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Abstrak :
Pestisida golongan organofosfat bersifat menghambat aktivitas enzim kolinesterase di dalam tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara lamanya pajanan organofosfat terhadap aktivitas enzim kolinesterase dalam darah petani. Penelitian dilakukan pada anggota Gabungan Kelompok Tani Kelurahan Campang pada tahun 2009 menggunakan desain studi potong-lintang dan pengambilan sampel dengan metode sampel acak sederhana (56responden). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara dan pengukuran kolinesterase dalam darah responden menggunakan Livibond Cholinesterase Test Kit AF267. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan seluruh responden mengalami keracunan dengan proporsi 71,4% keracunan ringan dan 28,6% keracunan sedang. Hasil analisis uji bivariat dengan uji chi-square menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara lama pajanan (lama bekerja sebagai petani penyemprot, lama menyemprot per minggu, dan waktu terakhir menyemprot) terhadap tingkat keracunan. Dibutuhkan peran pemerintah dalam memberikan pendidikan dan pelatihan bagaimana menggunakan pestisida secara aman dan pentingnya alat pelindung diri untuk menurunkan tingkat keracunan pengguna pestisida.

Organophosphate pesticides can inhibit blood cholinesterase in human body. This study aimed to find relationship between length of exposure of organophosphate pesticides with cholinesterase enzyme activity in the farmers? blood. The study was conducted at the Joint Farmers Group in Kelurahan Campang year 2009 using crosssectional study design and sampling by the simple random sampling method (56 respondents). Data collection was carried out by interview and blood cholinesterase was measured using the Livibond Cholinesterase Test Kit AF267. Results showed that 100% farmers were poisoned, with 71.4% suffer from light-over-exposure and 28.6% moderateover exposure. Bivariate test analysis using chi-square test showed that there are no statistically significant relationship between the length of exposure (year of working as pesticide farmer, spraying time per week, and the last time spraying) with poisoning level (over-exposure probable and serious-over exposure). It takes the role of government to educate and trained farmers how to use pesticide safely and the importance of personal protective equipment to reduce the poisoning level.

Abstrak :
Timbal dapat menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan pada manusia walaupun dalam kadar yang lebih rendah dari kadar maksimum dalam darah yang diperbolehkan. Karena itu, perlu dicari suatu cara yang dapat menurunkan kadar timbal dalam darah, khususnya pada orang dewasa. Kelompok masyarakat yang mempunyai risiko tinggi terhadap keracunan timbal kronis dari udara ambien adalah pekerja yang bekerja di pinggir jalan raya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efek suplemen kalsium terhadap kadar timbal dalam darah pada pekerja dewasa. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan kuasi eksperimen dengan community trial design dimana subyek penelitian sebanyak 150 orang, terdiri atas 75 orang kelompok kontrol dan 75 orang kelompok perlakuan dengan memberikan suplemen kalsium dengan dosis 3 kali 500 mg per hari selama tiga bulan. Pengukuran kadar timbal dalam darah dilakukan dengan mempergunakan Spectrofotometer oleh petugas Laboratorium Klinik sebelum pemberian kalsium dan tiga bulan sesudahnya. Partisipan yang mengikuti penelitian secara teratur sebanyak 87 orang, terbagi atas kelompok kontrol sebanyak 46 orang dan kelompok perlakuan sebanyak 41 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) Kadar timbal dalam darah (KTD) awal pada kelompok perlakuan 10,35 μg/dL dan KTD akhir 3,2 μg/dL; (2) pemberian kalsium dengan dosis 3 x 500 mg sehari selama 3 bulan dapat menurunkan KTD secara bermakna. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa tablet kalsium dapat dipergunakan untuk menurunkan kadar timbal dalam darah pekerja dewasa.

