tinggi serta potensi pencemaran yang dapat diakibatkannya. Salah satu pemanfaatan kembali limbah cangkang kelapa sawit adalah sebagai pengganti agregat kasar alami pada beton struktural. Penulis melakukan penelitian mengenai pengaruh umur beton OPS yang menggunakan fly ash pada korelasi kuat tekan dan cepat rambat gelombang ultrasonik dengan metode digital image correlation analysis. Penelitian ini menghasilkan hubungan logaritmik antara kecepatan rambat gelombang ultrasonik terhadap umur beton OPS yang menggunakan fly ash dalam empat persamaan V = 2,73725E+02ln(t) + 1,8680E+03 dengan koefisien determinasi sebesar R2 = 9,225E-01. Penelitian ini juga menghasilkan formulasi hubungan antara kuat tekan beton terhadap kecepatan rambat gelombang ultrasonik pada beton OPS yang menggunakan fly ash dalam persamaan fc' = 9,04430E-01e8,72365E-01V [m/s] dengan koefisien determinasi dari persamaan tersebut sebesar R2 = 7,69385E-01. Nilai stiffness benda uji pada penelitian ini sebesar 946,95 kN/mm dengan poisson ratio sebesar 0,215517.

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Oil Palm has an important role on Indonesia palntation sector with 34,18% ownership of world total oil palm land in 2012. Oil palm industry has some side products as solid waste which consist of 23% empty oil palm bunches, 6,5% oil palm shell, and 13% fiber from the main product. Reusing oil palm waste is very important because it has a high economic value and potential pollution that can be cause. One of the way to reusing oil palm shell is to use it as substitute for natural coarse aggregate in structural concrete. The author conducts research on the effect of age of oil palm shell (OPS) concrete using fly ash on compressive strength and ultrasonic wave velocity correlation with the digital image correlation analysis method. The research produces a logarithmic relationship between ultrasonic pulse velocity with oil palm shell concrete using fly ash in these four equations VA = 2,73725E+02ln(t) + 1,8680E+03 with the coefficient of determination value RA2 = 8,92541E-01. The four equations represent each beam specimens in this research. This research also produces a formulation of the relationship of concrete compressive strength to the ultrasonic pulse velocity of oil palm shell concrete using fly ash in this equation fc' = 9,04430E-01e8,72365E-01V [m/s] with the coefficient of determination of the equation is R2 = 7,69385E-01. The elastic stiffness of the cube specimens in this research is 946,95 kN/mm with poisson ratio value is 0,215517.