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Lead can cause health disorders in humans, albeit at a lower level than the permitted maximum blood lead level. Therefore, a treatment should be sought that will reduce lead in the blood, especially in adults. Communities who have a high risk for chronic lead poisoning from the ambient air are employees who work on the road. This study aims to analyze the effects of calcium supplementation on blood lead levels in adult workers. This research uses quasi-experimental design with a community trial design for as many as 150 people, the group consisted of 75 control and 75 treated groups which were given calcium supplements at a dose of 500 mg 3 times daily for three months. Measurements of blood lead levels were taken before consuming calcium and three months afterwards by using Spectrofotometer at Clinical Laboratory. Subjects who completed the study on a regular basis totaled 87 people, divided into a control group of 46 people and the treated group of 41 people. The results showed that: (1) the initial blood lead levels in the control group 6.11 μg/dL and 4.16 μg/dL after treatment. Initial blood lead levels in the treated group 10.35 μg/dL and 3.2 8 μg/dL after treatment; (2) calcium treatment with a dose of 3 x 500 mg a day orally for 3 months can reduce blood lead levels significantly. This study found that calcium tablets can be used to reduce blood lead levels in adult workers.

Abstrak :
Gas dinitrogen monoksida (N2O) merupakan gas polutan yang berbahaya yang dihasilkan oleh asap buangan kendaraan dan proses industri. Gas ini dapat berefek buruk bagi kesehatan makhluk hidup dan dapat menyebabkan global warming. Banyak metode untuk meminimalisasi gas ini, seperti metode SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) dan SNCR ( Selective Non Catalytic Reduction). Karena tingginya biaya instalasi dan operasi, menjadikan kedua metode ini kurang efektif. Jadi, perlu dikembangkan metode biofilter untuk mengatasi keterbatasan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan peralatan sederhana skala laboratorium untuk mengkaji breakthrough curve, parameter adsorpsi Langmuir dan Freundlich, pengaruh bentuk medium filter, dan perbandingan kemampuan kompos dalam proses adsorpsi dengan proses biosorpsi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan laju alir N2O sebesar 88 cc/menit dengan sistem semibacth selama 9 jam untuk hari pertama. Eksperimen dilakukan sampai kurva mencapai kondisi jenuh. Larutan CuSO4(microbial poisoning dose) 2g/l ditambahkan untuk membunuh aktivitas bakteri pendegradasi di dalam kompos. Persamaan Langmuir mempresentasikan data yang lebih baik daripada Freundlich. Proses biosorpsi kompos memiliki kemampuan reduksi N2O yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan proses adsorpsi. Kemampuan adsorpsi kompos kambing sebagai medium filter tanpa adanya bakteri pendegradasi akan dikaji dalam penelitian ini. KL dalam kompos pelet (-0,00043 m3/g) lebih besar daripada kompos serbuk (-0,00047 m3/g). qm dalam kompos pelet (0,873g N2O/g kompos) lebih besar daripada dalam kompos serbuk (0,748 g N2O/g kompos). ......N2O is a harmful gas that produced by industrial process and vehicles. This gas can be very dangerous in human health and cause global warming. There were many method to reduce it, such as SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) and SNCR (Selective Non Catalytic Reduction). Due to the cost in operation and process, make them ineffectively. Thus, biofilter will be the next solution for this problem. A laboratory-scale biofiltration was done to evaluate breakthrough curve from adsorption process, Langmuir and Freundlich constant, the effect of filter media's form, and the comparison in compost's ability both biosorption and adsorption process. Research was done by using N2O's flow rate = 88 cc/min and semibatch flow system in 9 hours in first day. It continued until the curve will be saturated. An aqueous solution containing 2 g CuSO4 l-1(microbial poisoning dose) is used to eliminate any microbial activity. Langmuir model represented better model than Freundlich model. The ability of goat-manure compost as filter media in reduce N2O's consentration without microorganism will be known from this research. KL in pellet compost (-0,00043 m3/g) higher than in bulk compost (-0,00047 m3/g). qm in pellet compost (0,873g N2O/g compost) higher than in bulk compost (0,748 g N2O/g compost). Biosorption had a better N2O's removal efficiency than adsorption.

Abstrak :
Dinoflagellates were found and seven of them are potentially toxic species Based on the CA and PCA the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae Amphidiniopsis hirsutum Coolia sp and Amphidinium sp are sand Ostreopsis ovata Ostreopsis lenticularis and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass sand and coral rubble Prorocentrum lima Prorocentrum emarginatum Ostreopsis siamensis and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass seaweed and coral rubble and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate Dinoflagellates were found and seven of them are potentially toxic species Based on the CA and PCA the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae Amphidiniopsis hirsutum Coolia sp and Amphidinium sp are sand Ostreopsis ovata Ostreopsis lenticularis and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass sand and coral rubble Prorocentrum lima Prorocentrum emarginatum Ostreopsis siamensis and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass seaweed and coral rubble and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate Dinoflagellates were found and seven of them are potentially toxic species Based on the CA and PCA the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae Amphidiniopsis hirsutum Coolia sp and Amphidinium sp are sand Ostreopsis ovata Ostreopsis lenticularis and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass sand and coral rubble Prorocentrum lima Prorocentrum emarginatum Ostreopsis siamensis and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass seaweed and coral rubble and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate. Research on epibenthic Dinoflagellate causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning had been conducted in Harapan Island, Kepulauan Seribu during 4th--6th March 2013. This study was carried out by collecting seagrass, seaweed, sand, and coral rubble on the reef flats, where they were shaken vigorously to separate the epibenthic Dinoflagellates. Samples were filtered and observed under a light microscope. The data were analyzed using Correspondence Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). From the samples collected, twelve species of benthic Dinoflagellates were found, and seven of them are potentially toxic species. Based on the CA and PCA, the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae; Amphidiniopsis hirsutum, Coolia sp., and Amphidinium sp. are sand; Ostreopsis ovata, Ostreopsis lenticularis, and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass, sand, and coral rubble; Prorocentrum lima, Prorocentrum emarginatum, Ostreopsis siamensis, and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass, seaweed, and coral rubble; and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate.

Abstrak :
Pestisida organofosfat digunakan secara luas di seluruh dunia. Keracunan oleh bahan ini merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat, terutama di negara berkembang. Zat neurotoksik organofosfat merupakan bahan yang dianggap mengancam dalam bidang militer dan terorisme. Mekanisme toksisitas bahan ini adalah dengan cara menghambat asetilkolinesterase yang mengakibatkan menumpuknya neurotransmitor asetilkolin dan terjadi rangsangan terus-menerus pada reseptor asetilkolin pada sistem saraf sentral maupun perifer. Selain krisis kolinergik, organofosfat dapat menimbulkan berbagai sindrom neurologis, baik akut maupun kronik. Sedangkan gejala peralihan ( intermediate) terjadi 1-4 hari setelah krisis kolinergik teratasi. Pengobatan standar terdiri dari reaktivasi asetilkolinesterase dengan antidot golongan oksim (prolidoksim, oksidoksime, HI-6 dan HLo7), dan pengendalian efek biokimia asetilkolin dengan menggunakan atropin. Golongan oksim yang baru HI-6 dan Hlo7 merupakan reaktivator asetilkolinesterase yang lebih cocok dan efektif untuk keracunan akut dan berat dibandingkan dengan prolidoksim dan obidoksim. Penderita yang mendapat pengobatan segera, biasanya dapat sembuh dari toksisitas akut, namun gejala neurologis ikutan dapat saja terjadi. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 120-6)

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Organophosphate pesticides are used extensively worldwide, and poisoning by these agents, particularly in developing nations is a public health problem. Organophosphorous nerve agents are still considered as potential threat in both military or terrorism situations. The mechanism of toxicity is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, resulting in accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and continued stimulation of acetylcholine receptors both in central and peripheral nervous systems. Beside acute cholinergic crisis, organophosphates are capable of producing several subacute or chronic neurological syndromes. The well described intermediate syndrome (IMS) emerges 1-4 days after an apparently well treated cholinergic crisis. The standard treatment consists of reactivation of inhibited acetylcholinesterase with an oxime antidote (pralidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6 and Hlo7) and reversal of the biochemical effects of acetylcholine with atropine. The newer oximes HI-6 and Hlo& are much more suitable and efficacious acetylcholinesterase reactivator for severe acute nerve agent induced poisoning than currently used pralidoxime or obidoxime. Patients who receive treatment promptly usually recover from acute toxicity but may suffer from neurologic sequelae. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 120-6)